Download or read book REIT Operational Efficiency written by Eli Beracha and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Relations between Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) efficiency and operational performance, risk, and stock return are examined. REIT-level operational efficiency is measured as the ratio of operational expenses to revenue, where a higher operational efficiency ratio (OER) indicates a less efficient REIT. For a sample of U.S. equity REITs from the modern REIT era, operational performance, measured by return on assets (ROA) as well as return on equity (ROE), is negatively associated with previous-year operational efficiency ratios, which suggests that more efficient REITs generate better operating results. Results further show that more efficient REITs have lower levels of credit risk and total risk. Perhaps most important, empirical evidence shows that the cross-sectional stock return of REITs is partially explained by operational efficiency and that a portfolio consisting of highly efficient REITs earns, on average, a higher cumulative stock return than a portfolio consisting of low efficiency REITs.

Download or read book Real Estate Investment Trust Performance Efficiency and Internationalization written by Joshua A. Harris and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are firms that own and manage income producing commercial real estate for the benefit of their shareholders. The three studies in this dissertation explore topics relating to best practices of REIT management and portfolio composition. Managers and investors can use the findings herein to aide in analyzing a REIT's performance and determining optimal investment policies. Utilizing REIT from SNL Real Estate and CRSP, the first two studies examine the role of international diversification upon performance, technical efficiency, and scale efficiency. The third study utilizes REIT data to examine technical and scale efficiency over a 21 year window and investigates characteristics of the REITs that affect the levels of efficiency. CHAPTER 1--PROFITABILITY OF REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST INTERNATIONALIZATION Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in the United States have grown extremely fast in terms of assets and market capitalization since the early 1990's. As with many industries, U.S. REITs began acquiring foreign properties as their size grew and they needed to seek new investment opportunities. This paper investigates the role of holding foreign assets upon the total return of U.S. based REITs from 1995 through 2010. We find that holding foreign properties in associated with negative relative performance when risk, size, and other common market factors are controlled for. Interestingly, the source of the negative performance is not related to the two largest areas for foreign investment, Europe and Canada. Instead, the negative performance is detected when a REIT begins acquiring properties in other global regions such as Latin America and Asia/Pacific. This paper has broad ramifications for REIT investors and managers alike. CHAPTER 2--EFFECT OF INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFICATION BY U.S. REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS ON COST EFFICIENCY AND SCALE As U.S. based Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) have increased their degree and type of holdings overseas, there has yet to a study that has investigated such activity on the REIT's measures of cost efficiency and scale. Using data from 2010, Data Envelopment Analysis techniques are used to estimate measures of technical and scale efficiency that are then regressed against measures of international diversification and other controls to measure the impact of this global expansion. It is determined that REITs with foreign holdings are significantly larger than domestic REITs and are correspondingly 96% of foreign investing REITs are operating at decreasing returns to scale. Further almost every measure of foreign diversification is negative and significantly impacting scale efficiency. However, simply being a REIT with foreign holdings did positively and significantly associate with higher levels of technical efficiencies. Thus REITs that expand globally may have some advantages in operational efficiency but lose considerably in terms of scale efficiency by increasing their size as they move cross-border. CHAPTER 3--THE EVOLUTION OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIES OF SCALE OF REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to measure technical and scale efficiency of 21 years of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) data. This is the longest, most complete dataset ever analyzed in the REIT efficiency literature and as such makes a significant contribution as prior efficiency studies' data windows end in the early 2000's at latest. Overall, REITs appear to continue to operate at decreasing returns to scale despite rapid growth in total assets. Further, there is some evidence of improving technical efficiency overtime; however the finding is not strong. In summation, it appears that REITs have not improved on a relative basis despite the rapid growth, a finding that suggests a potential of a high degree of firm competition in the REIT industry. Finally, firm characteristics such as debt utilization, management and advisory structure, and property type specialization are tested for their impact upon technical and scale efficiency.

Download or read book Economies of Scale and the Operating Efficiency of REITs written by Michael J. Highfield and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on past research regarding the operating efficiency of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and recognizing the substantial changes in this industry since the turn of the millennium, we examine REIT efficiency over the period 2001-2015. Using both time-varying stochastic frontier and linear models of costs, revenues, and performance measures, we find evidence showing that the REIT industry is slowly moving away from both cost and revenue efficiency over time; however, size remains positively correlated with efficiency. Despite the rapid expansion of asset sizes and evidence of diminishing efficiencies of scale, larger REITs still enjoy comparative advantages over smaller REITs in both revenue (production) and costs. We also find evidence that post-recession efficiencies exceed pre-recession efficiencies, and we document modest evidence of the “weeding-out” of inefficient enterprises during the market downturn. The results suggest, through a diverse set of measures, that additional efficiency opportunities for REITs may be achievable through continued growth and consolidation.

Download or read book Toward a More Informative Measure of Operating Performance in the Reit Industry written by Richard Gore and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the value relevance and information content of alternative measures of operating performance in the Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) industry. The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT) has suggested that Net Income (NI) is a misleading measure of operating performance for REITs. They asset that historical cost depreciation is inappropriate for income-producing real estate because it is not correlated with changes in the value of those assets. Accordingly the industry has promoted Funds From Operations (FFO) as a supplemental measure of operating performance. FFO is calculated as net income before depreciation expense and realized gains/losses from the sale of real estate. NAREIT asserts that FFO is a more informative measure of firm performance in the REIT industry. We test the industry?s proposal by comparing the association of NI and FFO with REIT stock returns. In addition, we also examine specific components of NI that differ from FFO to assess their value-relevance.The results suggest that FFO is more closely associated with stock returns than NI. In particular, the association of returns with the components of NI indicates that FFO and gains/losses from the sale of investments are significantly related to stock returns while depreciation expense is not. These results generally support the industry?s claim that GAAP-based depreciation expense does not provide value-relevant information. However, the fact that gains/losses form the sale of investments are associated with returns indicates that FFO excludes value-relevant accounting data. Therefore, this study provides evidence regarding which components of NI are considered most information by investors in REITs.

Download or read book The Intelligent REIT Investor written by Stephanie Krewson-Kelly and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-16 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The go-to guide for smart REIT investing The Intelligent REIT Investor is the definitive guide to real estate investment trusts, providing a clear, concise resource for individual investors, financial planners, and analysts—anyone who prioritizes dividend income and risk management as major components to wealth-building. The REIT industry experienced a watershed event when Standard & Poors created a new Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) sector called Real Estate. Publicly traded equity REITs have been removed from Financials, where they have been classified since their creation in 1960, and have begun trading as their own S&P Sector. This separation from banks and financial institutions has attracted new investors, but REITs require an industry-specific knowledge that is neither intuitive nor readily accessible to newcomers—until now. Using straightforward language and simple example to illustrate important concepts, this book will enable any reader to quickly learn and understand the lexicon and valuation techniques used in REIT investing, providing a wealth of practical resources that streamline the learning process. The discussion explains terminology, metrics, and other key points, while examples illustrate the calculations used to evaluate opportunities. A comprehensive list of publicly-traded REITs provides key reference, giving you access to an important resource most investors and stockbrokers lack. REITs are companies that own or finance commercial rental properties, such as malls and apartment buildings. Despite historically high total returns relative to other investments, such as the Nasdaq or S&P 500 index, most investors are unfamiliar with the REIT industry, and wary of investing without adequate background. This book gets you up to speed on the essentials of REIT investing so you can make more informed—and profitable—decisions. Understand REITs processes, mechanisms, and industry Calculate key metrics to identify suitable companies Access historical performance tables and industry-specific terminology Identify publicly-traded REITs quickly and easily REITs have consistently outperformed many more widely known investments. Over the past 15-year period, for example, REITs returned an average of 11% per year, better than all other asset classes. Since 2009, REITs have enjoyed positive returns; large cap stocks and cash are the only other classes that paralleled that record. Even in 2015, a 'year of fear' related to rising rates, REITs returned 2.4%, beating most all other asset classes. REITs have a long history (over fifty years) of performance, and have entered the big leagues. If you feel like you've been missing out, don't keep missing out. Prepare yourself, and your portfolio, to benefit from the demand for REITs that have followed the creation of a Real Estate GICS sector. The Intelligent REIT Investor gives you the information you need to invest wisely and manage your real estate risk effectively. By maintaining a tactical exposure in the brick and mortar asset class, investors should benefit from the information contained in The Intelligent REIT Investor. Join the REIT world and look forward to owning stocks that will help you to sleep well at night.

Download or read book Mastering REIT Investments written by Jim Pellerin and published by Jim Pellerin. This book was released on 2024-02-29 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) have emerged as a popular and accessible avenue for individuals to participate in the real estate market without the burdens of direct property ownership. At its core, a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) is a company that owns, operates, or finances income-generating real estate. The concept of REITs was introduced in the United States in 1960 as a way to provide individuals with the opportunity to invest in large-scale, income-producing real estate without having to buy, manage, or finance properties directly. Topics Covered Chapter 1: Introduction to REIT Investing Chapter 2: Types of REITs Chapter 3: How REITs Work Chapter 4: Assessing Risks in REIT Investing Chapter 5: Getting Started with REIT Investing Chapter 6: Evaluating REITs Chapter 7: Creating a Passive Income Stream Chapter 8: Tax Considerations for REIT Investors Chapter 9: Monitoring and Adjusting Your REIT Portfolio Chapter 10: Advanced REIT Strategies Conclusion: The Future of REIT Investing

Download or read book Real Estate Investment Trusts written by Su Han Chan and published by Financial Management Association Survey and Synthesis. This book was released on 2003 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work provides the investing public, real estate practitioners, regulators and real estate and finance academics with up-to-date information on what modern scholarly research tells us about Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). REITs are credited to allow institutional and individual investors to invest in real estate via a corporate entity. The increasing interest in REITs as indicated by their growth in market capitalization and institutional holdings in the United States and around the world suggests that REITs are becoming an increasingly important part of investors' diversified portfolio.

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Investing in REITs Real Estate Investment Trusts written by Mark Gordon and published by Atlantic Publishing Company. This book was released on 2008 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, there are nearly 200 publicly traded real estate investment trusts (more commonly referred to as REITs) in operation in the United Sates with a combined $500 billion in assets. An estimated two-thirds of REITS are traded on national stock exchanges. A REIT is a real estate company that offers its shares to the public. By doing so, a REIT stock becomes like any other stock that represents the holder s ownership in a business. However, REITs have two distinct features: REITs manage groups of income-producing properties and must distribute 90 percent of profits as dividends. The Complete Guide to Investing in REITs will teach you everything you need to know about REITs and how you can earn high rates of return. In this book, you will learn about publicly and privately held REITs, Net Asset Value (NAV), Adjusted Funds From Operations (AFFO), Cash Available for Distribution (CAD), the benefits associated with REITS, dividend reinvestment programs (DRiPs), capitalization rate, equitization, leverage, positive spread investing, securitization, and straight-lining. You will also learn about equity, mortgage, and hybrid REITs and the more specific types, including residential, office, industrial, and retail. The Complete Guide to Investing in REITs will walk you through finding the appropriate REIT for you. This book will also teach you how to manage your REIT, how to limit your personal risk, how to understand REIT performance, and how to analyze REITs. By reading this book, you will know and understand the pitfalls of investing in REITs, you will know how REITs behave as an investment class and how to best integrate them into your portfolio, and you will know what economic issues affect real estate and the effects these have on REITs. This book is not merely for the novice investor who wants to learn everything possible about real estate investment trusts; professional investors, financial planners, and investment advisors will also find valuable information in this book. Ultimately, The Complete Guide to Investing in REITs will help you stabilize and grow your portfolio and earn high rates of return by providing you with vital information and practical guidance. Atlantic Publishing is a small, independent publishing company based in Ocala, Florida. Founded over twenty years ago in the company president's garage, Atlantic Publishing has grown to become a renowned resource for non-fiction books. Today, over 450 titles are in print covering subjects such as small business, healthy living, management, finance, careers, and real estate. Atlantic Publishing prides itself on producing award winning, high-quality manuals that give readers up-to-date, pertinent information, real-world examples, and case studies with expert advice. Every book has resources, contact information, and web sites of the products or companies discussed.

Download or read book The Reits Real Estate Investment Trusts written by Kim Hin David Ho and published by Partridge Publishing Singapore. This book was released on 2021-11-26 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chapter 1 examines the significance of ‘green’ buildings on the operational and financial performance of REITs. The Chapter covers different direct real estate sectors, namely office, retail and residential, for the REITS concerned to evaluate the consistency of the results. Chapter 2 looks at the risk neutral and non-risk neutral pricing of real estate investment trusts in Singapore (S-REITs), via comparing the average of the individual ratios (of deviation between expected and observed closing price/observed closing price), with the ratio (of standard deviation/mean) for closing prices, via the binomial options pricing tree model. Chapter3 highlights that while the Markowitz portfolio theory (MPT) is popular in modern finance to model portfolios with maximum total returns (TRs) for a given systematic risk, the more flexible multivariate copula model is introduced that enables investors and portfolio managers to obtain the optimal portfolio. Chapter 4 looks at a value investing framework, in which a REIT and real estate comany investment operation is deemed to be one, where a “thorough analysis”, should promise the safety of a principal and an adequate total return. Chapter 5 examines the market reactions of Malaysia’s listed property trusts and property common stocks to corporate restructuring activities – direct real estate asset acquisitions and new listings. Chapter 6 reports the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) consultations with the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS) and the Ministry of Finance (MOF), to introduce the Income Tax Act (ITA) amendments, and a new temporary relief measure for real estate investment trusts (REITs) in Singapore. The Chapter also looks at the proposal by the Asian Public Real Estate Association (APREA) to the MAS, to create a private REIT structure Chapter 7 looks at the key issues and notes on the valuation of the public real estate investment trusts (REITs) and the real estate companies, adopting several valuation metrics to value REITs on a stand-alone and a relative basis. Chapter 8 looks at the unique Asian REIT institutional environment, pertaining to the S-REIT, while cross referencing it to that of the CapitaMall Trust (S-CMT) and the Hong Kong HK- Link REIT. Chapter 9 summarises the book’s findings and highlights the contributions and recommendations made.

Download or read book Private Real Estate Markets and Investments written by H. Kent Baker and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to provide an overview of private real estate markets and investments. The 14 chapters are divided into three sections for conventional and alternative real estate investments and regulatory issues.

Download or read book Educated REIT Investing written by Stephanie Krewson-Kelly and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-09-02 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn to invest in REITs with confidence and skill with this powerful resource Educated REIT Investing is the ultimate resource for investors, financial advisors, and students interested in learning how to invest in real estate investment trusts (REITs)—one of the only asset classes to significantly outperform the S&P 500 Index over the last 25 years. Written by Stephanie Krewson-Kelly and Glenn R. Mueller, PhD., both accomplished REIT authors and investors with six decades of accumulated industry experience between them, Educated REIT Investing provides all the basics and history, then blends pragmatic strategies and advice with a thorough exploration of the fundamentals and nuances of the REIT industry. Topics include: Basic information about REITs and the REITs industry Terminology specific to the REIT industry, explained in plain-English Historical REIT industry performance tables and trading perspectives Analysis and equations needed to calculate key metrics used to identify the suitability of companies for investment purposes, illustrated with simple examples This book is perfect for anyone looking for a straightforward, easy-to-understand resource to establish or improve their understanding and analysis of real-estate investment trusts.

Download or read book Real Estate Investment Trust REITs Efficiency DEA Approach UUM Press written by Siti Latipah and published by UUM Press. This book was released on 2014-10-01 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed to explain the concepts, issues and method used in measuring efficiency of REITs in Malaysia. Real Estate Investment Trust is a type of investment trust focusing on Real Estate. The best examples of Real Estate are building, office, land and plantations. Therefore, many people including operator, customer, regulator, academicians, university’s students and community as a whole will benefit from it. Its guide readers through the importance of measuring efficiency of REITs and help them in making investment decision. This book had been developing to help people to understand and explain the issue as well as the development of REITs in Malaysia.

Download or read book Operating Efficiencies in Real Estate written by Randy I. Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both the real estate brokerage and the real estate investment trusts (REIT) industries have experienced dramatic structural and institutional changes in the last few years. These changes have brought the issue of operating efficiencies to the forefront. In this article, we summarize and critically review the operating efficiency literature for the real estate industry. In particular, we focus on X-efficiency, economies of scale and economies of scope for the real estate brokerage services market and for REITs. In addition, we attempt to identify future research paths that may extend and improve the current literature on real estate managerial efficiencies.

Download or read book REITs For Dummies written by Brad Thomas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-09-06 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get the 411 on real estate investment trusts (REITs) and how they might fit into your portfolio Are you looking for exciting—but responsible—new investment opportunities that go beyond simple stocks and bonds? In REITs For Dummies, celebrated investing lecturer and author Brad Thomas delivers an easy-to-understand guide to getting started with real estate investment trusts—also known as “REITs.” These flexible and lucrative investment tools package together individual properties so you can invest in land and buildings without the hassle of being a landlord. In the book, you’ll get a straightforward tour of REIT property sectors and the different ways you can invest in REITs. You’ll also find: Strategies for selecting the best REITs for you and your family Ways to navigate the sector and generate durable income that helps you sleep well at night Options for those who want to go beyond the United States and investigate international REIT products. You already know about the basics of stock and bond investing. Now it’s time to learn about some of the other interesting financial products available to the responsible investor. In REITs For Dummies, you’ll get the jargon-free and easy-to-follow guidance you need to wrap your head around this exciting opportunity.

Download or read book REAL ESTATE INVEST TRUSTS written by Richard T. Garrigan and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 1998 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Real estate investment trusts (REITs) make commercial real estate profits available to everyone! REITs are one of the hottest and most potentially lucrative investment vehicles in the market today. Find out how you can take advantage of these increasingly popular securities in the powerful new book Real Estate Investment Trusts. Professionals Richard T. Garrigan and John F.C. Parsons have gathered over 20 of todayÕs most influential opinion leaders to explain how investors both large and small are beating the S&P 500 with REITs, how these REITs combine superior income and growth with relative safety, behind-the-scenes information on how to assemble and launch a successful REIT, and statistical support for market confidence in the long-term appreciation potential of REITs. Whether you are a real estate investment professional seeking comprehensive information on todayÕs REIT operational requirements; an investment professional needing to better understand REITs; or an individual investor interested in diversifying your own portfolio into real estate, Real Estate Investment Trusts will open your eyes to the incredible opportunities available in todayÕs REIT market. Order this well-researched, interesting and informative book today.

Download or read book The Intelligent REIT Investor written by Stephanie Krewson-Kelly and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-10 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The go-to guide for smart REIT investing The Intelligent REIT Investor is the definitive guide to real estate investment trusts, providing a clear, concise resource for individual investors, financial planners, and analysts—anyone who prioritizes dividend income and risk management as major components to wealth-building. The REIT industry experienced a watershed event when Standard & Poors created a new Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) sector called Real Estate. Publicly traded equity REITs have been removed from Financials, where they have been classified since their creation in 1960, and have begun trading as their own S&P Sector. This separation from banks and financial institutions has attracted new investors, but REITs require an industry-specific knowledge that is neither intuitive nor readily accessible to newcomers—until now. Using straightforward language and simple example to illustrate important concepts, this book will enable any reader to quickly learn and understand the lexicon and valuation techniques used in REIT investing, providing a wealth of practical resources that streamline the learning process. The discussion explains terminology, metrics, and other key points, while examples illustrate the calculations used to evaluate opportunities. A comprehensive list of publicly-traded REITs provides key reference, giving you access to an important resource most investors and stockbrokers lack. REITs are companies that own or finance commercial rental properties, such as malls and apartment buildings. Despite historically high total returns relative to other investments, such as the Nasdaq or S&P 500 index, most investors are unfamiliar with the REIT industry, and wary of investing without adequate background. This book gets you up to speed on the essentials of REIT investing so you can make more informed—and profitable—decisions. Understand REITs processes, mechanisms, and industry Calculate key metrics to identify suitable companies Access historical performance tables and industry-specific terminology Identify publicly-traded REITs quickly and easily REITs have consistently outperformed many more widely known investments. Over the past 15-year period, for example, REITs returned an average of 11% per year, better than all other asset classes. Since 2009, REITs have enjoyed positive returns; large cap stocks and cash are the only other classes that paralleled that record. Even in 2015, a 'year of fear' related to rising rates, REITs returned 2.4%, beating most all other asset classes. REITs have a long history (over fifty years) of performance, and have entered the big leagues. If you feel like you've been missing out, don't keep missing out. Prepare yourself, and your portfolio, to benefit from the demand for REITs that have followed the creation of a Real Estate GICS sector. The Intelligent REIT Investor gives you the information you need to invest wisely and manage your real estate risk effectively. By maintaining a tactical exposure in the brick and mortar asset class, investors should benefit from the information contained in The Intelligent REIT Investor. Join the REIT world and look forward to owning stocks that will help you to sleep well at night.

Download or read book Econometric Analyses of International Housing Markets written by Rita Yi Man Li and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-31 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores how econometric modelling can be used to provide valuable insight into international housing markets. Initially describing the role of econometrics modelling in real estate market research and how it has developed in recent years, the book goes on to compare and contrast the impact of various macroeconomic factors on developed and developing housing markets. Explaining the similarities and differences in the impact of financial crises on housing markets around the world, the author's econometric analysis of housing markets across the world provides a broad and nuanced perspective on the impact of both international financial markets and local macro economy on housing markets. With discussion of countries such as China, Germany, UK, US and South Africa, the lessons learned will be of interest to scholars of Real Estate economics around the world.