Download or read book Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Immune Regulation written by Diego Alberto Lema Rodriguez and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immune responses require complex intercellular communication. One unique mode is by extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this dissertation, I studied the role of EVs in modulating immune responses in transplantation, autoimmunity and cancer.In transplantation, grafts can transfer HLA molecules in EVs to the recipient's antigen presenting cells (APCs). These "cross-decorated" APCs present the allo-HLA to effector T cells. Non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMA) are inherently tolerogenic during pregnancy and throughout life, and grafts that express NIMA are less prone to chronic rejection. I investigated the cross-decoration of fetal cord blood cells with NIMA in utero. I found that half of human pregnancies are associated with HLA-I NIMA cross-decoration of APCs, which express high levels of PD-L1, due to co-transfer of PD-L1 and of nucleic acid. Interestingly, I found that this phenomenon is recapitulated in recipients of NIMA+ grafts. These results suggest a tolerogenic mechanism to NIMA in pregnancy and transplantation. Then, I studied cross-decoration with HLA class II. I show that after receiving a HLA-DR15+ lung transplant, HLA-DR15negative recipients' immune cells responded to HLA-DR15-restricted collagen V epitopes. I observed cross-decoration of DCs with HLA-DR15 in transgenic heart mouse recipients. This work shows that HLA-II can cross-decorate DCs, and impart the host with a new repertoire of HLA class II restrictions, facilitating autoimmunity and transplant rejection. Next, I studied cytokine (IL-35) delivery by EVs. I show that IL-35 subunits are present in Treg-derived EVs. IL-35 EVs can directly suppress immune responses, but further, can coat lymphocytes with active cytokine, rendering them suppressive. This dissertation supports this as a mechanism of "infectious tolerance". Later, I investigated tumor immune escape mechanisms using the trans-vivo DTH assay. NSCLC patients' immune cells were challenged with tumor antigens in SCID mouse footpads. I identified most (8/9) patients had PD-1 dependent anergy to tumor antigens, but a minority (3/9) further had active PD-1-dependent immune regulation. This second phenotype was associated with worse outcomes. In conclusion, in this thesis I demonstrate an important immune regulatory role of EVs in transplant, autoimmunity and cancer, by transfer of HLA class I and II, cytokines and immune regulatory ligands.

Download or read book Role of Extracellular Vesicles on Immune Regulation in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis written by Cory Willis and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extracellular vesicles play important and crucial roles in orchestrating and modulating cellular responses under both normal and diseased conditions. In my thesis work, I studied extracellular vesicle release from astrocytes during CNS inflammation. Moreover, I studied how extracellular vesicles can modulate and drive the immune response during active CNS disease. Extracellular vesicles encompass a heterogeneous group of cell-derived vesicles that have been found to be important in initiating and directing pathological responses. In my thesis work, I focused on the characterization and quantification of extracellular vesicles from astrocytes under normal and inflammatory conditions. As described in chapter three of my thesis, I developed a semi-quantitative flow cytometry method for analysis of extracellular vesicles from astrocytes and found that following cytokine challenge in vitro, astrocytes releases more extracellular vesicles. Additionally, I studied whether astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles could be detected in peripheral circulation and if their numbers increased in a mouse-model of multiple sclerosis. Allowing for the potential of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles to be potent biomarkers to monitor disease progression. Furthermore, I studied whether extracellular vesicles could modulate the immune system during active disease. As described in chapter four, I found that injection of plasma extracellular vesicles into animals during the height of clinical disease in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis induced a relapsing-remitting phenotype that seemed to be driven by an unidentified interaction between the blood coagulation factor fibrinogen and CD8+ T cells. Additionally, post-translational modifications analysis of the proteomic content of plasma extracellular vesicles identified extensive citrullination occurs on proteins in blood plasma that may be causative in driving the immune responses observed. In general, my thesis studies focused on the characterization and effect of extracellular vesicles from a CNS-cell source and in an animal model of multiple sclerosis.

Download or read book The immunological regulation of extracellular vesicles on chronic diseases written by Zhiwen Luo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-06-26 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the transformation of the human disease spectrum, chronic non-infectious diseases have become the main killer of human health in modern society. The interaction between genes and the environment will cause the body’s immune function to be disordered, thereby affecting the body's homeostasis and causing various chronic non-infectious diseases. It has been revealed that the occurrence and development of most chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disease, and neuroimmune disorders, are associated with the dysregulation of the immune system.

Download or read book Fungal Extracellular Vesicles written by Marcio Rodrigues and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-01 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an in-depth overview on the manifold functions of fungal extracellular vesicles (EV) which span from cell-to-cell communication, pathogenicity and stimulation of host’s immunity to export of hundreds of biomolecules. The book summarizes the present knowledge on the impact of extracellular vesicles on fungal biology. Extracellular vesicles participate in fundamental biological processes in all living cells but only during the last 15 years the production and functions of EVs were identified and studied in fungal species too. Up to date more than 50 independent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles are produced by at least 20 fungal species. The book addresses researchers and advanced students in Microbiology, Mycology and Biotechnology.

Download or read book Extracellular Vesicles written by and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-07-20 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells that mediate horizontal cargo transport from donor to recipient cell, thereby establishing cell-cell communication and signaling. This book provides critical information on the fundamentals of EVs, their roles in diseases like cancer, and their use in disease management. The chapters emphasize the emerging data confirming the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of diseases and discuss the scientific advances that have made it feasible to characterize and engineer EVs, leading to their use as tools in biomarker discovery and disease diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic application, and theranostics. This volume is a valuable resource for basic biologists, translational scientists, and clinicians.

Download or read book Extracellular Vesicles and Their Importance in Human Health written by Ana Gil De Bona and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extracellular vesicle is a wide term that involves many different types of vesicles. Almost all the cell types studied secrete vesicles to the extracellular environment related to cell - cell communication. Extracellular vesicles have been found in different biological fluids, such as blood, milk, saliva, tears, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. These vesicles transport different molecules, including mRNA, proteins, and lipids, some of them cell type specific that make them ideal biomarkers in both health and disease conditions. However, their contribution to different conditions is not well understood. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the extracellular vesicles in the human body, how they are internalized, and their participation in several diseases.

Download or read book The Immunomodulatory Properties of Extracellular Vesicles from Pathogens Immune Cells and Non Immune Cells written by Ivan K. H. Poon and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-02-11 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Novel clinical applications of extracellular vesicles written by Matías Sáenz-Cuesta and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-08-14 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last years, the research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has raised giving new insights into pathophysiology of several diseases. EVs are membrane-bound particles secreted by almost all cell types. Depending on their biogenesis and size they include exosomes, microparticles / microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. Characteristically, EVs carry markers from the source cell membrane and contain genetic material, lipids and proteins inside. They are known to play a role in cell-to-cell communication and to produce genotypic and phenotypic modifications in the target cell including: antigen presentation, apoptosis induction, cellular activation, inhibition or differentiation. In particular, increasing concentrations of EVs have been found in many diseases such as cancer, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, among others. Most of the studies in EVs are focused on the characterization of EVs compounds, identifying mechanism of action, their potential use as biomarkers, and few of them investigate a therapeutic usage. However, there are some issues to be achieved on the path to their clinical application. This research topic offers a common place to discuss current and novel clinical applications of EVs pointing on future directions. We encouraged the submission of original articles, reviews, hypothesis, controversies, future perspectives and personal viewpoints on the following topics of interest, but not limited to: • Contribution of EVs to better understand the pathology of immunological diseases. • Standardization of isolation and quantification protocols in the daily clinical practice. • Possible applications of EVs as clinical biomarkers (diagnostic, prognostic and evolution marker). • Therapeutic role of EVs being vehicles of specific cargo: current clinical trials? • Novel immunological functions of EVs.

Download or read book Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies written by Chi Hin Cho and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-06-10 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies, Volume Eight, summarizes the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in colorectal cancer, along with the most up-to-date therapeutic strategies available. The book discusses reasons why colorectal tumors become refractory during the progression of the disease, but also explains how drug resistance occurs during chemotherapy. In addition, users will find the current therapeutic strategies used by clinicians in their practice in treating colorectal cancer. The combination of conventional anticancer drugs with chemotherapy-sensitizing agents plays a pivotal role in improving the outcome of colorectal cancer patients, in particular those with drug-resistant cancer cells. From a clinical point-of-view, the content of this book provides clinicians with updated therapeutic strategies for a better choice of drugs for drug-resistant colorectal cancer patients. It will be a valuable source for cancer researchers, oncologists and several members of biomedical field who are dedicated to better treat patients with colorectal cancer. Presents a systemic summary of molecular mechanisms for a quick and in-depth understanding Updates current trends in the field with pioneering information on drug resistance Encompasses both basic and clinical approaches for a better understanding of unsolved problems from a holistic point-of-view

Download or read book Phospholipases and Prostaglandins written by Claudio Galli and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1978 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes written by Yaoliang Tang and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-02 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are at the forefront of research in two of the most high profile and funded scientific areas – cardiovascular research and stem cells. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes provides insight into the biofunction and molecular mechanisms, practical tools for research, and a look toward the clinical applications of this exciting phenomenon which is emerging as an effective diagnostic. Primarily focused on the cardiovascular applications where there have been the greatest advancements toward the clinic, this is the first compendium for clinical and biomedical researchers who are interested in integrating MSC-derived exosomes as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Introduces the MSC-exosome mediated cell-cell communication Covers the major functional benefits in current MSC-derived exosome studies Discusses strategies for the use of MSC-derived exosomes in cardiovascular therapies

Download or read book Psychology in Everyday Life written by David G. Myers and published by Macmillan Higher Education. This book was released on 2011-02-18 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Creating an exceptionally student-friendly textbook in psychology isn’t just about making the chapters shorter and pages more colorful. It’s about using that type of format to provide a clear portrait of psychological science, concise but not oversimplified, all while continually answering the recurring student question: “What does this have to do with me?” David Myers’ brief introduction to psychology, Psychology in Everyday Life, certainly does offer brief, easily manageable chapters and a colorful, image-rich design (both shaped by extensive research, class testing, and instructor/student feedback). But what makes it such an exceptional text is what flows through those chapters—rich presentations of psychology’s core concepts and field-defining research, examined in context of the everyday lives of all kinds of people around the world and communicated in the captivating storyteller’s voice that is instantly recognizable as Myers’. The new edition of Psychology in Everyday Life offers an extraordinary amount of new research, effective new inquiry-based study tools, and further design innovations, all while maintaining its trademark brevity and clean layout. And it is accompanied by an innovative media/supplements of the same scope as all of David Myers’ more comprehensive textbooks.

Download or read book Tumor Induced Immune Suppression written by Dmitry I. Gabrilovich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-02-10 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression - Prospects and Progress in Mechanisms and Therapeutic Reversal presents a comprehensive overview of large number of different mechanisms of immune dysfunction in cancer and therapeutic approaches to their correction. This includes the number of novel mechanisms that has never before been discussed in previous monographs. The last decades were characterized by substantial progress in the understanding of the role of the immune system in tumor progression. Researchers have learned how to manipulate the immune system to generate tumor specific immune response, which raises high expectations for immunotherapy to provide breakthroughs in cancer treatment. It is increasingly clear that tumor-induced abnormalities in the immune system not only hampers natural tumor immune surveillance, but also limits the effect of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, it is critically important to understand the mechanisms of tumor-induced immune suppression to make any progress in the field and this monograph provides these important insights.

Download or read book Non coding RNA in immunotherapies and immune regulation written by Bertrand Kaeffer and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-01-02 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Prominin 1 CD133 New Insights on Stem Cancer Stem Cell Biology written by Denis Corbeil and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-19 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​​​​​​​Prominin-1 or otherwise known as CD133 is a glycoprotein that is present in humans and mice. Since the first description of prominin in 1997, in mouse neuroepithelial cells and in human hematopoietic stem cells as AC133 antigen, this molecule has aroused a large interest especially, as a stem cell marker, that gave rise to an ever growing body of publications and more recently its expression in cancer stem cells. Controversies as to its role as a cancer stem and its detection in different models, as well as its use as a prognostic marker have emerged. Yet, beyond its use as a stem cell and cancer stem cell marker, prominin-1/CD133 displays unique biological features and appears of importance in other processes like for example in retinal biogenesis. Indeed, this five-transmembrane plasma membrane glycoprotein, which marks membrane protrusions is associated with several essential processes like cell polarity, asymmetric cell division and membrane remodeling. We propose to review current knowledge about this intriguing molecule and present pertinent information to determine the biological role of prominins and assess their importance in medicine and cancer research. The primary audience for this book is geared towards scientists and researchers with interest in cancer stem cells, stem cells, cell biology, neurobiology, and regenerative medicine.

Download or read book Human Herpesviruses written by Ann Arvin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 1325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.

Download or read book Advanced Healthcare Materials written by Ashutosh Tiwari and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-09 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary view of cutting-edge research on advanced materials for healthcare technology and applications Advanced healthcare materials are attracting strong interest in fundamental as well as applied medical science and technology. This book summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of advanced materials for functional therapeutics, point-of-care diagnostics, translational materials, and up-and-coming bioengineering devices. Advanced Healthcare Materials highlights the key features that enable the design of stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles, novel biomaterials, and nano/micro devices for either diagnosis or therapy, or both, called theranostics. It also presents the latest advancements in healthcare materials and medical technology. The senior researchers from global knowledge centers have written topics including: State-of-the-art of biomaterials for human health Micro- and nanoparticles and their application in biosensors The role of immunoassays Stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles Diagnosis and treatment of cancer Advanced materials for biomedical application and drug delivery Nanoparticles for diagnosis and/or treatment of Alzheimers disease Hierarchical modelling of elastic behavior of human dental tissue Biodegradable porous hydrogels Hydrogels in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound care Modified natural zeolites Supramolecular hydrogels based on cyclodextrin poly(pseudo)rotaxane Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based biomaterials Biomimetic molecularly imprinted polymers