Download or read book Response of the Ozark Zigzag Salamander Plethodon Angusticlavius to High and Low Level Threats written by Morgan L. Presley and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under most natural conditions, there is a trade-off between foraging efficiency and anitpredatory vigilance. This study examined the foraging tactics of the Ozark zigzag salamander (Plethodon angusticlavius) under low and high levels of threat. I predicted that the salamander would specialize on the most profitable prey type under low levels of threat but would forage randomly under high threat. Salamanders in the blank treatment did not specialize on high-calorie prey, probably because they required more handling time than low-calorie prey. Salamanders consumed fewer prey under high levels of threat but salamanders exhibited intermediate foraging levels under low levels of threat, which were substrate markings from a five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus). This result may indicate that salamanders and skinks are competitors or skinks are predators of salamanders. This study also examined the aggressive and antipredatory behaviors of salamanders toward skinks. Small salamanders were more aggressive in the presence of a large skink while large salamanders were more submissive. Salamanders decreased nose tapping in the presence of a large skink. Salamanders behaved differently toward small skinks than they did conspecifics. These data suggest that small salamanders may view large skinks as potential predators but probably do not view skinks as competitors.
Download or read book The Influence of Predation Risk on the Foraging and Territorial Behavior of the Ozark Zigzag Salamander Plethodon Angusticalvius written by R. Todd Watson and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Role for Parasites in the Behavior of the Ozark Zigzag Salamander plethodon Angusticlavius written by Daria Sonya Maksimowich and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Territorial Behavior of the Ozark Zigzag Salamander Plethodon Angusticlavius Altered by Mode of Predator Cue and Sex of Intruder written by Sarah E. Heimbach and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Territorial defense in many species must be balanced with trade-offs in activities such as reproduction and predator avoidance. Adjusting behavior based on current assessments of predation risk and the cost of maintaining or gaining a territory is one way that individuals can balance trade-offs to maximize fitness. I conducted two experiments to determine how Ozark zigzag salamanders, Plethodon angusticlavius, adjust their territorial behavior-based predation risk. First, I tested whether male and female territorial intruders changed their competitive behavior according to whether predation risk is assessed via unimodal (chemical) or multimodal (chemical + physical) cues. Females and males responded differently to unimodal and multimodal cues with females generally responding similarly to all predator cues, and males responding to multimodal cues in an additive manner. Second, I determined whether predation risk affected competitive behavior differentially based on whether the intruder salamander was in a territory marked by a same-sex or different-sex residents. Overall, the territorial behavior of both male and female intruders was moderated by the presence of a predator, but the effect differed based on the sex of both the intruder and the resident salamander. The results of these two experiments suggest that P. angusticlavius salamanders adjust their territorial behavioral in the presence of predation risk based on the source of the information (unimodal vs multimodal cues) and the sex of nearby individuals (potential mates or competitors).
Download or read book Honest Signaling in Aggressive Contests Between Ozark Zigzag Salamanders Plethodon Angusticlavius written by Rachel Bortosky and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Communication of information concerning the sender's quality or intentions is essential for maintaining territories, courtship, and mating. For signals to be favored by natural selection, they must benefit both the sender and the receiver. A dishonest signal that provides misleading information about quality or intent should therefore be selected against. Honest signals prevent cheating because they are constrained by factors such as the energetic costs of the signal. I tested the hypothesis that "All Trunk Raised" (ATR), a behavior that occurs in territorial contests in terrestrial salamanders, is an honest indicator of aggressive intent. In staged contests between pairs of Ozark zigzag salamanders (Plethodon angusticlavius), individuals that performed bites spent more time exhibiting ATR prior to biting than individuals that did not bite. In addition, I examined whether ATR is an energetically costly behavior. In trials where the diet of the intruder was manipulated, high-quality intruders tended to perform more ATR than low-quality intruders. In metabolic rate trials, individuals that performed more ATR produced more CO2. These results support the hypothesis that ATR is an honest indicator of aggressive intent in this species.
Download or read book Influence of Physical Stress Sex and Body Size on Metabolic Rates of Ozark Zigzag Salamanders Plethodon Angusticlavius written by Kyle M. Shull and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Prior Exposure to Predatory Chemical Cues on Territorial and Foraging Behaviors of the Ozark Zigzag Salamander Plethodon Angusticlavius written by Jennifer K. Parsons and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Detection of chemical cues is important for avoidance of predation for many prey animals. Previous experiments have shown that Ozark zigzag salamanders (Plethodon angusticlavius) make behavioral changes when in direct contact with predatory chemical cues. I predicted that prior exposure to a predator cue would also affect the subsequent behavior of these salamanders. I collected chemical cues from ringneck snakes (Diadophis punctatus) which are known predators of these salamanders. Salamanders were exposed to either the predator cue or a blank control for 5 min, then returned to their home Petri dishes and observed. Salamanders exposed to snake cues showed significant changes in activity, including an increase in time spent in escape behavior. These results suggest that salamanders avoid areas where they have had previous encounters with predators. In a second experiment, the effects of prior exposure to predator cues on territoriality were tested. After 5 min of exposure to either the snake cue or blank control, salamanders were returned to either their home chamber alongside an intruding salamander or they were introduced into the home chamber of a resident. Territorial behaviors were recorded for 15 min. Resident salamanders tended to be more aggressive than intruders. Residents previously exposed to snake cues increased chemosensory sampling behavior (nose taps), while the opposite trend was observed for intruders. Additionally, residents whose opponents were exposed to snake cues increased the frequency of Walk Under, a specific aggressive behavior, while intruders with predator exposed opponents decreased the frequency of Walk Under events.
Download or read book Identification of Sex and Parasitism Via Chemical Cues by the Ozark Zigzag Salamander written by Benjamin David Dalton and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical communication is the primary mode of information transfer among woodland salamanders of the genus Plethodon. These cues have been shown to convey a wide variety of information, and are used to establish territorial boundaries. Responses to chemical cues can include changes in both behavior and energy consumption. The ability of Ozark zigzag salamanders, Plethodon angusticlavius, to detect the sex of a conspecific through chemical substrate markings has not been assessed. In addition, some populations of P. angusticlavius are naturally infected with the ectoparasitic mite Hannemania eltoni. Parasitism can impact both the behavior and metabolism of the host as well as the behavior of others towards the parasitized individual. I examined whether sex and parasitism of the cue donor and receiver influenced behavioral and metabolic responses in P. angusticlavius. In laboratory trials, behavior of P. angusticlavius was influenced by the sex and parasite load of the cue donors and receivers. Behavioral responses were also influenced by whether the receiver was in its own territory or in the territory of the cue donor. Metabolic responses were not affected by the sex or parasite load of the cue donor, but males had higher metabolic rates than females, even after adjusting for differences in body size. Overall, my study indicates that both sex and parasitism can be detected via chemical cues in this species, and the nature of the response depends on residency status, sex, and parasite load of the receiver.
Download or read book Reproductive Biology and Age Structure of the Ozark Zig zag Salamander plethodon Dorsalis Angusticlavius from Northcentral Arkansas written by Walter Emil Meshaka (Jr) and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Territorial Behavior in Southern Red backed and Ozark Zigzag Salamanders written by Colton Savage Lynn and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Territorial disputes are common among terrestrial woodland salamanders (genus Plethodon). Males and females of both Ozark zigzag (P. angusticlavius) and southern red-backed (P. serratus) salamanders are territorial, but differing costs and benefits between sexes may influence the expression of territorial behavior. I compared the competitive and exploratory behavior of males and females of both species in laboratory experiments. Competitive behavior was assessed through staged contests between same-sex, same-sized conspecifics. There were no differences between males and females for territory owners (residents). Female intruders were more aggressive than male intruders, spending more time in and performing higher grades of the All Trunk Raised display (an aggressive posture). Females were also significantly more cautious than males about leaving territories during the exploration trials. Overall, P. angusticlavius showed more aggressive, submissive, and exploratory behavior, and were less cautious about leaving territories than P. serratus. The differences between males and females likely reflect a difference in the costs and benefits of territory ownership for males and females. Females fight harder to gain and hold territories, and are less willing to leave, which may indicate that the cost of not having a territory is greater for females.
Download or read book Behavioral Responses to Interspecific Chemical Cues are Zigzag Salamanders Plethodon Dorsalis Able to Assess Predation Risks written by Leah H. Lavoie and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Amphibian Declines written by Michael J. Lannoo and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2005-06-15 with total page 1124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Documents in comprehensive detail a major environmental crisis: rapidly declining amphibian populations and the disturbing developmental problems that are increasingly prevalent within many amphibian species.
Download or read book Reptile Biodiversity written by Roy W. McDiarmid and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2012-01-10 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Authoritative and comprehensive—provides an up-to-date description of the tool box of methods for inventorying and monitoring the diverse spectrum of reptiles. All biodiversity scientists will want to have it during project planning and as study progresses. A must for field biologists, conservation planners, and biodiversity managers.”—Jay M. Savage, San Diego State University “Kudos to the editors and contributors to this book. From the perspective of a non-ecologist such as myself, who only occasionally needs to intensively sample a particular site or habitat, the quality and clarity of this book has been well worth the wait.”—Jack W. Sites, Jr.
Download or read book A Synopsis of the North American Centipedes of the Order Scolopendromorpha Chilopoda written by Rowland M. Shelley and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cave Biology written by Aldemaro Romero Díaz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-23 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A critical examination of current knowledge and ideas on cave biology, with emphasis on evolution, ecology, and conservation.
Download or read book New Directions in Ecological Physiology written by Martin E. Feder and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 1988 book outlines conceptual approaches to the study of physiological adaptation in animals.
Download or read book Bats of the United States and Canada written by Michael J. Harvey and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2011-12-01 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Honorable Mention, Popular Science, 2012 PROSE Awards, Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers The only mammals capable of true flight, bats are among the world’s most fascinating creatures. This accessible guide to the forty-seven species of bats found in the United States and Canada captures and explains the amazing diversity of these marvels of evolution. A wide variety of bat species live in the United States and Canada, ranging from the California leaf-nosed bat to the Florida bonneted bat, from the eastern small-footed bat to the northern long-eared bat. The authors provide an overview of bat classification, biology, feeding behavior, habitats, migration, and reproduction. They discuss the ever-increasing danger bats face from destruction of habitat, wind turbines, chemical toxicants, and devastating diseases like white-nose syndrome, which is killing millions of cave bats in North America. Illustrated species accounts include range maps and useful identification tips. Written by three of the world’s leading bat experts and featuring J. Scott Altenbach's stunning photographs, this fact-filled and easy-to-use book is the most comprehensive and up-to-date account of bats in the U.S. and Canada.
