Download or read book Respiratory Muscle Training Improves Exercise Endurance at Altitude written by Samuel Helfer and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People have been traveling to high altitude for centuries where they are faced with adverse environmental conditions. As one ascends to elevation, the barometric pressure is reduced and the air gets thinner. These changes affect the partial pressure of gases in the ambient air. The decreased partial pressures of oxygen affects physiological processes, such as increased ventilation (hyperventilation), vascular tone and the decreased capacity for cellular metabolism. These changes have serious implications on exercise capacity and overall safety of individuals exposed to these conditions as well as their health. Prior studies have shown voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea training (VIHT) to eliminate the hyperventilatory response associated with exercise at sea level. Since high altitude provokes hyperventilation at rest, and the addition of higher intensity exercise exacerbates this response, the respiratory muscles have a higher propensity to fatigue, further limiting exercise capacity. High ventilation rates, especially at altitude, cause significant decreases in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) leading to the constriction of blood vessels. The constriction has potential detrimental effects on cerebral oxygenation and therefore central fatigue. These factors, taken together, produce severe limitations on exercise capacity at altitude. This study was designed to measure the effects of VIHT three days per week for four weeks on exercise performance at 10,000ft simulated altitude. Ten healthy non-smoking moderately active men were recruited, five of which completed the study. The subjects performed Pre- and Post-VIHT exercise endurance trials cycling at 60rpm against 75% of their predetermined maximal workload (determined at sea level) on an electrically break cycle ergometer in a hypobaric (decompression) chamber. Prior to the start of exercise and during exercise physiological responses were measured and recorded during exercise at altitude. Heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv), diffused cerebral tissue oxygen saturation, end tidal CO2 and mixed expiratory gases were measured as well as ventilatory characteristics such as minute ventilation, respiratory rate and tidal volumes were recorded. All subjects training minute ventilation rates improved over the twelve training sessions, 37% on average. At rest, subjects SaO2 decreased 6. 6% on average from sea level to simulated altitude while heart rates subsequently increased on average from 73 to 86 bpm.^During exercise at altitude there was marked hyperventilation in both Pre- and Post-VIHT endurance trials, and more so in the post-VIHT trials, lowering end tidal CO2 throughout the trial. Corresponding to the hyperventilation, CBFv also decreased while cerebral oxygen saturation remained constant. Exercise endurance times improved 64% on average from Pre- to Post VIHT trials. These results suggest that VIHT reduces respiratory muscle fatigue, allowing subjects to breathe at higher ventilation rates for extended periods of time, which improves exercise endurance at altitude. Key Words:Altitude, respiratory muscle training, exercise, cerebral blood flow velocity.

Download or read book Respiratory Muscle Training and Its Effect on Cognition During Exercise at Altitude written by Joseph Quackenbush and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deficits in exercise endurance and cognitive function have been observed at altitude for hundreds of years. Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has been demonstrated as an effective means of improving exercise performance in divers as well as in sea-level experiments. It has also been shown to decrease the work of breathing and improve the mechanical efficiency of breathing. It is however, unknown if respiratory muscle training is effective during exercise at altitude. Furthermore, the changes in breathing pattern imposed by respiratory muscle training and how they relate to cognitive function during exercise at altitude, have not been elucidated. Cognitive function of five male subjects (21. 2 & plusmn 1. 3 years) was tested at an altitude of 10,000 feet during exercise at 75% of their VO2 peak. Three different tests were used: the Digit-Span Forward test, Stroop Color Word test, and Symbol Digit Modalities test (SDMT). Cerebral blood flow velocity and oxygenation were measured with transcranial Doppler and cerebral oximeter, respectively, due to the role of cerebral oxygenation and blood flow in altered cognitive function. Exercise testing at altitude revealed a significant improvement in time to exhaustion in all subjects (Pre-RMT 17. 28 & plusmn 4. 25 vs. Post-RMT 24. 11 & plusmn 2. 19; p = 0. 01). Measures of cerebral oxygenation and blood flow velocity revealed no significant changes. There was a significant improvement in Stroop Color Word test scores (Pre-RMT 53. 4 & plusmn 8. 79 vs. Post-RMT 62. 6 & plusmn 7. 96; p = 0. 007). No significant changes were observed in the Digit Span Forward test and SDMT. These results suggest four weeks of RMT may improve cognitive function during exercise at altitude.

Download or read book Respiratory Muscle Strength Training written by Christine M. Sapienza and published by Plural Publishing. This book was released on 2011-11-01 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Respiratory Muscle Training written by Alison McConnell and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-04-18 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Respiratory Muscle Training: theory and practice is the world’s first book to provide an "everything-you-need-to-know" guide to respiratory muscle training (RMT). Authored by an internationally-acclaimed expert, it is an evidence-based resource, built upon current scientific knowledge, as well as experience at the cutting-edge of respiratory training in a wide range of settings. The aim of the book is to give readers: 1) an introduction to respiratory physiology and exercise physiology, as well as training theory; 2) an understanding of how disease affects the respiratory muscles and the mechanics of breathing; 3) an insight into the disease-specific, evidence-based benefits of RMT; 4) advice on the application of RMT as a standalone treatment, and as part of a rehabilitation programme; and finally, 5) guidance on the application of functional training techniques to RMT. The book is divided into two parts – theory and practice. Part I provides readers with access to the theoretical building blocks that support practice. It explores the evidence base for RMT as well as the different methods of training respiratory muscles and their respective efficacy. Part II guides the reader through the practical implementation of the most widely validated form of RMT, namely inspiratory muscle resistance training. Finally, over 150 "Functional" RMT exercises are described, which incorporate a stability and/or postural challenge – and address specific movements that provoke dyspnoea. Respiratory Muscle Training: theory and practice is supported by a dedicated website (www.physiobreathe.com), which provides access to the latest information on RMT, as well as video clips of all exercises described in the book. Purchasers will also receive a three-month free trial of the Physiotec software platform (via www.physiotec.ca), which allows clinicians to create bespoke training programmes (including video clips) that can be printed or emailed to patients. Introductory overviews of respiratory and exercise physiology, as well as training theory Comprehensive, up-to-date review of respiratory muscle function, breathing mechanics and RMT Analysis of the interaction between disease and respiratory mechanics, as well as their independent and combined influence upon exercise tolerance Analysis of the rationale and application of RMT to over 20 clinical conditions, e.g., COPD, heart failure, obesity, mechanical ventilation Evidence-based guidance on the implementation of inspiratory muscle resistance training Over 150 functional exercises that incorporate a breathing challenge www.physiobreathe.com - access up-to-date information, video clips of exercises and a three-month free trial of Physiotec’s RMT exercise module (via www.physiotec.ca)

Download or read book High Intensity Exercise in Hypoxia Beneficial Aspects and Potential Drawbacks written by Olivier Girard and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-01-25 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past, ‘traditional’ moderate-intensity continuous training (60-75% peak heart rate) was the type of physical activity most frequently recommended for both athletes and clinical populations (cf. American College of Sports Medicine guidelines). However, growing evidence indicates that high-intensity interval training (80-100% peak heart rate) could actually be associated with larger cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic function benefits and, thereby, physical performance gains for athletes. Similarly, recent data in obese and hypertensive individuals indicate that various mechanisms – further improvement in endothelial function, reductions in sympathetic neural activity, or in arterial stiffness – might be involved in the larger cardiovascular protective effects associated with training at high exercise intensities. Concerning hypoxic training, similar trends have been observed from ‘traditional’ prolonged altitude sojourns (‘Live High Train High’ or ‘Live High Train Low’), which result in increased hemoglobin mass and blood carrying capacity. Recent innovative ‘Live Low Train High’ methods (‘Resistance Training in Hypoxia’ or ‘Repeated Sprint Training in Hypoxia’) have resulted in peripheral adaptations, such as hypertrophy or delay in muscle fatigue. Other interventions inducing peripheral hypoxia, such as vascular occlusion during endurance/resistance training or remote ischemic preconditioning (i.e. succession of ischemia/reperfusion episodes), have been proposed as methods for improving subsequent exercise performance or altitude tolerance (e.g. reduced severity of acute-mountain sickness symptoms). Postulated mechanisms behind these metabolic, neuro-humoral, hemodynamics, and systemic adaptations include stimulation of nitric oxide synthase, increase in anti-oxidant enzymes, and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, although the amount of evidence is not yet significant enough. Improved O2 delivery/utilization conferred by hypoxic training interventions might also be effective in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, as well as contributing to improve exercise tolerance and health status of patients. For example, in obese subjects, combining exercise with hypoxic exposure enhances the negative energy balance, which further reduces weight and improves cardio-metabolic health. In hypertensive patients, the larger lowering of blood pressure through the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway and the associated compensatory vasodilation is taken to reflect the superiority of exercising in hypoxia compared to normoxia. A hypoxic stimulus, in addition to exercise at high vs. moderate intensity, has the potential to further ameliorate various aspects of the vascular function, as observed in healthy populations. This may have clinical implications for the reduction of cardiovascular risks. Key open questions are therefore of interest for patients suffering from chronic vascular or cellular hypoxia (e.g. work-rest or ischemia/reperfusion intermittent pattern; exercise intensity; hypoxic severity and exposure duration; type of hypoxia (normobaric vs. hypobaric); health risks; magnitude and maintenance of the benefits). Outside any potential beneficial effects of exercising in O2-deprived environments, there may also be long-term adverse consequences of chronic intermittent severe hypoxia. Sleep apnea syndrome, for instance, leads to oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species, and ultimately systemic inflammation. Postulated pathophysiological changes associated with intermittent hypoxic exposure include alteration in baroreflex activity, increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and hematocrit, changes in heart structure and function, and an alteration in endothelial-dependent vasodilation in cerebral and muscular arteries. There is a need to explore the combination of exercising in hypoxia and association of hypertension, developmental defects, neuro-pathological and neuro-cognitive deficits, enhanced susceptibility to oxidative injury, and possibly increased myocardial and cerebral infarction in individuals sensitive to hypoxic stress. The aim of this Research Topic is to shed more light on the transcriptional, vascular, hemodynamics, neuro-humoral, and systemic consequences of training at high intensities under various hypoxic conditions.

Download or read book Resistance Training for the Lungs written by Ricky Windell and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Respiratory Muscle Training on Respiratory Muscle Strength Endurance and the Performance of the Anti G Straining Manoeuvre microform written by Pearl Yang and published by Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. This book was released on 2005 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Anti-G Straining Manoeuvre (AGSM) is a countermeasure employed by fighter pilots in order to combat the decline in head-level blood pressure instigated by high +Gz-loading during tactical flight. The AGSM is a 4-second cycle of forced inhalation, isometric contraction of the arms, legs and trunk muscles together with a Valsalva Manoeuvre, followed by forced exhalation. The repeated tensing between forced breaths acts to increase intrathoracic pressure and venous return, augmenting head-level blood pressure. A pilot's ability to maintain an effective AGSM decreases over prolonged +Gz-exposure due to breathlessness and fatigue that is proposed to originate in the respiratory musculature. Thus, the present study implemented respiratory muscle training (RMT), a modality shown to increase respiratory muscle strength and endurance, as a possible intervention to help decrease AGSM-induced fatigue. Participants (n = 14: 26.9 +/- 5.3 yrs) trained with a commercially available respiratory muscle trainer (PowerlungRTM) for 6-weeks, 4-times per week, 20 minutes per session. Every two-weeks, respiratory muscle (RM) strength and endurance were measured through Pulmonary Function Tests while performance was evaluated through measures of peak respiratory pressure, peak blood pressure and tidal volumes achieved during a loaded, AGSM breathing test. Training significantly improved RM strength measured in maximal expiratory and inspiratory pressures (+10.1%, p

Download or read book The Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training in Combination with Whole Body Exercise on Exercise Performance written by Serina McEntire and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Respiratory Muscle Training written by Alison McConnell and published by Churchill Livingstone. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide to respiratory muscle training (RMT), authored by a leading expert, is an evidence-based resource, built upon current scientific knowledge, as well as clinical experience at the cutting-edge of respiratory training in a wide range of settings.

Download or read book The Energy Cost of Breathing at Depth and the Effects of Resistive Respiratory Muscle Training written by Amber-Louise Simpson and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BoldBackground/boldRespiratory muscle training against resistance (RRMT) increases respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and swimming endurance at depth. We hypothesized that such effects result from RRMT reducing the high energy cost of ventilation at depth. Methods Eight subjects breathed air in a hyperbaric chamber at a pressure equivalent to 55 fsw, before and after RRMT. They rested for 10 min, cycled an ergometer at 100W for 10 min, rested for 10 min, and then performed paced isocapnic (CO2 admixture to inspired air) simulated exercise ventilation (ISEV).ResultsPre-RRMT minute-ventilation (VE) was 11.95 " 3.09 L/min during rest, 47.74 " 8.44 L/min during exercise, and was not different during ISEV (49.98 " 10.41 L/min). Post-RRMT the values at rest, exercise and ISEV were not different. The end-tidal PCO2's were matched to the VE and were 34.65 " 4.6 at rest, 44.49 " 4.49 during exercise and 44.26 " 2.54 mmHg during ISEV, and were not significantly different post-RRMT (33.58 " 4.30, 43.59 " 5.12, 43.40 " 2.08 mmHg). Oxygen uptake (VO2) was 0.32 " 0.08 L/min at rest, 1.78 " 0.15 during exercise and not different pre and post-RRMT, while during ISEV VO2 decreased significantly from pre to post-RRMT (0.46 "0.06 vs. 0.36 " 0.11 L/min). The energy cost of ventilation (VO2/VE) was 0.027 " 0.0063 L/L at rest and 0.038 " 0.0067 during exercise, and did not change after RRMT; the values were significantly lower during ISEV (0.0094" 0.0021 L/L vs. 0.0074 " 0.0023 L/L). Conclusion The energy cost of ventilation, measured as VO2, at a simulated depth of 55 fsw was reduced significantly by RRMT. Whether this change was due to reduced work of breathing, and/or increased efficiency of the respiratory muscles (or some other factor) remains to be determined.

Download or read book Pulmonary Adaptation to High Altitude written by Jerome A. Dempsey and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our studies demonstrated the causes and consequences of periodic breathing during sleep at high altitudes, showed the susceptibility of the highly trained athlete to development of hypoxemia during heavy exercise at even very moderately high altitudes, and tested the effect of exercise in hypoxia on respiratory muscle fatigue.

Download or read book Effects of Respiratory Muscle Training on Exercise Performance in Healthy Collegiate Males written by Thai Leng and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book High Intensity Exercise in Hypoxia Beneficial Aspects and Potential Drawbacks written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past, 'traditional' moderate-intensity continuous training (60-75% peak heart rate) was the type of physical activity most frequently recommended for both athletes and clinical populations (cf. American College of Sports Medicine guidelines). However, growing evidence indicates that high-intensity interval training (80-100% peak heart rate) could actually be associated with larger cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic function benefits and, thereby, physical performance gains for athletes. Similarly, recent data in obese and hypertensive individuals indicate that various mechanisms - further improvement in endothelial function, reductions in sympathetic neural activity, or in arterial stiffness - might be involved in the larger cardiovascular protective effects associated with training at high exercise intensities. Concerning hypoxic training, similar trends have been observed from 'traditional' prolonged altitude sojourns ('Live High Train High' or 'Live High Train Low'), which result in increased hemoglobin mass and blood carrying capacity. Recent innovative 'Live Low Train High' methods ('Resistance Training in Hypoxia' or 'Repeated Sprint Training in Hypoxia') have resulted in peripheral adaptations, such as hypertrophy or delay in muscle fatigue. Other interventions inducing peripheral hypoxia, such as vascular occlusion during endurance/resistance training or remote ischemic preconditioning (i.e. succession of ischemia/reperfusion episodes), have been proposed as methods for improving subsequent exercise performance or altitude tolerance (e.g. reduced severity of acute-mountain sickness symptoms). Postulated mechanisms behind these metabolic, neuro-humoral, hemodynamics, and systemic adaptations include stimulation of nitric oxide synthase, increase in anti-oxidant enzymes, and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, although the amount of evidence is not yet significant enough. Improved O2 delivery/utilization conferred by hypoxic training interventions might also be effective in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, as well as contributing to improve exercise tolerance and health status of patients. For example, in obese subjects, combining exercise with hypoxic exposure enhances the negative energy balance, which further reduces weight and improves cardio-metabolic health. In hypertensive patients, the larger lowering of blood pressure through the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway and the associated compensatory vasodilation is taken to reflect the superiority of exercising in hypoxia compared to normoxia. A hypoxic stimulus, in addition to exercise at high vs. moderate intensity, has the potential to further ameliorate various aspects of the vascular function, as observed in healthy populations. This may have clinical implications for the reduction of cardiovascular risks. Key open questions are therefore of interest for patients suffering from chronic vascular or cellular hypoxia (e.g. work-rest or ischemia/reperfusion intermittent pattern; exercise intensity; hypoxic severity and exposure duration; type of hypoxia (normobaric vs. hypobaric); health risks; magnitude and maintenance of the benefits). Outside any potential beneficial effects of exercising in O2-deprived environments, there may also be long-term adverse consequences of chronic intermittent severe hypoxia. Sleep apnea syndrome, for instance, leads to oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species, and ultimately systemic inflammation. Postulated pathophysiological changes associated with intermittent hypoxic exposure include alteration in baroreflex activity, increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and hematocrit, changes in heart structure and function, and an alteration in endothelial-dependent vasodilation in cerebral and muscular arteries. There is a need to explore the combination of exercising in hypoxia and association of hypertension, developmental defects, neuro-pathological and neuro-cognitive deficits, enhanced susceptibility to oxidative injury, and possibly increased myocardial and cerebral infarction in individuals sensitive to hypoxic stress. The aim of this Research Topic is to shed more light on the transcriptional, vascular, hemodynamics, neuro-humoral, and systemic consequences of training at high intensities under various hypoxic conditions.

Download or read book High Altitude written by Erik R. Swenson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-26 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​ Over the last decade the science and medicine of high altitude and hypoxia adaptation has seen great advances. High Altitude: Human Adaptation to Hypoxia addresses the challenges in dealing with the changes in human physiology and the particular medical conditions that arise from exposure to high altitude. In-depth and comprehensive chapters cover both the basic science and the clinical consequences of exposure to high altitude. Genetic, cellular, organ and whole body system responses to high altitudes are covered and chapters discuss these effects on a wide range of diseases. Expert authors provide insight into the care of patients with pre-existing medical conditions that fail in some cases to adapt as well as offer insights into how high altitude research can help critically ill patients. High Altitude: Human Adaptation to Hypoxia is an important new volume that offers a window into greater understanding and more successful treatment of hypoxic human diseases.

Download or read book Hypoxia and Exercise written by Robert Roach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-04-03 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 14th volume in the series will focus on cutting edge research at the interface of hypoxia and exercise. The work will cover the range from molecular mechanisms of muscle fatigue and muscle wasting to whole body exercise on the world’s highest mountains. State of the art papers on training at high altitude for low altitude athletic performance will also be featured.

Download or read book Breathe Strong Perform Better written by Alison McConnell and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Breathe Strong, Perform Better explains how anyone, from everyday exercisers to elite athletes, can use breathing training to increase power and comfort, improve performance, accelerate recovery, and reduce injury risk. With easy-to-use programs and sport-specific workouts, this is your guide to achieving efficient breathing and peak fitness.

Download or read book Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition written by Manfred Lamprecht and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-09-17 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of antioxidants in sports is controversial due to existing evidence that they both support and hinder athletic performance. Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition covers antioxidant use in the athlete ́s basic nutrition and discusses the controversies surrounding the usefulness of antioxidant supplementation. The book also stresses how antioxidants may affect immunity, health, and exercise performance. The book contains scientifically based chapters explaining the basic mechanisms of exercise-induced oxidative damage. Also covered are methodological approaches to assess the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment. Biomarkers are discussed as a method to estimate the bioefficacy of dietary/supplemental antioxidants in sports. This book is useful for sport nutrition scientists, physicians, exercise physiologists, product developers, sport practitioners, coaches, top athletes, and recreational athletes. In it, they will find objective information and practical guidance.