Download or read book Response of Soil Temperature Moisture and Respiration Two Years Following Intensive Organic Matter and Compaction Manipulations in Oregon Cascade Forests written by Adrian Carlos Gallo and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forest soils contain a substantial portion of global terrestrial carbon stores. Forest management can influence the soil carbon pool and how soil organic matter functions. The long-term productivity of forests is an ongoing goal where land managers utilize biomass and timber. A site-specific understanding of intensively managed forests can ensure achievements of this goal. Within a managed forest in the western Oregon Cascades, treatments were installed to harvest three levels of biomass, with and without compaction, to monitor impacts to growing season characteristics of Douglas-fir roots. Soil temperature and moisture conditions were continuously monitored from 10 to 100cm depth, and three sources of soil respiration were measured monthly for two years immediately following treatments. Negligible differences in the length of growing season were detected, however the daily-10cm average, maximum, and diel flux of soil temperatures significantly increased by 1.5, 2.7, and 2.5°C, respectively, with increasing biomass harvesting. Organic matter removal strongly influenced growing season soil characteristics down to a 100cm depth. Diel temperature flux at 100cm for the least and most impacted treatments were 5.7 and 7.8°C, respectively, a magnitude equivalent to seasonal shifts in soil temperature at the same depth. In spite of favorable temperature and moisture conditions with less organic matter left on the surface, soil respiration was moderately higher on bole only harvests. A priming effect may explain why these sites with more surface biomass, although significantly cooler, had the highest rates of soil respiration. The combination of increased temperatures throughout the soil profile after forest harvesting, and higher additions of dissolved organic matter from forest residuals, could have an impact on deep soil carbon. These responses have implications for long-term nutrient cycling that have yet to be elucidated for deeper soils; but this should be considered when land managers are planning forest fertilization and rotation lengths.
Download or read book Global Change and Forest Soils written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global Change and Forest Soils: Cultivating Stewardship of a Finite Natural Resource, Volume 36, provides a state-of-the-science summary and synthesis of global forest soils that identifies concerns, issues and opportunities for soil adaptation and mitigation as external pressures from global changes arise. Where, how and why some soils are resilient to global change while others are at risk is explored, as are upcoming train wrecks and success stories across boreal, temperate, and tropical forests. Each chapter offers multiple sections written by leading soil scientists who comment on wildfires, climate change and forest harvesting effects, while also introducing examples of current global issues. Readers will find this book to be an integrated, up-to-date assessment on global forest soils. Presents sections on boreal, temperate and tropical soils for a diverse audience Serves as an important reference source for anyone interested in both a big-picture assessment of global soil issues and an in-depth examination of specific environmental topics Provides a unique synthesis of forest soils and their collective ability to respond to global change Offers chapters written by leading soil scientists Prepares readers to meet the daily challenges of drafting multi-resource environmental science and policy documents
Download or read book Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Ecosystems Series I written by Yowhan Son and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-01-20 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the differences in carbon and nitrogen distribution and cycling both spatially and temporally using various approaches is essential in forest ecosystems. In addition, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors as well as natural and artificial disturbances on carbon and nitrogen cycling need to first be understood before drawing their implications to forest management practices. This Special Issue aims to understand carbon and nitrogen distribution and cycling in forest ecosystems for ecosystem-based forest management under different natural and artificial disturbances.
Download or read book Temperature and Moisture Effects on Respiration in the Organic Horizon of a Pacific Northwest Forest Soil written by Hanna Maria Winter and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impacts of Climate Change on Soil Microorganisms in Northern Hardwood Forests written by Carley Jane Kratz and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As global climate continues to change, it becomes more important to understand possible feedbacks from soils to the climate system. This dissertation focuses on soil microbial community responses to climate change factors in northern hardwood forests. Two soil warming experiments at Harvard Forest in Massachusetts, and a climate change manipulation experiment with both elevated temperature and increased moisture inputs in Michigan were sampled. The hyphal in-growth bag method was to understand how soil fungal biomass and respiration respond to climate change factors. Our results from phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses suggest that the hyphal in-growth bag method allows relatively pure samples of fungal hyphae to be partitioned from bacteria in the soil. The contribution of fungal hyphal respiration to soil respiration was examined in climate change manipulation experiments in Massachusetts and Michigan. The Harvard Forest soil warming experiments in Massachusetts are long-term studies with 8 and 18 years of +5 °C warming treatment. Hyphal respiration and biomass production tended to decrease with soil warming at Harvard Forest. This suggests that fungal hyphae adjust to higher temperatures by decreasing the amount of carbon respired and the amount of carbon stored in biomass. The Ford Forestry Center experiment in Michigan has a 2 x 2 fully factorial design with warming (+4-5 °C) and moisture addition (+30% average ambient growing season precipitation). This experiment was used to examine hyphal growth and respiration of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), soil enzymatic capacity, microbial biomass and microbial community structure in the soil over two years of experimental treatment. Results from the hyphal in-growth bag study indicate that AMF hyphal growth and respiration respond negatively to drought. Soil enzyme activities tend to be higher in heated versus unheated soils. There were significant temporal variations in enzyme activity and microbial biomass estimates. When microbial biomass was estimated using chloroform fumigation extractions there were no differences between experimental treatments and the control. When PLFA analyses were used to estimate microbial biomass we found that biomass responds negatively to higher temperatures and positively to moisture addition. This pattern was present for both bacteria and fungi. More information on the quality and composition of the organic matter and nutrients in soils from climate change manipulation experiments will allow us to gain a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms driving the patterns reported here. The information presented here will improve current soil carbon and nitrogen cycling models.
Download or read book The Legacy of Dr Francis Hole written by Kimberly L. Townsend and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Models of ecosystem carbon (C) balance generally assume a strong relationship between net primary productivity (NPP), litter inputs, and soil C accumulation, but there is little direct evidence for such a coupled relationship. Using a unique 50-year detrital manipulation experiment in a in a mixed deciduous forest and restored prairie grasslands in Wisconsin, combined with sequential density fractionation, isotopic analysis, and short-term incubation, we examined the effects of detrital inputs and removals on soil C stabilization, destabilization, and quality. Both forested sites showed greater decline in bulk soil C content in litter removal plots (55 and 66% decrease in surface soils compared to controls) compared to litter addition plots (27 and 38% increase in surface soils compared to controls). No accumulation in the mineral fraction C was observed after 50 years of litter addition of the two forest plots, thus increases in the light density fraction pool drove patterns in total C content. Litter removal across both ecosystem types resulted in a decline in both free light fraction and mineral C content, with an overall 51% (7%) decline in mineral-associated carbon in the intermediate (1.85 - 2.4 g cm−3) density pool; isotopic data suggest that it was preferentially younger C that was lost. The carbon content response in the>2.4 g cm−3 mineral fraction was variable. In contrast to results from other, but younger litter manipulation sites, there was with no evidence of priming even in soils collected after 28 years of treatment. In prairie soils, aboveground litter exclusion had an effect on C levels similar to that of root exclusion, thus we did not see evidence that root-derived C is more critical to soil C sequestration. There was no clear evidence that soil C quality changed in litter addition plots in the forested sites; [delta]13C and [delta] 14C values, and incubation estimates of labile C were similar between control and litter addition soils. C quality appeared to change in litter removal plots; soils with litter excluded had [delta] 14C values indicative of longer mean residence times, [delta]13C values indicative of loss of fresh plant-derived C, and decreases in all light fraction C pools, although incubation estimates of C quality did not change. In prairie soils, [delta]13C values suggest a loss of recent C4-derived soil C in litter removal plots along with significant increases in mean residence time, especially in plots with removal of roots. Our results suggest surface mineral soils may be more vulnerable to loss than to gain, in association with disturbance, land use change, or perhaps even climate change over century - decadal timescales, and also highlight the need for longer-term experimental manipulations to study soil organic matter dynamics.
Download or read book Soil Respiration Following Canopy Disturbance in a Northern Michigan Forest written by Conor R. Flynn and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Carbon storage in eastern U.S. forests is threatened by stem-girdling invasive insects, along with natural succession as pioneer tree species age and die. In Northern lower Michigan we are investigating the impact of these intermediate disturbances on above- and below-ground carbon cycling across a mixed hardwood and pine forest. In spring 2008, early successional tree species, such as aspen (Populus grandidenta and P. tremuloides), were experimentally girdled in the Forest Accelerated Succession Experiment (FASET), while a nearby long-term research site, Ameriflux (AF), remained undisturbed. Soil respiration (Rs) is known to be responsive to disturbance and comprises the largest fraction of total ecosystem respiration (Re). However, determining effects of management on Rs is complicated by difficulties accurately measuring temporal variability in soil respiration and biophysical controlling factors such as soil temperature and soil water content (SWC). The objective of this study was to quantify Rs (soil CO2 efflux) and its constraints and drivers in disturbed and undisturbed forests and under early successional and late successional tree species. Rs, temperature, and SWC were intensively measured at four instrumented sites and extensively measured across the landscape along a number of 1km transects. A nested study design featured paired sites under early- and late-successional tree canopies (aspen and oak) in disturbed and undisturbed forest (FASET and AF). Rs was measured every hourly at the soil pits using an automated closed-chamber CO2 efflux system and biweekly along the 1km transects using a portable closed-chamber CO2 efflux system. Rs decreased under the canopy of disturbed aspen trees compared to controls aspen trees but was unchanged under the canopy of disturbed oak trees compared to control oak trees. Temperature sensitivity of Rs, as measured by a Q10 analysis, decreased under both aspen and oak trees in the disturbed forest compared to the control forest, indicating a possible decoupling between biophysical drivers and Rs following disturbance. A wavelet coherence analysis showed time-varying patterns of Rs responses to temperature and moisture, allowing inspection of diurnal Rs hysteresis as well as large effluxes associated with intermittent precipitation events. The results of this study show that further research is needed on the underlying mechanisms that control soil respiration and ultimately the C cycle of disturbed forest ecosystems.
Download or read book Climate Change 2013 The Physical Science Basis written by Intergouvernemental panel on climate change. Working group 1 and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 1553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report also provides a comprehensive assessment of past and future sea level change in a dedicated chapter.
Download or read book Biogeochemistry of Wetlands written by K. Ramesh Reddy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-07-28 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wetland ecosystems maintain a fragile balance of soil, water, plant, and atmospheric components in order to regulate water flow, flooding, and water quality. Marginally covered in traditional texts on biogeochemistry or on wetland soils, Biogeochemistry of Wetlands is the first to focus entirely on the biological, geological, physical, and chemical
Download or read book The Global Forest Sector written by Eric Hansen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-12-04 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in production, demand, supply, and trade patterns; the impact of green building and bioenergy on industry practices and policy infrastructure; and new economies with production advantages and large consumption bases all present challenges and opportunities in the forest sector. With contributions from leading experts in academia and professional organizations, The Global Forest Sector: Changes, Practices, and Prospects fills a gap in the literature that is preventing students, scholars, and policy makers from developing a timely, structured, big-picture view of forest sector business. In addition, the book reviews current thinking on a wide variety of business management issues in the forest sector. The book covers managing change in the global forest sector and the impact of globalization on forest users. It discusses markets and market forces, new products and product categories, and the influence of China and Russia. The book then examines the environmental paradigm, including environmental activism, sustainability, and the impact of green building and bioenergy. The book concludes with coverage of the role of information technology, corporate social responsibility, innovation, and next steps. Overall, this book helps readers both develop a bird’s eye view of the changes surrounding the forest sector as well as have a magnified view of numerous managerial issues associated with these changes. The content paints a picture of the current and changing forest sector including the state of forests, the nature of markets, the newly emerged patterns of stakeholder impact, and evolution of key business practices. It provides the foundation needed to develop the conservation-based economy required for future success in the global forest sector.
Download or read book Real Gardens Grow Natives written by Eileen M Stark and published by Mountaineers Books. This book was released on 2014-09-24 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CLICK HERE to download sample native plants from Real Gardens Grow Natives For many people, the most tangible and beneficial impact they can have on the environment is right in their own yard. Aimed at beginning and veteran gardeners alike, Real Gardens Grow Natives is a stunningly photographed guide that helps readers plan, implement, and sustain a retreat at home that reflects the natural world. Gardening with native plants that naturally belong and thrive in the Pacific Northwest’s climate and soil not only nurtures biodiversity, but provides a quintessential Northwest character and beauty to yard and neighborhood! For gardeners and conservationists who lack the time to read through lengthy design books and plant lists or can’t afford a landscape designer, Real Gardens Grow Natives is accessible yet comprehensive and provides the inspiration and clear instruction needed to create and sustain beautiful, functional, and undemanding gardens. With expert knowledge from professional landscape designer Eileen M. Stark, Real Gardens Grow Natives includes: * Detailed profiles of 100 select native plants for the Pacific Northwest west of the Cascades, plus related species, helping make plant choice and placement. * Straightfoward methods to enhance or restore habitat and increase biodiversity * Landscape design guidance for various-sized yards, including sample plans * Ways to integrate natives, edibles, and nonnative ornamentals within your garden * Specific planting procedures and secrets to healthy soil * Techniques for propagating your own native plants * Advice for easy, maintenance using organic methods
Download or read book Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems written by Klaus Lorenz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-25 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems is a comprehensive book describing the basic processes of carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems, their contribution to carbon sequestration and implications for mitigating abrupt climate change. This book provides the information on processes, factors and causes influencing carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. Drawing upon most up-to-date references, this book summarizes the current understanding of carbon sequestration processes in forest ecosystems while identifying knowledge gaps for future research, Thus, this book is a valuable knowledge source for students, scientists, forest managers and policy makers.
Download or read book Livestock s Long Shadow written by Henning Steinfeld and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2006 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The assessment builds on the work of the Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative"--Pref.
Download or read book Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States written by U.S. Global Change Research Program and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-08-24 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summarizes the science of climate change and impacts on the United States, for the public and policymakers.
Download or read book Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models written by David S. Powlson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil organic matter (SOM) represents a major pool of carbon within the biosphere, roughly twice than in atmospheric CO2. SOM models embody our best understanding of soil carbon dynamics and are needed to predict how global environmental change will influence soil carbon stocks. These models are also required for evaluating the likely effectiveness of different mitigation options. The first important step towards systematically evaluating the suitability of SOM models for these purposes is to test their simulations against real data. Since changes in SOM occur slowly, long-term datasets are required. This volume brings together leading SOM model developers and experimentalists to test SOM models using long-term datasets from diverse ecosystems, land uses and climatic zones within the temperate region.
Download or read book Principles of Environmental Physics written by John Monteith and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 1990-02-15 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thoroughly revised and up-dated edition of a highly successful textbook.
Download or read book Riparian Areas written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-10-10 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that wetlands be protected from degradation because of their important ecological functions including maintenance of high water quality and provision of fish and wildlife habitat. However, this protection generally does not encompass riparian areasâ€"the lands bordering rivers and lakesâ€"even though they often provide the same functions as wetlands. Growing recognition of the similarities in wetland and riparian area functioning and the differences in their legal protection led the NRC in 1999 to undertake a study of riparian areas, which has culminated in Riparian Areas: Functioning and Strategies for Management. The report is intended to heighten awareness of riparian areas commensurate with their ecological and societal values. The primary conclusion is that, because riparian areas perform a disproportionate number of biological and physical functions on a unit area basis, restoration of riparian functions along America's waterbodies should be a national goal.
