Download or read book Risk based Cleanup Levels for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons TPH written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Using Risk Based Standards Will Shorten Cleanup Timed Petroleum Contaminated Sites written by consultant expert mohamed taha and published by . This book was released on 2021-02-20 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: USING RISK-BASED STANDARDSWILL SHORTEN CLEANUP TIMEAT PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED SITESLIEUTENANT COLONEL ROSS N. MILLERTHE AIR FORCE CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXCELLENCEThe Air Force has identified more than 4,500 sites that require environmentalinvestigation and possible remediation. About 2,500 of these are contaminated with petroleumhydrocarbons such as jet fuel, diesel, gasoline, and heating oil.Many of the sites that require remediation will be cleaned up based on an establishedregulatory standard. Many state and federal regulators routinely enforce a soil cleanup standardof 100 mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Several states have lowered this standard to50 mg/kg TPH just for "good measure."The 100 mg/kg TPH standard is often used across the board--without regard for the typeof petroleum hydrocarbon contamination being remediated and with little thought about therisk-based standards on which that figure was established.But where exactly did the number come from and and how did it become a standard inthe first place? The answer can be traced to the California Leaking Underground Fuel TankField Manual, or LUFT, a manual designed to provide a consistent approach to undergroundstorage tank spills (State of California, 1989).The LUFT manual clearly illustrates that the 100 mg/kg TPH standard is based on a"medium" leaching potential of the soluble and toxic fraction of gasoline. The aromaticcompounds of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene, known collectively as BTEX, formthe most soluble and toxic fraction of fuel.Different standards apply for diesel because the soluble and toxic fractions make up alower percentage of the fuel. Also, the appropriate TPH standard changes for different leachingpotentials.It appears that TPH standards were originally developed as a screening tool by theCalifornia Department of Health Services (DHS). Using a logical and scientifically soundprocess, DHS started with state action levels for BTEX in groundwater. They are 0.7, 100, 680,and 620 parts per billion, respectively, and are based on the long term health effects on aperson drinking two quarts of water per day for 70 years.After establishing acceptable groundwater standards for BTEX, a computer model,based on partitioning kinetics, was used to back-calculate the amount of BTEX in soil that couldpotentially produce the DHS action levels for BTEX in groundwater. This process wasaccomplished for low, medium, and high leaching scenarios.Corresponding acceptable TPH concentrations in soil were approximated by using thecalculated acceptable BTEX concentrations in soil divided by their percent of composition ingasoline or diesel. The resuiting TPH and BTEX soil concentrations are summarized in Table 1.It is clear that the TPH standard is estimated from the theoretical risk-based standards for BTEXin soils that protect groundwater.Table 1. Summary of Soil and TPH and BTEX Standards (State of California, 1989) Leachability Potential Low Medium High _Gasoline (mg/kg) TPH 1,000 100 10 BTEX 1/50/50/50 .3/.3/1/1 (NA)Diesel TPH 10,000 1,000 100 BTEX 1/50/50/50 .3/.3/1/1 (NA)Although TPH is a good economical screening tool for assessing potential BTEXcontamination, it makes more scientific sense to assess cleanup in terms of soil BTEXconcentrations because our concern is with BTEX contamination of groundwater. Moreimportantly, since there is little toxicological data for TPH, it is more protective
Download or read book Use of Risk Based Standards for Cleanup of Petroleum Contaminated Soil written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study evaluated the TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon) cleanup standard for petroleum contaminated soils (PCS). Regulators from thirteen states were surveyed to characterize current standards used for PCS cleanup and regulatory viewpoints on the use of a TPH versus a BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) cleanup standard. BTEX was identified as the compound specific standard used most frequently by states for cleanup of PCS. The research found that the regulatory community considers BTEX the most mobile and toxic surrogates of petroleum. Regulators, however, expressed concern that the use of a compound specific standard, without an accompanying analysis for TPH, might result in residual soil contamination that may present risk. This study also evaluated the ratio of BTEX to TPH in soil against the ratio found in a pre-spilled product. Based on JP-4 contaminated soil data contained in the Air Force Installation Restoration Program Information Management System database, this study demonstrated that the ratio of BTEX to TPH is statistically less than the pre-spilled product ratio. The results indicate that the assumption used by the California Leaking Underground Storage Tank manual and Stokman and Dime's research, that the ratio of BTEX to TPH remains constant in soil over time, is not valid. A conclusion is made that the use of this assumption in deriving TPH levels, which are protective of groundwater and human health, may be overly conservative. Lastly, this research identifies potential cost savings that would result if a BTEX based standard, versus a TPH based standard, were required at all Air Force petroleum contaminated sites. This study shows that only 13% of sites requiring cleanup under a TPH standard would require cleanup under a BTEX based standard.
Download or read book Human Health Risk Based Evaluation of Petroleum Contaminated Site written by John B. Gustafson and published by . This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This document is the fifth in a series from the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group (TPHCWG, or "Working Group"). The Working Group convened in 1993 to address the large disparity among cleanup requirements being used by states at sites contaminated with hydrocarbon materials such as fuels, lubricating oils, and crude oils. These requirements usually focus on total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), with numerical standards ranging from tens to tens of thousands of milligrams of TPH per kilogram of soil. Recognizing that these standards are not based on a scientific assessment of human health risk, Working Group members established the following goal for their effort: To develop scientifically defensible information for establishing soil cleanup levels that are protective of human health at petroleum release sites."--Page vii.
Download or read book Evaluation of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Standard at Jet Fuel Contaminated Air Force Sites written by S. H. Youngren and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document evaluates the scientific strength of chemicals other then total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) as a basis for establishing risk-based cleanup standards at fuel-contaminated sites. The appropriateness of using benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) as substitutes for TPH was evaluated, including examination of the basis for current federal and state TPH and BTEX cleanup levels. The suitability of specific components of jet-fuel as potential substitutes for TPH was evaluated. Benzene appears to be the most appropriate substitute for TPH based on its toxicity, weight-of-evidence cancer classification, motility in the environment, ubiquity at fuel-contaminated sites, and solubility in ground water. Finally, assumptions, constants, and risk assessment methods critical to deriving site-specific cleanup concentrations were examined to establish a more scientifically justifiable and defensible basis for cleanup concentrations. Two major components were examined: alternative cancer slope factor determinations for benzene (i.e., distributional analysis of dose-response relationships developed from cancer studies), and site specific exposure reduction strategies (i.e., distributional analysis of exposure estimates). Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Hydrocarbon contamination, TPH, Jet fuel risk-based clean standards, Xylene (BTEX).
Download or read book Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons written by Saranya Kuppusamy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-08-25 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term “total petroleum hydrocarbons” (TPHs) is used for any mixture of several hundred hydrocarbons found in crude oil, and they represent the sum of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons and extractable petroleum hydrocarbons. The petrol-range organics include hydrocarbons from C6 to C10, while diesel-range organics are C10-C28 hydrocarbons. Environmental pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons is one of the major global concerns, particularly in oil-yielding countries. In fact, there are more than five million potentially contaminated areas worldwide that represent, in general, a lost economic opportunity and a threat to the health and well-being of humans and the environment. Petroleum-contaminated sites constitute almost one-third of the total sites polluted with chemicals around the globe. The land contamination caused by industrialization was recognized as early as the 1960s, but less than a tenth of potentially contaminated lands have been remediated due to the nature of the contamination, cost, technical impracticability, and insufficient land legislation and enforcement. This book is the first single source that provides comprehensive information on the different aspects of TPHs, such as sources and range of products, methods of analysis, fate and bioavailability, ecological implications including impact on human health, potential approaches for bioremediation such as risk-based remediation, and regulatory assessment procedures for TPH-contaminated sites. As such, it is a valuable resource for researchers, graduate students, technicians in the oil industry and remediation practitioners, as well as policy makers.
Download or read book Evaluation of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Standard for Cleanup of Petroleum Contaminated Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study evaluated the TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon) cleanup standard for petroleum contaminated soils (PCS). A survey of 13 state regulators was performed to characterize current standards and regulatory viewpoints on the use of a TPH versus a BTEX cleanup standard. The regulatory community considers the BTEX constituents the greatest threat to groundwater, yet expressed concern that the use of a compound specific standard, without an accompanying analysis for TPH, might result in residual soil contamination that may present risk. This study also evaluated the ratio of BTEX TPH in soil over time. Based on JP-4 contaminated site soil data, this study demonstrated that the ratio of BTEX to TPH declines with time. The results indicate that the constant ratio of BTEX to TPH assumed by the California LUFT manual and Stokman and Dime's research is not valid for soils contaminated with JP-4. Lastly, this research identifies the cost savings potential that would result if a BTEX based standard, versus a TPH standard, were required at all Air Force sites. The research shows that only 13% of sites which would require cleanup under a TPH standard would require cleanup under a BTEX based standard. Soil cleanup standards, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Total petroleum hydrocarbons, TPH, Bezene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Ethyl-benzene, Xylene, BTEX, Petroleum contamination, JP-4.
Download or read book Human Health Risk based Evaluation of Petroleum Release Sites written by Donna J. Vorhees and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Soil Screening Guidance written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Risk based Decision Making for the Remediation of Petroleum contaminated Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Risk based Decision Making for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book How to Effectively Recover Free Product at Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities written by Committee on Environmental Remediation at Naval Facilities and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fiscal and technological limitations associated with cleaning up hazardous waste sites to background conditions have prompted responsible parties to turn to risk-based methods for environmental rememdiation. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities reviews and critiques risk-based methods, including those developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the American Society of Testing and Materials. These critiques lead to the identification of eleven criteria that must be part of any risk-based methodology adopted by the Navy, a responsible party with a large number of complex and heavily contaminated waste sites. January
Download or read book Risk based Decision Making for the Remediation of Petroleum contaminated Sites Including Table of Generic Risk based Concentrations for Petroleum Constituents and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Generic Remedy for Simple Risk based Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Application of Risk based Screening Levels and Decision Making to Sites with Impacted Soil and Groundwater Summary Tier 1 lookup tables written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oil in the Sea III written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-03-14 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.
Download or read book Remediation of Petroleum contaminated Soils written by David J. Friend and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 1996 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This synthesis will be of interest to state transportation personnel involved with project planning and location (administrative and regulatory personnel), design staff (general civil, geotechnical, and environmental engineers), and project managers (construction and maintenance engineers and staff). It will also be of interest to federal and state environmental agencies and to environmental consultants and contractors as well as to trainers in the field of petroleum-contaminated soil remediation. This synthesis describes the remedial technologies that may be available to transportation agencies faced with the regulatory responsibility to clean or remediate petroleum-contaminated soils in the vadose zone (unsaturated soils above the groundwater table) at a particular site as well as the state of the practice within the agencies. This report of the Transportation Research Board describes the applicability and cost-effectiveness of alternate technologies to remediate petroleum-contaminated soil. Practices currently being used by state transportation agencies to remediate petroleum-contaminated soils, both on site and off site are also described. This summary of transportation agency practice complements the limited telephone survey of soil remediation techniques that was performed in preparing NCHRP Report 351, Hazardous Wastes in Highway Rights-of-Way.
