Download or read book Research and Development Tax Incentives and the Structure of Production and Financing written by Jeffrey Ian Bernstein and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Measurement of Scientific Technological and Innovation Activities Frascati Manual 2015 Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2015-10-08 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The internationally recognised methodology for collecting and using R&D statistics, the OECD's Frascati Manual is an essential tool for statisticians and science and innovation policy makers worldwide. It includes definitions of basic concepts, data collection guidelines, and classifications ...
Download or read book Research and Development Expenditures written by Kendall B. Fox and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because of the interaction between the research and development (R&D) expensing provisions and the tax credit, this Portfolio discusses these two issues in parallel. It first considers what types of activities give rise to expenditures that qualify as research and experimental expenditures for current expensing purposes, and then considers what types of activities can give rise to expenditures eligible for the research deduction or tax credit. The Portfolio also discusses several practical and technical issues in claiming the research credit, the basic research tax credit, and various miscellaneous matters. Because of the interaction between the research and development (R&D) expensing provisions and the tax credit, this Portfolio discusses these two issues in parallel. It first considers what types of activities give rise to expenditures that qualify as research and experimental expenditures for current expensing purposes, and then considers what types of activities can give rise to expenditures eligible for the research deduction or tax credit. The Portfolio also discusses several practical and technical issues in claiming the research credit, the basic research tax credit, and various miscellaneous matters. Because of the interaction between the research and development (R&D) expensing provisions and the tax credit, this Portfolio discusses these two issues in parallel. It first considers what types of activities give rise to expenditures that qualify as research and experimental expenditures for current expensing purposes, and then considers what types of activities can give rise to expenditures eligible for the research deduction or tax credit. The Portfolio also discusses several practical and technical issues in claiming the research credit, the basic research tax credit, and various miscellaneous matters.
Download or read book The Economics of Research and Development written by Anwar Shah and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1994 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A survey and synthesis of the theoretical and empirical literature on the economics of research and development.
Download or read book The Internationalisation of Business R D Evidence Impacts and Implications written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2008-06-06 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyses trends in the offshoring of R&D, examines its drivers and motivations, and identifies implications for innovation policy.
Download or read book Rethinking Property Tax Incentives for Business written by Daphne A. Kenyon and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of property tax incentives for business by local governments throughout the United States has escalated over the last 50 years. While there is little evidence that these tax incentives are an effective instrument to promote economic development, they cost state and local governments $5 to $10 billion each year in forgone revenue. Three major obstacles can impede the success of property tax incentives as an economic development tool. First, incentives are unlikely to have a significant impact on a firm's profitability since property taxes are a small part of the total costs for most businesses--averaging much less than 1 percent of total costs for the U.S. manufacturing sector. Second, tax breaks are sometimes given to businesses that would have chosen the same location even without the incentives. When this happens, property tax incentives merely deplete the tax base without promoting economic development. Third, widespread use of incentives within a metropolitan area reduces their effectiveness, because when firms can obtain similar tax breaks in most jurisdictions, incentives are less likely to affect business location decisions. This report reviews five types of property tax incentives and examines their characteristics, costs, and effectiveness: property tax abatement programs; tax increment finance; enterprise zones; firm-specific property tax incentives; and property tax exemptions in connection with issuance of industrial development bonds. Alternatives to tax incentives should be considered by policy makers, such as customized job training, labor market intermediaries, and business support services. State and local governments also can pursue a policy of broad-based taxes with low tax rates or adopt split-rate property taxation with lower taxes on buildings than land.State policy makers are in a good position to increase the effectiveness of property tax incentives since they control how local governments use them. For example, states can restrict the use of incentives to certain geographic areas or certain types of facilities; publish information on the use of property tax incentives; conduct studies on their effectiveness; and reduce destructive local tax competition by not reimbursing local governments for revenue they forgo when they award property tax incentives.Local government officials can make wiser use of property tax incentives for business and avoid such incentives when their costs exceed their benefits. Localities should set clear criteria for the types of projects eligible for incentives; limit tax breaks to mobile facilities that export goods or services out of the region; involve tax administrators and other stakeholders in decisions to grant incentives; cooperate on economic development with other jurisdictions in the area; and be clear from the outset that not all businesses that ask for an incentive will receive one.Despite a generally poor record in promoting economic development, property tax incentives continue to be used. The goal is laudable: attracting new businesses to a jurisdiction can increase income or employment, expand the tax base, and revitalize distressed urban areas. In a best case scenario, attracting a large facility can increase worker productivity and draw related firms to the area, creating a positive feedback loop. This report offers recommendations to improve the odds of achieving these economic development goals.
Download or read book Fiscal Policy and Long Term Growth written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper explores how fiscal policy can affect medium- to long-term growth. It identifies the main channels through which fiscal policy can influence growth and distills practical lessons for policymakers. The particular mix of policy measures, however, will depend on country-specific conditions, capacities, and preferences. The paper draws on the Fund’s extensive technical assistance on fiscal reforms as well as several analytical studies, including a novel approach for country studies, a statistical analysis of growth accelerations following fiscal reforms, and simulations of an endogenous growth model.
Download or read book Borderline Case written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-02-05 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing integration of world markets for capital and goods, coupled with the rise of instantaneous worldwide communication, has made identification of corporations as "American," "Dutch," or "Japanese" extremely difficult. Yet tax treatment does depend of where a firm is chartered. And, as Borderline Case documents, there is little doubt that tax rules for firms doing business in several nationsâ€"firms that account for more than three-quarters of corporate R&D spending in the United Statesâ€"have substantial effects on corporate decisionmaking and, ultimately, U.S. competitiveness. This book explores the impact of the U.S. tax code and its incentives on the international activities of U.S.- and foreign-based firms: basic research outlays, expenditures on product and process development, and plant and equipment investment. The authors include industry experts from large multinational firms in technology and pharmaceuticals, academic researchers who have explored the quantitative impact of tax provisions on R&D, and tax policy analysts who have examined international tax rules in the broader context of tax reform. These experts look at how corporate investment and R&D are shaped by specific tax provisions, such as the definition of taxable income, relative tax burdens on domestic and foreign business, taxation of earnings repatriated to the United States, deductibility of expenses of worldwide operations, and U.S. corporate taxes relative to other countries. The volume explores prescriptions and prospects for tax reform and reviews major reform proposals and their implications for the behavior of multinational business.
Download or read book Effectiveness of Fiscal Incentives for R D written by Irem Guceri and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-03-31 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With growing academic and policy interest in research and development (R&D) tax incentives, the question about their effectiveness has become ever more relevant. In the absence of an exogenous policy reform, the simultaneous determination of companies’ tax positions and their R&D spending causes an identification problem in evaluating tax incentives. To overcome this identification challenge, we exploit a U.K. policy reform and use the population of corporation tax records that provide precise information on the amount of firm-level R&D expenditure. Using difference-in-differences and other panel regression approaches, we find a positive and significant impact of tax incentives on R&D spending, and an implied user cost elasticity estimate of around -1.6. This translates to more than a pound in additional private R&D for each pound foregone in corporation tax revenue.
Download or read book Accounting and Valuation Guide Assets Acquired to Be Used in Research and Development Activities written by AICPA and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-11-07 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new guide provides guidance and illustrations regarding the initial and subsequent accounting for, valuation of, and disclosures related to acquired intangible assets used in research and development activities (IPR&D assets). This is a valuable resource for preparers of financial statements, auditors, accountants and valuation specialists seeking an advanced understanding of the accounting, valuation, and disclosures related to acquired IPR&D assets.
Download or read book Handbook of the Economics of Innovation written by Bronwyn H. Hall and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-05-14 with total page 803 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economists examine the genesis of technological change and the ways we commercialize and diffuse it. The economics of property rights and patents, in addition to industry applications, are also surveyed through literature reviews and predictions about fruitful research directions. Two volumes, available as a set or sold separately - Expert articles consider the best ways to establish optimal incentives in technological progress - Science and innovation, both their theories and applications, are examined at the intersections of the marketplace, policy, and social welfare - Economists are only part of an audience that includes attorneys, educators, and anyone involved in new technologies
Download or read book Handbook of Innovation Policy Impact written by Jakob Edler and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2016-07-27 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovation underpins competitiveness, is crucial to addressing societal challenges, and its support has become a major public policy goal. But what really works in innovation policy, and why? This Handbook, compiled by leading experts in the field, is the first comprehensive guide to understanding the logic and effects of innovation polices. The Handbook develops a conceptualisation and typology of innovation policies, presents meta-evaluations for 16 key innovation policy instruments and analyses evidence on policy-mix. For each policy instrument, underlying rationales and examples are presented, along with a critical analysis of the available impact evidence. Providing access to primary sources of impact analysis, the book offers an insightful assessment of innovation policy practice and its evaluation.
Download or read book Unemployment Insurance Statistics written by United States. Bureau of Employment Security and published by . This book was released on 1967-05 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry A CBO Study written by Congressional Budget Office and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2013-06-09 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perceptions that the pace of new-drug development has slowed and that the pharmaceutical industry is highly profitable have sparked concerns that significant problems loom for future drug development. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) study-prepared at the request of the Senate Majority Leader-reviews basic facts about the drug industry's recent spending on research and development (R&D) and its output of new drugs. The study also examines issues relating to the costs of R&D, the federal government's role in pharmaceutical research, the performance of the pharmaceutical industry in developing innovative drugs, and the role of expected profits in private firms' decisions about investing in drug R&D. In keeping with CBO's mandate to provide objective, impartial analysis, the study makes no recommendations. David H. Austin prepared this report under the supervision of Joseph Kile and David Moore. Colin Baker provided valuable consultation...
Download or read book Improving Tax Increment Financing TIF for Economic Development written by David Merriman and published by . This book was released on 2018-09-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economist David Merriman of the University of Illinois at Chicago reviews more than 30 individual studies in the most comprehensive assessment of tax increment financing (TIF) with practical recommendations for policy makers and practitioners. The report finds that while TIF has the potential to draw investment into neglected places, it has not accomplished the goal of promoting economic development in most cases. First implemented in the 1950s, TIF funds economic development within a defined district by earmarking increases in future property tax revenues that result from increases in real estate values in the district. The tax revenue can be used for public infrastructure or to compensate private developers for their investments, but TIF is prone to several pitfalls: it often captures some revenues that would have been generated through normal appreciation in property values, it can be exploited by cities to obtain revenues that would otherwise go to overlying government entities such as school districts, and it can make cities' financial decisions less transparent by separating them from the normal budget process. The report recommends several ways that state and local policy makers can reform TIF practices going forward.
Download or read book Venture Capital and Private Equity Contracting written by Douglas J. Cumming and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-08-21 with total page 781 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Other books present corporate finance approaches to the venture capital and private equity industry, but many key decisions require an understanding of the ways that law and economics work together. This revised and updated 2e offers broad perspectives and principles not found in other course books, enabling readers to deduce the economic implications of specific contract terms. This approach avoids the common pitfalls of implying that contractual terms apply equally to firms in any industry anywhere in the world. In the 2e, datasets from over 40 countries are used to analyze and consider limited partnership contracts, compensation agreements, and differences in the structure of limited partnership venture capital funds, corporate venture capital funds, and government venture capital funds. There is also an in-depth study of contracts between different types of venture capital funds and entrepreneurial firms, including security design, and detailed cash flow, control and veto rights. The implications of such contracts for value-added effort and for performance are examined with reference to data from an international perspective. With seven new or completely revised chapters covering a range of topics from Fund Size and Diseconomies of Scale to Fundraising and Regulation, this new edition will be essential for financial and legal students and researchers considering international venture capital and private equity. - An analysis of the structure and governance features of venture capital contracts - In-depth study of contracts between different types of venture capital funds and entrepreneurial firms - Presents international datasets from over 40 countries around the world - Additional references on a companion website - Contains sample contracts, including limited partnership agreements, term sheets, shareholder agreements, and subscription agreements
Download or read book Innovative Financing for Development written by Suhas Ketkar and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008-09-29 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing countries need additional, cross-border capital channeled into their private sectors to generate employment and growth, reduce poverty, and meet the other Millennium Development Goals. Innovative financing mechanisms are necessary to make this happen. 'Innovative Financing for Development' is the first book on this subject that uses a market-based approach. It compiles pioneering methods of raising development finance including securitization of future flow receivables, diaspora bonds, and GDP-indexed bonds. It also highlights the role of shadow sovereign ratings in facilitating access to international capital markets. It argues that poor countries, especially those in Sub-Saharan Africa, can potentially raise tens of billions of dollars annually through these instruments. The chapters in the book focus on the structures of the various innovative financing mechanisms, their track records and potential for tapping international capital markets, the constraints limiting their use, and policy measures that governments and international institutions can implement to alleviate these constraints.
