Download or read book Role of Interfacial Static and Dynamic Disorder on High Performance Organic Field effect Transistors written by Jwala Adhikari and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The internet and electronic devices have become integral to our everyday life. As the world is beginning to march towards the Internet of Things, surging interest has been focused on low-cost functional electronics. However, the industry of electronics is inundated with traditional inorganic semiconductors. Silicon and germanium based inorganic semiconductors are rigid and fragile, requiring expensive processing. On the other hand, organic semiconductors based electronic devices, namely field effect transistors (FETs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), offer a feasible alternative to their inorganic counterparts. Not only are organic semiconductors soft and flexible, but they also possess advantages such as solution processability and chemical modifications. Despite the lucrative advantages, the performance of organic semiconductor-based devices is significantly lower. For instance, the highest hole mobility in one of the best performing organic FETs is two orders of magnitude lower than in inorganic transistors. Moreover, the behavior of organic semiconductors is very complex and is readily susceptible to their surroundings. Due to such complex nature of organic semiconductors, an unambiguous road map to high-performing organic FETs (OFETs) is still missing. The focus of this dissertation is on elucidating and tuning different factors that govern the performance of OFETs. An OFET is a complex structure comprised of three metal electrodes, an active layer (semiconducting layer) and a gate insulator (dielectric layer). One of the key parameters that determine the performance of OFETs is charge carrier mobility. The charge mobility of an OFET is affected by various factors--mainly the chemical structure of an active layer material, the morphology of an active layer and the interactions at the semiconductor-dielectric interface. To understand the role of chemical structure on the performance of organic semiconductor, octyl side-chains are added to [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT) core. BTBT is a liquid crystalline material with poor solubility and weak semiconducting properties. The addition of alkyl side-chains is expected to increase the solubility of the core. However, the average FET hole mobility in the single crystalline BTBT with two octyl side-chains (C8BTBT) ([mu] = 6.0±1.0 cm2/V-1s-1) is three orders of magnitude higher than in the single crystalline BTBT core itself. The use of a single crystalline layer rules out any morphological effect on the performances. Moreover, the intrinsic charge transport parameters of single crystals predicted using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations remain essentially the same. Since both morphology and crystal structure seem to have virtually no effect on the measured charge mobilities of BTBT derivatives, what else could have affected the charge mobilities? It is hypothesized that inter-molecular dynamics may be an unaccounted factor. To probe the collective inter-molecular motions--also known as phonon--inelastic neutron scattering (INS) is performed. The results from INS show that lattice vibrations are significant in the BTBT core. In contrast, the vibration modes are completely diminished in C8BTBT, suggesting that the addition of octyl side-chains suppresses lattice vibrations in the BTBT core. The alkyl side-chain assisted reduced electron-phonon coupling may have led to the enhanced hole mobility in C8BTBT. In addition, the morphology of C8BTBT thin films is also optimized to improve an average hole mobility in FETs. It has been found that by melting and quenching spun-cast C8BTBT films, the average hole mobility of FETs is improved by a factor of five. Grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAS) results show that the melting and quenching enhanced crystal texturing and led to stronger orientation order in the C8BTBT films. The melting and quenching process is believed to be vital in obviating the processing history and in controlling the thermodynamic driving force for crystallization. The effect of a gate insulator on the performance of FETs is also investigated using a novel, photopatternable, high-k fluoropolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-bromotrifluoroethylene) P(VDF-BTFE), where the BTFE moieties enable cross-linking through thermal- or photo-curing of dielectric materials with relative permittivities between 8 and 11. Organic single crystal field effect transistors based on rubrene active layers and crosslinked P(VDF-BTFE) gate dielectrics have shown hole mobilities as high as 12 cm2V-1s-1, three times higher than the average hole mobilities for devices comprising PVDF-based fluoropolymers or SiO2 as the dielectric layer. FETs comprising cross-linked P(VDF-BTFE) dielectric layers show the smallest interfacial trap density among all other fluorinated PVDF-based polymers, leading us to believe that cross-linking P(VDF-BTFE) films reduces energetic disorder at the dielectric-semiconductor interface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results suggest that crosslinking enhances the population of trans conformations with respect to the neat polymer, demonstrating that cross-linking minimizes interfacial charge traps and hence enhances hole mobility by tuning chain conformations.

Download or read book Interface Engineering in Organic Field Effect Transistors written by Xuefeng Guo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-07-05 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors Systematic summary of advances in developing effective methodologies of interface engineering in organic field-effect transistors, from models to experimental techniques Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors covers the state of the art in organic field-effect transistors and reviews charge transport at the interfaces, device design concepts, and device fabrication processes, and gives an outlook on the development of future optoelectronic devices. This book starts with an overview of the commonly adopted methods to obtain various semiconductor/semiconductor interfaces and charge transport mechanisms at these heterogeneous interfaces. Then, it covers the modification at the semiconductor/electrode interfaces, through which to tune the work function of electrodes as well as reveal charge injection mechanisms at the interfaces. Charge transport physics at the semiconductor/dielectric interface is discussed in detail. The book describes the remarkable effect of SAM modification on the semiconductor film morphology and thus the electrical performance. In particular, valuable analyses of charge trapping/detrapping engineering at the interface to realize new functions are summarized. Finally, the sensing mechanisms that occur at the semiconductor/environment interfaces of OFETs and the unique detection methods capable of interfacing organic electronics with biology are discussed. Specific sample topics covered in Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors include: Noncovalent modification methods, charge insertion layer at the electrode surface, dielectric surface passivation methods, and covalent modification methods Charge transport mechanism in bulk semiconductors, influence of additives on materials’ nucleation and morphology, solvent additives, and nucleation agents Nanoconfinement effect, enhancing the performance through semiconductor heterojunctions, planar bilayer heterostructure, ambipolar charge-transfer complex, and supramolecular arrangement of heterojunctions Dielectric effect in OFETs, dielectric modification to tune semiconductor morphology, surface energy control, microstructure design, solution shearing, eliminating interfacial traps, and SAM/SiO2 dielectrics A timely resource providing the latest developments in the field and emphasizing new insights for building reliable organic electronic devices, Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors is essential for researchers, scientists, and other interface-related professionals in the fields of organic electronics, nanoelectronics, surface science, solar cells, and sensors.

Download or read book Organic Field Effect Transistors written by Daniel Orrin Hutchins and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, organic electronics have become a field of interest in both academic and industrial settings. Through the integration of semiconducting organic small molecules/polymers into existing device architectures low cost, flexible, solution processed, circuitry can be achieved. Specifically, high performance organic field effect transistors (OFETs) facilitate the construction of background logic to active matrix displays, RFID cards, chemical sensors, and a method of testing intrinsic electronic properties of organic materials. Due to their potential for ubiquitous use, device performance in a variety of applications must be optimized. In this thesis, methods to enhance performance of OFET devices will be discussed with respect to semiconductor-dielectric interfacial modification, dielectric properties control, and semiconductor molecular design. These three tenants governing OFET device performance are explored through experiments in self-assembly, synthetic chemistry and dielectric alteration.

Download or read book Semiconducting Polymers written by Georges Hadziioannou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-12-15 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of semiconducting polymers has attracted many researchers from a diversity of disciplines. Printed circuitry, flexible electronics and displays are already migrating from laboratory successes to commercial applications, but even now fundamental knowledge is deficient concerning some of the basic phenomena that so markedly influence a device's usefulness and competitiveness. This two-volume handbook describes the various approaches to doped and undoped semiconducting polymers taken with the aim to provide vital understanding of how to control the properties of these fascinating organic materials. Prominent researchers from the fields of synthetic chemistry, physical chemistry, engineering, computational chemistry, theoretical physics, and applied physics cover all aspects from compounds to devices. Since the first edition was published in 2000, significant findings and successes have been achieved in the field, and especially handheld electronic gadgets have become billion-dollar markets that promise a fertile application ground for flexible, lighter and disposable alternatives to classic silicon circuitry. The second edition brings readers up-to-date on cutting edge research in this field.

Download or read book Organic Electronics written by Stephen R. Forrest and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 1068 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook provides a basic understanding of the principles of the field of organic electronics through to their applications in organic devices. Useful for the student and practitioner, it is both a teaching text and a resource that is a jumping-off point for learning, working and innovating in this rapidly growing field.--Provided by publisher.

Download or read book Organic Field Effect Transistors written by Zhenan Bao and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The remarkable development of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) has led to their emerging use in active matrix flat-panel displays, radio frequency identification cards, and sensors. Exploring one class of OTFTs, Organic Field-Effect Transistors provides a comprehensive, multidisciplinary survey of the present theory, charge transport studies, synthetic methodology, materials characterization, and current applications of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Covering various aspects of OFETs, the book begins with a theoretical description of charge transport in organic semiconductors at the molecular level. It then discusses the current understanding of charge transport in single-crystal devices, small molecules and oligomers, conjugated polymer devices, and charge injection issues in organic transistors. After describing the design rationales and synthetic methodologies used for organic semiconductors and dielectric materials, the book provides an overview of a variety of characterization techniques used to probe interfacial ordering, microstructure, molecular packing, and orientation crucial to device performance. It also describes the different processing techniques for molecules deposited by vacuum and solution, followed by current technological examples that employ OTFTs in their operation. Featuring respected contributors from around the world, this thorough, up-to-date volume presents both the theory behind OFETs and the latest applications of this promising technology.

Download or read book International Aerospace Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 974 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Large Area and Flexible Electronics written by Mario Caironi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-01-13 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From materials to applications, this ready reference covers the entire value chain from fundamentals via processing right up to devices, presenting different approaches to large-area electronics, thus enabling readers to compare materials, properties and performance. Divided into two parts, the first focuses on the materials used for the electronic functionality, covering organic and inorganic semiconductors, including vacuum and solution-processed metal-oxide semiconductors, nanomembranes and nanocrystals, as well as conductors and insulators. The second part reviews the devices and applications of large-area electronics, including flexible and ultra-high-resolution displays, light-emitting transistors, organic and inorganic photovoltaics, large-area imagers and sensors, non-volatile memories and radio-frequency identification tags. With its academic and industrial viewpoints, this volume provides in-depth knowledge for experienced researchers while also serving as a first-stop resource for those entering the field.

Download or read book Silicon Nanowire Transistors written by Ahmet Bindal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-23 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the n and p-channel Silicon Nanowire Transistor (SNT) designs with single and dual-work functions, emphasizing low static and dynamic power consumption. The authors describe a process flow for fabrication and generate SPICE models for building various digital and analog circuits. These include an SRAM, a baseband spread spectrum transmitter, a neuron cell and a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform in the digital domain, as well as high bandwidth single-stage and operational amplifiers, RF communication circuits in the analog domain, in order to show this technology’s true potential for the next generation VLSI.

Download or read book Physics Briefs written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Electronic Processes in Organic Semiconductors written by Anna Köhler and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-08 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first advanced textbook to provide a useful introduction in a brief, coherent and comprehensive way, with a focus on the fundamentals. After having read this book, students will be prepared to understand any of the many multi-authored books available in this field that discuss a particular aspect in more detail, and should also benefit from any of the textbooks in photochemistry or spectroscopy that concentrate on a particular mechanism. Based on a successful and well-proven lecture course given by one of the authors for many years, the book is clearly structured into four sections: electronic structure of organic semiconductors, charged and excited states in organic semiconductors, electronic and optical properties of organic semiconductors, and fundamentals of organic semiconductor devices.

Download or read book Iontronics written by Janelle Leger and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions from a community of experts, the book focuses on the use of ionic functions to define the principle of operation in polymer devices. It begins by reviewing the scientific understanding and important scientific discoveries made on the electrochemistry of conjugated polymers. It examines the known effects of ion incorporation, including the theory and modulation of electrochemistry in polymer films, and it explores the coupling of electronic and ionic transport in polymer films.

Download or read book Polarization Effects in Semiconductors written by Debdeep Jena and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polarization Effects in Semiconductors: From Ab Initio Theory to Device Applications presents the latest understanding of the solid state physics, electronic implications and practical applications of the unique spontaneous or pyro-electric polarization charge of wurtzite compound semiconductors, and associated piezo-electric effects in strained thin film heterostructures. These heterostructures are used in wide band gap semiconductor based sensors, in addition to various electronic and opto-electronic semiconductor devices. The book covers the ab initio theory of polarization in cubic and hexagonal semiconductors, growth of thin film GaN, GaN/AlGaN GaAlN/ AlGaInN, and other nitrides, and SiC heterostructures. It discusses the effects of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization on band diagrams and electronic properties of abrupt and compositionally graded heterostructures, electronic characterization of polarization-induced charge distributions by scanning-probe spectroscopies, and gauge factors and strain effects. In addition, polarization in extended defects, piezo-electric strain/charge engineering, and application to device design and processing are covered. The effects of polarization on the fundamental electron transport properties, and on the basic optical transitions are described. The crucial role of polarization in devices such as high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is covered. The chapters are authored by professors and researchers in the fields of physics, applied physics and electrical engineering, who worked for 5 years under the "Polarization Effects in Semiconductors" DOD funded Multi Disciplinary University Research Initiative. This book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers working in the field of wide-bandgap semiconductor physics and their device applications. It will also be useful for practicing engineers in the field of wide-bandgap semiconductor device research and development.

Download or read book Materials Nanoarchitectonics written by Katsuhiko Ariga and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-12-07 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Materials Nanoarchitectonics: From Integrated Molecular Systems to Advanced Devices provides the latest information on the design and molecular manipulation of self-organized hierarchically structured systems using tailor-made nanoscale materials as structural and functional units. The book is organized into three main sections that focus on molecular design of building blocks and hybrid materials, formation of nanostructures, and applications and devices. Bringing together emerging materials, synthetic aspects, nanostructure strategies, and applications, the book aims to support further progress, by offering different perspectives and a strong interdisciplinary approach to this rapidly growing area of innovation. This is an extremely valuable resource for researchers, advanced students, and scientists in industry, with an interest in nanoarchitectonics, nanostructures, and nanomaterials, or across the areas of nanotechnology, chemistry, surface science, polymer science, electrical engineering, physics, chemical engineering, and materials science. - Offers a nanoarchitectonic perspective on emerging fields, such as metal-organic frameworks, porous polymer materials, or biomimetic nanostructures - Discusses different approaches to utilizing "soft chemistry" as a source for hierarchically organized materials - Offers an interdisciplinary approach to the design and construction of integrated chemical nano systems - Discusses novel approaches towards the creation of complex multiscale architectures

Download or read book Atomic Layer Deposition for Semiconductors written by Cheol Seong Hwang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering thorough coverage of atomic layer deposition (ALD), this book moves from basic chemistry of ALD and modeling of processes to examine ALD in memory, logic devices and machines. Reviews history, operating principles and ALD processes for each device.

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Introduction to Thin Film Transistors written by S.D. Brotherton and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-16 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Thin Film Transistors reviews the operation, application and technology of the main classes of thin film transistor (TFT) of current interest for large area electronics. The TFT materials covered include hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), poly-crystalline silicon (poly-Si), transparent amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS), and organic semiconductors. The large scale manufacturing of a-Si:H TFTs forms the basis of the active matrix flat panel display industry. Poly-Si TFTs facilitate the integration of electronic circuits into portable active matrix liquid crystal displays, and are increasingly used in active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays for smart phones. The recently developed AOS TFTs are seen as an alternative option to poly-Si and a-Si:H for AMOLED TV and large AMLCD TV applications, respectively. The organic TFTs are regarded as a cost effective route into flexible electronics. As well as treating the highly divergent preparation and properties of these materials, the physics of the devices fabricated from them is also covered, with emphasis on performance features such as carrier mobility limitations, leakage currents and instability mechanisms. The thin film transistors implemented with these materials are the conventional, insulated gate field effect transistors, and a further chapter describes a new thin film transistor structure: the source gated transistor, SGT. The driving force behind much of the development of TFTs has been their application to AMLCDs, and there is a chapter dealing with the operation of these displays, as well as of AMOLED and electrophoretic displays. A discussion of TFT and pixel layout issues is also included. For students and new-comers to the field, introductory chapters deal with basic semiconductor surface physics, and with classical MOSFET operation. These topics are handled analytically, so that the underlying device physics is clearly revealed. These treatments are then used as a reference point, from which the impact of additional band-gap states on TFT behaviour can be readily appreciated. This reference book, covering all the major TFT technologies, will be of interest to a wide range of scientists and engineers in the large area electronics industry. It will also be a broad introduction for research students and other scientists entering the field, as well as providing an accessible and comprehensive overview for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching programmes.