Download or read book Retention of Polar Oil Components in Low Salinity Water Flooding written by Yen Adams Sokama-Neuyam and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2013 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low Salinity Water Flooding (LSWF) is growing as a promising oil recovery technique for the future, especially with the focus of the petroleum industry gradually shifting to finding environmentally safe, cost effective and simple but useful oil recovery techniques. This book presents a comprehensive laboratory investigation into the influence of brine chemistry, salinity and composition on the retention of polar oil components onto reservoir rock mineral surface in relation to LSWF. During water flooding, polar oil components retains on the reservoir rock surface, partially altering the wettability of the rock. In a very simple but flowing language, I presented a comprehensive study into how brine salinity and the acid number of crude oil affects retention of these polar oil components onto the reservoir rock surface. This work is very useful for screening reservoir rocks and crude oil to select good candidates for LSWF. It presents a simple, cheaper but effective technique of selecting the optimum salinity and composition of brine required to give good results in LSWF.
Download or read book Core Analysis written by Colin McPhee and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-12-10 with total page 853 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Core Analysis: A Best Practice Guide is a practical guide to the design of core analysis programs. Written to address the need for an updated set of recommended practices covering special core analysis and geomechanics tests, the book also provides unique insights into data quality control diagnosis and data utilization in reservoir models. The book's best practices and procedures benefit petrophysicists, geoscientists, reservoir engineers, and production engineers, who will find useful information on core data in reservoir static and dynamic models. It provides a solid understanding of the core analysis procedures and methods used by commercial laboratories, the details of lab data reporting required to create quality control tests, and the diagnostic plots and protocols that can be used to identify suspect or erroneous data. Provides a practical overview of core analysis, from coring at the well site to laboratory data acquisition and interpretation Defines current best practice in core analysis preparation and test procedures, and the diagnostic tools used to quality control core data Provides essential information on design of core analysis programs and to judge the quality and reliability of core analysis data ultimately used in reservoir evaluation Of specific interest to those working in core analysis, porosity, relative permeability, and geomechanics
Download or read book LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF OIL COMPOSITION AFFECTING THE SUCCESS OF LOW SALINITY WATERFLOODING IN OIL WET CARBONATE ROCKS written by Gregory Kojadinovich and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improved oil recovery via wettability alteration by tuning the ionic composition of the injection water has been thoroughly researched in recent years. It has been well documented that seawater can increase the water wetness of chalk at high temperature. Forced displacement and spontaneous imbibition experiments have attributed the wettability alteration to interactions between active ions in the brine, Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42-, the rock surface, and the oil phase. It has been suggested that the adsorption of SO42- onto the rock surface causes the bond between adsorbed carboxylic material in the crude oil and the rock surface to deteriorate which causes the release of the crude oil. Reduction in ionic strength of the injection water has also been proposed to trigger the effect of wettability alteration in carbonates. Although the numerous experiments devoted to understanding the mechanisms governing the low salinity effect in the past two decades, there has been no consensus about the dominant mechanisms driving wettability alteration. The purpose of this research is to improve the understanding of how reduced ionic strength and potentially determining ions (PDIs) contribute to oil recovery, as well as provide a direct comparison of their oil recovery performance for a synthetic oil versus crude oil during waterflooding. For this, a series of waterflood experiments were conducted in the laboratory at 90 C in Indiana limestone core plugs. Chemically tuned brines derived from seawater were used in secondary and tertiary recovery modes to displace synthetic oil. A waterflood with formation brine was also conducted as an experimental baseline to assess the advantages of low-salinity waterflooding over typical secondary recovery methods. Effluent analysis was conducted to evaluate the surface interactions occurring between the brine and rock surface. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was performed to compare the chemical make-up of the synthetic and crude oil. Oil recovery curves from this study indicate that there was no benefit after increasing the concentration of PDIs in injection water compared to seawater (SW). However, the use of seawater and all chemically tuned brines derived from seawater resulted in an average 6.47% increase in oil recovery post water breakthrough, relative to the formation brine waterflood. The success of wettability alteration leading to improved oil recovery in carbonates has been noted as a strong function of the oil composition.
Download or read book Laboratory Investigation of Mechanisms Governing Low salinity Waterflooding in Oil wet Carbonate Reservoirs written by Gregory Kojadinovich and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improved oil recovery via wettability alteration by tuning the ionic composition of the injection water has been thoroughly researched in recent years. It has been well documented that seawater can increase the water wetness of chalk at high temperature. Forced displacement and spontaneous imbibition experiments have attributed the wettability alteration to interactions between active ions in the brine, Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42-, the rock surface, and the oil phase. It has been suggested that the adsorption of SO42- onto the rock surface causes the bond between adsorbed carboxylic material in the crude oil and the rock surface to deteriorate which causes the release of the crude oil. Reduction in ionic strength of the injection water has also been proposed to trigger the effect of wettability alteration in carbonates. Although the numerous experiments devoted to understanding the mechanisms governing the low salinity effect in the past two decades, there has been no consensus about the dominant mechanisms driving wettability alteration. The purpose of this research is to improve the understanding of how reduced ionic strength and potentially determining ions (PDIs) contribute to oil recovery, as well as provide a direct comparison of their oil recovery performance for a synthetic oil versus crude oil during waterflooding. For this, a series of waterflood experiments were conducted in the laboratory at 90 C in Indiana limestone core plugs. Chemically tuned brines derived from seawater were used in secondary and tertiary recovery modes to displace synthetic oil. A waterflood with formation brine was also conducted as an experimental baseline to assess the advantages of low-salinity waterflooding over typical secondary recovery methods. Effluent analysis was conducted to evaluate the surface interactions occurring between the brine and rock surface. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was performed to compare the chemical make-up of the synthetic and crude oil. Oil recovery curves from this study indicate that there was no benefit afterincreasing the concentration of PDIs in injection water compared to seawater (SW). However, the use of seawater and all chemically tuned brines derived from seawater resulted in an average 6.47% increase in oil recovery post water breakthrough, relative to the formation brine waterflood. The success of wettability alteration leading to improved oil recovery in carbonates has been noted as a strong function of the oil composition.
Download or read book Oil in the Sea III written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-03-14 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.
Download or read book Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Patrizio Raffa and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-07-22 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims at presenting, describing, and summarizing the latest advances in polymer flooding regarding the chemical synthesis of the EOR agents and the numerical simulation of compositional models in porous media, including a description of the possible applications of nanotechnology acting as a booster of traditional chemical EOR processes. A large part of the world economy depends nowadays on non-renewable energy sources, most of them of fossil origin. Though the search for and the development of newer, greener, and more sustainable sources have been going on for the last decades, humanity is still fossil-fuel dependent. Primary and secondary oil recovery techniques merely produce up to a half of the Original Oil In Place. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes are aimed at further increasing this value. Among these, chemical EOR techniques (including polymer flooding) present a great potential in low- and medium-viscosity oilfields. • Describes recent advances in chemical enhanced oil recovery. • Contains detailed description of polymer flooding and nanotechnology as promising boosting tools for EOR. • Includes both experimental and theoretical studies. About the Authors Patrizio Raffa is Assistant Professor at the University of Groningen. He focuses on design and synthesis of new polymeric materials optimized for industrial applications such as EOR, coatings and smart materials. He (co)authored about 40 articles in peer reviewed journals. Pablo Druetta works as lecturer at the University of Groningen (RUG) and as engineering consultant. He received his Ph.D. from RUG in 2018 and has been teaching at a graduate level for 15 years. His research focus lies on computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes written by Ariffin Samsuri and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-12-18 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concerned with production decline, shortages of new oil reserves, and increasing world energy demand, the oil sector continues to search for economic and efficient techniques to enhance their oil recovery from the existing oil field using several enhanced oil recovery techniques (EOR)methods. Despite its highefficiency, widely acclaimed potentials, and limitations, the Low Salinity Water Flooding (LSWF), hybrid, and nanotechnology applications have gained vast interest with promising future to increase ultimate oil recovery, tackle operational challenges, reduce environmental damage, and allow the highest feasible recoveries with lower production costs. This synergistic combination has opened new routes for novel materials with fascinating properties. This book aims to provide an overview of EOR technology such as LSWF, hybrid, and nanotechnology applications in EOR processes.
Download or read book Low Salinity Waterflooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Hamish J. A. Woodrow and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book X ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals written by ROBERT G. REYNOLDS and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1997 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This successful text/reference, now in a new edition, explores the applications and limitations of data produced by the interaction of X-rays with clay minerals. This edition pays particular attention to integrating the mineralogy of soils and features a new chapter on disorder and polytypes. Chapter Four, from the first edition, has been expanded and split into two chapters, "Structure and Properties: General Treatment" and "Structure, Nonmenclature, and Occurrences of Clay Minerals." Essential in agriculture, geology, and in making informed engineering decisions, this text offers the necessary information on the properties of these minerals, combining theoretical discussion with recipe-like directions for laboratory procedures. Ideal for students who have completed introductory geology, chemistry, and mineralogy courses, this text can also be used as a reference for researchers and workers in industry.
Download or read book Novel Insights Into Low Salinity Water Flooding Enhanced Oil Recovery in Sandstone Reservoirs written by Hasan N. Al-Saedi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Ever growing global energy demand and the natural decline in oil production from mature oil fields have been the main incentives to search for methods to increase recovery efficiency for several decades. Water flooding is extensively applied worldwide to improve oil recovery. The recent drop in oil prices has turned the oil industry to the cheapest improved oil recovery (IOR) techniques, such as low salinity (LS) waterflooding. Also, the reduction in reservoir energy and the friendly environmental aspects of low salinity water flooding (LSWF) provide additional incentives for its use. That LS water requires decreasing only the active divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and water salinity makes LS water flooding a relatively simple and low expense IOR technique. The water chemistry significantly impacts the oil recovery factor. Wettability is one of the major parameters that control the efficiency of water flooding. The primary mechanism for increased oil recovery during LSWF in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs is wettability alteration of the rock surface from oil-wet to water-wet. LS water imbibed into the low water-wet zones, the water wetness of the rock increased after injecting LS water, and in turn, microscopic sweep efficiency enhanced too. The mechanism behind LS water flooding has been extensively investigated in the literature but it still a topic of debate. The objective of this research is to solve the controversy and show the following: (1) Water chemistry weather partially or strongly determines the dominant wettability alteration mode. (2) The role of divalent cations in the formation water and in the injected water. (3) Clay's role for incremental recovery. This research work seeks to quantify the effects of mineral composition and water chemistry on water-rock interactions and wettability alteration"--Abstract, page
Download or read book Mechanistic Studies for Improved Understanding of Low Salinity Waterflooding Based Enhanced Oil Recovery and Potential Application to the Alaskan North Slope Reservoirs written by Mukul N. Chavan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improvement in the recovery of oil by low or reduced salinity water has been reported by many researchers. However, a consistent mechanistic explanation behind low salinity waterflood has not yet emerged. A thorough literature review was conducted that pertains to low salinity water based enhanced oil recovery and preliminary screening criteria were proposed which may help in narrowing down the responsible mechanisms and identifying suitable candidates for low salinity waterflood. Altogether nine different variables, such as clays, oil characteristics, salinity ranges etc. were considered in developing the screening criteria. With the exception of some tests on standard Berea sandstone cores, all other experimental studies were carried out on representative Alaska North Slope (ANS) reservoir core samples and oil and brine samples. Experimental studies involved a direct visualization of the release of crude oil from the clay surface with low salinity waterflood as observed through a simple substrate type test. Amott type spontaneous displacement tests were performed to quantitatively determine the effect of low salinity water using core materials containing different types of clays. Two sets of low salinity water coreflooding experiments were conducted in the tertiary recovery mode; first using dead oil and the second using recombined oil at pseudo reservoir conditions to examine the potential in improving oil recovery. Oil recoveries were also compared with continuous injection vs slug-wise injection of low salinity water. Finally, surface level investigation was performed using an optical microscope to visually analyze the impact of low salinity water on core samples. All the experiments performed with low salinity water on Alaska North Slope (ANS) reservoir core samples consistently showed anywhere between a 3-30 % increase in oil production with the use of low salinity brine. The literature review identified wettability alteration, cation exchange capacity, clay type and clay content as some of the dominant mechanisms influencing low salinity waterflooding.
Download or read book Chemical Methods written by Abdolhossein Hemmati-Sarapardeh and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical Methods, a new release in the Enhanced Oil Recovery series, helps engineers focus on the latest developments in one fast-growing area. Different techniques are described in addition to the latest technologies in data mining and hybrid processes. Beginning with an introduction to chemical concepts and polymer flooding, the book then focuses on more complex content, guiding readers into newer topics involving smart water injection and ionic liquids for EOR. Supported field case studies illustrate a bridge between research and practical application, thus making the book useful for academics and practicing engineers. This series delivers a multi-volume approach that addresses the latest research on various types of EOR. Supported by a full spectrum of contributors, this book gives petroleum engineers and researchers the latest developments and field applications to drive innovation for the future of energy. Presents the latest research and practical applications specific to chemical enhanced oil recovery methods Helps users understand new research on available technology, including chemical flooding specific to unconventional reservoirs and hybrid chemical options Includes additional methods, such as data mining applications and economic and environmental considerations
Download or read book Multi scale Investigation of Low Salinity Water Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Arije Ali Hussein Al-Khafaji and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Data Analysis of Low salinity Waterflooding to Enhance the Oil Recovery in Sandstone Reservoirs written by Nadia Ariani and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The lack of a single reasonable general mechanism to describe how low-salinity waterflooding can improve oil recovery in both laboratory and field pilot projects has increased the interests of many researchers and stakeholders. There has not been observed the relationship of formation brine salinity and injected brine salinity to see how much salinity is reduced to produce the maximum enhanced oil recovery by LSWF. There is no guidance in what EOR stage the LSWF is best implemented. This work collects data from various published literature to develop a comprehensive data set regarding low-salinity waterflooding in sandstone reservoirs. The LSWF mechanisms are discussed to gain better understanding of the LSWF effect on oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs. The data set consists of parameters from coreflooding experiments that involved core samples, crude oil, and brines from different places. Histograms and box plots are used to visualize various kinds of data, and cross plots and charts are used to analyze the relationship between the important parameters and oil recovery. This study revealed the complexity of LSWF mechanisms and the corresponding parameters in the COBR system that associate with this process. The effects of rock porosity and permeability, total clay content, core aging temperature, COBR wettability, initial water saturation, oil base/acid ratio, asphaltenes content, formation and injected brine salinity and composition on the enhanced oil recovery are discussed in both secondary and tertiary LSWF modes. The applicability of parameters affecting the LSWF process are summarized. It is also observed the relationship between formation brine salinity and how much injected brine salinity was reduced or diluted to produce the maximum incremental secondary and additional tertiary recovery. Finally, in comparison to the conventional waterflooding, the final recovery from all of the LSWF stages are higher than the one of the conventional waterflooding, and the secondary+tertiary EOR stage produces the highest final recovery"--Abstract, page iii.
Download or read book Improved Oil Recovery by Sequential Waterflooding and by Injection of Low Salinity Brine written by Nina Loahardjo and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waterflooding is by far the most commonly applied method of increasing oil recovery over that given by primary production. Reservoir wettability has been shown to be a key factor in determining the microscopic displacement efficiency in the swept regions of a waterflood. Reservoir wettability depends on complex crude oil/brine/rock (COBR) interactions. Numerous laboratory investigations and a growing number of pilot field studies show that oil recovery can be improved by injection of low salinity brine. This thesis includes study of the effect of low salinity flooding on oil recovery for selected reservoirs. Observations on the reproducibility of oil recovery behavior led to development of a new approach to improved oil recovery based on repeated waterflooding without change in brine composition. Laboratory studies indicated that the presence of the crude/oil interface was essential to oil recovery by sequential waterflooding. Crude properties have been measured for 27 crude oils. The oils were characterized according to density, viscosity, refractive index, surface tension, acid and base numbers, composition and vapor pressure. The effects of pH and salinity on interfacial tension were determined for a wide range of crude oils derived from both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. A large majority of the oils exhibited low interfacial tensions at both low and high pH. For the selected COBR reservoir combinations, increase in oil recovery by low salinity waterflooding was often, but not always observed. The cost of recovering cores from a reservoir is very high. Furthermore, reservoir heterogeneity often limits the number of core samples that can be used in duplicate experiments. After testing, reservoir cores were therefore cleaned and reused. For a core that showed large response to reduction in injection brine salinity, it was found that the initial recovery, first measured for seawater, could not be reproduced, with recovery still being close to that given by the brine of lowest salinity. As a test of reproducibility, cores that had been waterflooded with high salinity brine were taken back to initial water saturation by oil flooding and re-flooded without change in the injection brine composition. For 15 out of 18 tests that included both sandstone and limestone, residual oil saturation decreased from one flood to the next. Reductions in residual oil saturation were not observed for recovery of refined oil. Material balances for sequential flooding were checked against Dean-Stark extraction and by tracer tests. The overall trend of reduction in residual oil saturation was confirmed by MRI imaging of changes in saturation distribution during sequential floods. Further investigation of this new approach to tertiary recovery is proposed through relatively low-cost single-well field tests.
Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery Field Case Studies written by James J.Sheng and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2013-04-10 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enhanced Oil Recovery Field Case Studies bridges the gap between theory and practice in a range of real-world EOR settings. Areas covered include steam and polymer flooding, use of foam, in situ combustion, microorganisms, "smart water"-based EOR in carbonates and sandstones, and many more. Oil industry professionals know that the key to a successful enhanced oil recovery project lies in anticipating the differences between plans and the realities found in the field. This book aids that effort, providing valuable case studies from more than 250 EOR pilot and field applications in a variety of oil fields. The case studies cover practical problems, underlying theoretical and modeling methods, operational parameters, solutions and sensitivity studies, and performance optimization strategies, benefitting academicians and oil company practitioners alike. Strikes an ideal balance between theory and practice Focuses on practical problems, underlying theoretical and modeling methods, and operational parameters Designed for technical professionals, covering the fundamental as well as the advanced aspects of EOR
Download or read book Geochemical and Biogeochemical Reaction Modeling written by Craig M. Bethke and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-12-09 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of reaction processes in the Earth's crust and on its surface, both in the laboratory and in the field. A clear exposition of the underlying equations and calculation techniques is balanced by a large number of fully worked examples. The book uses The Geochemist's Workbench® modeling software, developed by the author and already installed at over 1000 universities and research facilities worldwide. Since publication of the first edition, the field of reaction modeling has continued to grow and find increasingly broad application. In particular, the description of microbial activity, surface chemistry, and redox chemistry within reaction models has become broader and more rigorous. These areas are covered in detail in this new edition, which was originally published in 2007. This text is written for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of geochemistry, environmental engineering, contaminant hydrology, geomicrobiology, and numerical modeling.
