Download or read book Relationship between ozone and temperature trends in the lower stratosphere written by J.P. McCORMACK and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Review of the U S Climate Change Science Program s Draft Synthesis and Assessment Product 2 4 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-11-30 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Climate Change Science Program is in the process of producing 21 draft assessments that investigate changes in the Earth's climate and related systems. These assessments are designed to inform decisionmakers about the scientific underpinnings of a range of environmental issues, such as stratospheric ozone. This National Research Council report reviews one of these assessments, Synthesis and Assessment Product (SAP) 2.4, Trends in Emissions of Ozone Depletion Substances, Ozone Layer Recovery, and Implications for Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure. This assessment is noted as being the first-ever attempt to look at the United States contribution to ozone-depleting substances and ozone recovery. This National Research Council book commends the assessment's authoring team for comprehensively covering the scientific basis of ozone and ozone-depleting substances, but recommends several ways that the assessment could be improved. Suggestions include clarifying the discussion on climate effects of ozone and revising the approach to estimating U.S. contributions to production, consumption, and emission of ozone-depleting substances. The assessment could also be improved by reorganizing and editing to accommodate intended audiences.
Download or read book Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change written by Rolf Müller (physicien.) and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2012 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, several new concepts have emerged in the field of stratospheric ozone depletion, creating a need for a concise in-depth publication covering the ozone-climate issue. This monograph fills that void in the literature and gives detailed treatment of recent advances in the field of stratospheric ozone depletion. It puts particular emphasis on the coupling between changes in the ozone layer and atmospheric change caused by a changing climate. The book, written by leading experts in the field, brings the reader the most recent research in this area and fills the gap between advanced textbooks and assessments.
Download or read book Ozone Evolution in the Past and Future written by Eugene Rozanov and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The stratospheric ozone is important for the protection of the biosphere from the dangerous ultraviolet radiation of the sun, forms the temperature and dynamical structure of the stratosphere, and, therefore, has a direct influence on the general circulation and the surface climate. The tropospheric ozone can damage the biosphere, impact human health, and plays a role as a powerful greenhouse gas. That is why the understanding of the past and future evolution of the ozone in different atmospheric layers, as well as its influence on surface UV radiation doses, and human health is important. The problems of preventing further destruction of the ozone layer, the restoration of the ozone shield in the future, and air quality remain important for society. The interest in these problems was recently enhanced by the unexpected discovery of a negative ozone trend in the lower stratosphere and the appearance of a large ozone hole over the Arctic in spring 2020. This book includes papers describing several aspects of the ozone layer’s state and evolution based on the recent experimental, statistical, and modeling works. The book will be useful for readers, scientists, and students interested in environmental science.
Download or read book Ozone in the Atmosphere written by Peter Fabian and published by Springer Science & Business. This book was released on 2014-04-29 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peter Fabian and Martin Dameris provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of established scientific knowledge about ozone in the atmosphere. They present both ozone changes and trends in the stratosphere, as well as the effects of overabundance in the troposphere including the phenomenon of photosmog. Aspects such as photochemistry, atmospheric dynamics and global ozone distribution as well as various techniques for ozone measurement are treated. The authors outline the various causes for ozone depletion, the effects of ozone pollution and the relation to climate change. The book provides a handy reference guide for researchers active in atmospheric ozone research and a useful introduction for advanced students specializing in this field. Non-specialists interested in this field will also profit from reading the book. Peter Fabian can look back on a life-long active career in ozone research, having first gained international recognition for his measurements of the global distribution of halogenated hydrocarbons. He also pioneered photosmog investigations in the metropolitan areas of Munich, Berlin, Athens and Santiago de Chile, and his KROFEX facility provided controlled ozone fumigation of adult tree canopies for biologists to investigate the effects of ozone increases on forests. Besides having published a broad range of scientific articles, he has also been the author or editor of numerous books. From 2002 to 2005 he served the European Geosciences Union (EGU) as their first and Founding President. Martin Dameris is a prominent atmospheric modeler whose interests include the impacts of all kinds of natural and man-made disturbances on the atmospheric system. His scientific work focuses on the connections between ozone and climate changes. For many years he has been an active contributor to the WMO scientific ozone depletion assessments, which have been used to monitor the depletion and recovery of the ozone layer in accordance with the Montreal Protocol.
Download or read book Middle Atmosphere Dynamics written by David G. Andrews and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-07-21 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in atmospheric, oceanic, and climate science, Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics is an introductory textbook on the circulations of the atmosphere and ocean and their interaction, with an emphasis on global scales. It will give students a good grasp of what the atmosphere and oceans look like on the large-scale and why they look that way. The role of the oceans in climate and paleoclimate is also discussed. The combination of observations, theory and accompanying illustrative laboratory experiments sets this text apart by making it accessible to students with no prior training in meteorology or oceanography. * Written at a mathematical level that is appealing for undergraduates and beginning graduate students * Provides a useful educational tool through a combination of observations and laboratory demonstrations which can be viewed over the web * Contains instructions on how to reproduce the simple but informative laboratory experiments * Includes copious problems (with sample answers) to help students learn the material.
Download or read book The Stratosphere written by L. M. Polvani and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 190. The Stratosphere: Dynamics, Transport, and Chemistry is the first volume in 20 years that offers a comprehensive review of the Earth's stratosphere, increasingly recognized as an important component of the climate system. The volume addresses key advances in our understanding of the stratospheric circulation and transport and summarizes the last two decades of research to provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of the state of the field. This monograph reviews many important aspects of the dynamics, transport, and chemistry of the stratosphere by some of the world's leading experts, including up-to-date discussions of Dynamics of stratospheric polar vortices Chemistry and dynamics of the ozone hole Role of solar variability in the stratosphere Effect of gravity waves in the stratosphere Importance of atmospheric annular modes This volume will be of interest to graduate students and scientists who wish to learn more about the stratosphere. It will also be useful to atmospheric science departments as a textbook for classes on the stratosphere.
Download or read book New Theories And Predictions On The Ozone Hole And Climate Change written by Qing-bin Lu and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2015-06-11 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph reviews the establishment of new theories of the ozone hole and global climate change, two major scientific problems of global concern. It provides a comprehensive overview of the author's work including significant discoveries and pioneering contributions, such as the discovery of extremely effective dissociative electron transfer reactions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) adsorbed on ice surfaces and its implications for atmospheric ozone depletion; the proposal of the cosmic-ray-driven electron-induced-reaction (CRE) theory for the ozone hole; the predictions of 11-year cyclic variations in polar ozone loss and stratospheric cooling; the discovery of the nearly perfect linear correlation between CFCs and global surface temperature; the proposal of the CFC theory for modern global warming; the discovery of greenhouse-gas-specific climate sensitivity and the parameter-free calculation of global surface temperature change caused by CFCs; the prediction of global cooling; and so on.Unlike conventional atmospheric and climate models, the author's theoretical models were established on robust observed data rather than computer simulations with multiple parameters. The new theories have shown the best agreements with the observed data within 10% uncertainties. This book highlights the scientific understandings of the world-concerned problems from the unique point of view of a physicist who seeks theories with great simplicity and superior predictive capacity.This book is self-contained and unified in presentation. It may be used as an advanced book by graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in physics, chemistry, environmental and climate sciences. It is also suitable for non-expert readers and policy makers who wish to have an overview of the sciences behind atmospheric ozone depletion and global climate change.
Download or read book Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Overview written by James G. Titus and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stratosphere Troposphere Interactions written by K. Mohanakumar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-07-03 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stratospheric processes play a signi?cant role in regulating the weather and c- mate of the Earth system. Solar radiation, which is the primary source of energy for the tropospheric weather systems, is absorbed by ozone when it passes through the stratosphere, thereby modulating the solar-forcing energy reaching into the t- posphere. The concentrations of the radiatively sensitive greenhouse gases present in the lower atmosphere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone, control the radiation balance of the atmosphere by the two-way interaction between the stratosphere and troposphere. The stratosphere is the transition region which interacts with the weather s- tems in the lower atmosphere and the richly ionized upper atmosphere. Therefore, this part of the atmosphere provides a long list of challenging scienti?c problems of basic nature involving its thermal structure, energetics, composition, dynamics, chemistry, and modeling. The lower stratosphere is very much linked dynamically, radiatively,and chemically with the upper troposphere,even though the temperature characteristics of these regions are different. The stratosphere is a region of high stability, rich in ozone and poor in water - por and temperature increases with altitude. The lower stratospheric ozone absorbs the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and protects life on the Earth. On the other hand, the troposphere has high concentrations of water vapor, is low in ozone, and temperature decreases with altitude. The convective activity is more in the troposphere than in the stratosphere.
Download or read book Remote Sensing and Atmospheric Ozone written by Arthur Philip Cracknell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-21 with total page 701 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The destruction of the ozone layer, together with global warming, is one of the hot environmental topics of today. This book examines the effect of human activities on atmospheric ozone, namely the increase of tropospheric ozone and the general diminution of stratospheric ozone and the production of the Antarctic ozone hole. Also discussed is the role of remote sensing techniques in the understanding of the effects of human activities on atmospheric ozone as well as in the development of social and political awareness of the damage to the ozone layer by man-made chemicals, principally CFCs. This led to the formulation and ratification in 1989 of the Montreal Protocol on controlling/banning the manufacture and use of chemicals that damage the ozone layer. Since then, remote sensing has played a key role in monitoring atmospheric ozone concentration and determining the success of the Montreal Protocol in protecting the ozone layer from further damage. In this book, the renowned authors discuss the sophisticated instruments that have been launched into space to study not only ozone but also other trace gases in the atmosphere, some of which play a key role in the generation and destruction of ozone in the atmosphere. Professors Cracknell and Varotsos also examine the satellite-flown instruments which are involved in monitoring the absorption of solar ultraviolet light in the atmosphere in relation both to the generation and destruction of ozone and consequently to human health. This scholarly book, written by the foremost experts in the field, looks at remote sensing and its employment in the various aspects of ozone science. It is widely acknowledged that global warming, due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions, represents a threat to the sustainability of human life on Earth. However, many other threats are potentially just as serious, including atmospheric pollution, ozone depletion, water pollution, the degradation of agricultural land, deforestation, the depletion of the world's mineral resources and population growth.
Download or read book Ozone and Climate Change written by Stephen J. Reid and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-03-09 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humankind has dramatically altered the composition of the atmosphere during the past 150 years, chiefly by increasing the concentrations of naturally occurring greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and, in the last half century, by introducing new ones. Excessive amounts of greenhouse gases trap heat, which the earth would normally radiate back to space, thereby affecting the energy-storage capacity of the atmosphere and oceans. In recent decades the ozone layer has been severely damaged by man-made chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Though their use is now prohibited, they will remain in the atmosphere for many decades and, with their effects exacerbated by global warming, will continue to destroy ozone for many years to come. The greatest concern for our well-being during the next millennium is that a modified climate now seems inevitable. How much can we afford to let it change? This highly accessible book introduces and explains the processes causing these interrelated environmental crises, examines the measures currently being formulated to tackle them, and considers how effective such measures are likely to be.
Download or read book Ozone Depletion Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-02-01 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ozone depletion in the stratosphere and increases in greenhouse gases in the troposphere are both subjects of growing concernâ€"even alarmâ€"among scientists, policymakers, and the public. At the same time, recent data show that these atmospheric developments are interconnected and in turn profoundly affect climatic conditions. This volume presents the most up-to-date data and theories available on ozone depletion, greenhouse gases, and climatic change. These questions and more are addressed: What is the current understanding of the processes that destroy ozone in the atmosphere? What role do greenhouse gases play in ozone depletion?
Download or read book Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer written by Christos S. Zerefos and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth's surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition. This book draws together key scientists who provide state of the art contributions on the variable ozone layer and the interplay of longwave and shortwave radiative interactions which link ozone, the climate and UV issues.
Download or read book Ozone Chemistry in the Lower Stratosphere written by Catherine A. Wilka and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis seeks to improve our understanding of the connections between and the modulations of anthropogenically driven chemical changes in the stratosphere by natural processes. It probes these questions on timescales that range from daily to decadal and on spatial scales ranging from a few kilometers to the global mean, and presents new results improving our understanding of both the chemistry and physics behind these processes and improvements to our ability to represent them in chemistry-climate models. This work is driven by the belief that improved understanding of the fundamentals of stratospheric chemical and physical processes can simultaneously advance science and help society in evaluating past policy decisions and informing future ones. First, the impact of large and moderate sized volcanic eruptions on anthropogenically driven ozone depletion and recovery trends is explored. Results confirm previous work showing that large volcanic eruptions increased the rate of ozone depletion prior to the mid-1990s, and for the first time quantify how the combination of an unusually volcanically quiescent period from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s and a flurry of moderate sized volcanic eruptions after the mid-2000s decreased the rate of ozone recovery until at least 2014. This study is the first to show that the timing of moderate sized volcanic eruptions, not just large ones, can significantly alter ozone decadal trends. Second, the ability of equatorial dynamical flows known as Matsuno-Gill patterns to alter stratospheric chemistry is investigated in the deep tropics for months in the spring and fall for the first time. Results from a chemistry-climate model show these anticyclonic flows both entrain extratropical chlorine and induce cooling, allowing rapid heterogeneous chlorine activation on sulfuric acid aerosols. Perturbations to ClO and NO2 provide a testable signature for the presence of this activation. This study shows a previously unrecognized mechanism in near-equinox months for dynamical influences on the spatial structures of atmospheric composition changes in the deep tropics. Third, the success of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone 3 Layer is examined in the context of the record Arctic ozone depletion of Spring 2020. Results indicate that, in a "World Avoided" where ozone depleting substances had continued to increase, the first true Arctic ozone hole would have occurred in Spring 2020 due to the combined effects of higher chlorine and extreme meteorological conditions, and ozone depletion would have begun earlier and lasted longer than seen in the real world. This study also presents an improved parameterization of polar stratospheric cloud impacts on denitrification for the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model v.6 (WACCM6), which was necessary to accurately simulate extreme ozone loss. Fourth, the importance of temperature perturbations from sub-grid scale gravity waves on chemical rates in WACCM6 is explicitly investigated for the first time via a new connection between the orographic gravity wave parameterization and the chemistry module. Results indicate that several key heterogeneous reaction rates proceed faster on average and that this can have a significant effect on monthly chemistry concentrations. The lifetime of PAN also changes in some areas, affecting the distance this tropospheric pollutant can be transported. Verification of temperature perturbations using the COSMIC satellite array is investigated, and preliminary results show generally good agreement when gravity waves' vertical wavelengths are expected to be small. This study reinforces the importance of accounting for sub-grid scale temperature effects when simulating chemistry. Finally, some directions for future work are discussed, including continued improvements to the denitrification parameterization in WACCM and preliminary efforts to observe tropical heterogeneous chlorine activation using satellites
Download or read book Radiative Forcing of Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-03-25 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in climate are driven by natural and human-induced perturbations of the Earth's energy balance. These climate drivers or "forcings" include variations in greenhouse gases, aerosols, land use, and the amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun. Although climate throughout Earth's history has varied from "snowball" conditions with global ice cover to "hothouse" conditions when glaciers all but disappeared, the climate over the past 10,000 years has been remarkably stable and favorable to human civilization. Increasing evidence points to a large human impact on global climate over the past century. The report reviews current knowledge of climate forcings and recommends critical research needed to improve understanding. Whereas emphasis to date has been on how these climate forcings affect global mean temperature, the report finds that regional variation and climate impacts other than temperature deserve increased attention.
Download or read book Climate Change and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion written by Sari Kovats and published by WHO Regional Office Europe. This book was released on 2000-11 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A balanced assessment based on currently available scientific knowledge of the effects that climate change may have on the environment in Europe and the health of its populations. Written in non-technical language the book responds to growing public and political concern about the consequences of such widely publicized phenomena as global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. The book also responds to evidence that recent warming trends in Europe have already affected health. The book opens with a brief explanation of the causes of climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion followed by an overview of recent European and global initiatives aimed at monitoring trends and assessing their impact on health. The first main chapter on climate change in Europe summarizes currently documented trends and provides a scenario of possible changes throughout the rest of this century. The second and most extensive chapter reviews scientific evidence on specific health consequences. These include effects related to increased episodes of thermal stress and air pollution; changes in foodborne water-related vector-borne and rodent-borne diseases; mortality from floods and other weather extremes; and changes in the production of aeroallergens associated with respiratory disorders including asthma. Chapter three considers health effects linked to stratospheric ozone depletion giving particular attention to adverse effects on the eye and immune system and skin cancer. The remaining chapters discuss health effects expected in the next decade and outline actions urgently needed in the areas of policy monitoring and surveillance and research.
