Download or read book Regulation of Nucleosome Dynamics written by Justin Andrew North and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The DNA in eukaryotic cells is organized into a tightly-regulated structural polymer called chromatin that ultimately controls crucial functions of the genome, including gene expression, DNA synthesis, and repair. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome in which 147 base pairs of DNA wraps 1.7-times around eight "core" histone proteins (two copies each of H2A, H2B, H3, H4). Repeats of this structural unit have been shown to fold into higher order structures, which play a central role in controlling DNA accessibility for transcription regulation. However, at the individual nucleosome level, DNA-histone interactions that wrap DNA into the nucleosome also control DNA accessibility. A significant number of factors have been shown to regulate nucleosome accessibility, including variants and post-translational chemical modifications of to the core histone proteins, chromatin remodeling complexes that reposition and disassemble nucleosomes, and histone chaperones that deposit or remove histones. Ultimately, these chromatin regulatory factors must physically alter nucleosomes to change DNA accessibility to transcription, replication, and DNA repair machinery.
Download or read book Regulation of Nucleosome Dynamics written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chromatin Regulation and Dynamics written by Anita Göndör and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-10-25 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chromatin Regulation and Dynamics integrates knowledge on the dynamic regulation of primary chromatin fiber with the 3D nuclear architecture, then connects related processes to circadian regulation of cellular metabolic states, representing a paradigm of adaptation to environmental changes. The final chapters discuss the many ways chromatin dynamics can synergize to fundamentally contribute to the development of complex diseases. Chromatin dynamics, which is strategically positioned at the gene-environment interface, is at the core of disease development. As such, Chromatin Regulation and Dynamics, part of the Translational Epigenetics series, facilitates the flow of information between research areas such as chromatin regulation, developmental biology, and epidemiology by focusing on recent findings of the fast-moving field of chromatin regulation. Presents and discusses novel principles of chromatin regulation and dynamics with a cross-disciplinary perspective Promotes crosstalk between basic sciences and their applications in medicine Provides a framework for future studies on complex diseases by integrating various aspects of chromatin biology with cellular metabolic states, with an emphasis on the dynamic nature of chromatin and stochastic principles Integrates knowledge on the dynamic regulation of primary chromatin fiber with 3D nuclear architecture, then connects related processes to circadian regulation of cellular metabolic states, representing a paradigm of adaptation to environmental changes
Download or read book Nucleosome Dynamics in Epigenetic Regulation written by Cizhong Jiang and published by . This book was released on 2015-10-06 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fundamentals of Chromatin written by Jerry L. Workman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-04 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there has been an increasing number of books on various aspects of epigenetics, there has been a gap over the years in books that provide a comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of chromatin. Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the genetic material of chromosomes. Its primary function is to package DNA to fit into the cell, to strengthen the DNA to prevent damage, to allow mitosis and meiosis, and to control the expression of genes and DNA replication. The audience for this book is mainly newly established scientists and graduate students. Rather than going into the more specific areas of recent research on chromatin the chapters in this book give a strong, updated groundwork about the topic. Some the fundamentals that this book will cover include the structure of chromatin and biochemistry and the enzyme complexes that manage it.
Download or read book Chromatin written by Ralf Blossey and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-08-04 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An invaluable resource for computational biologists and researchers from other fields seeking an introduction to the topic, Chromatin: Structure, Dynamics, Regulation offers comprehensive coverage of this dynamic interdisciplinary field, from the basics to the latest research. Computational methods from statistical physics and bioinformatics are detailed whenever possible without lengthy recourse to specialized techniques.
Download or read book Introduction to Epigenetics written by Renato Paro and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-23 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access textbook leads the reader from basic concepts of chromatin structure and function and RNA mechanisms to the understanding of epigenetics, imprinting, regeneration and reprogramming. The textbook treats epigenetic phenomena in animals, as well as plants. Written by four internationally known experts and senior lecturers in this field, it provides a valuable tool for Master- and PhD- students who need to comprehend the principles of epigenetics, or wish to gain a deeper knowledge in this field. After reading this book, the student will: Have an understanding of the basic toolbox of epigenetic regulation Know how genetic and epigenetic information layers are interconnected Be able to explain complex epigenetic phenomena by understanding the structures and principles of the underlying molecular mechanisms Understand how misregulated epigenetic mechanisms can lead to disease
Download or read book Fluorescence Studies of Nucleosome Dynamics and Function written by Gu Li and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In eukaryotes, nucleosomes that organize important DNA sequences create obstacles for gene regulatory processes such as transcription, replication and DNA repair, which require the access of regulatory proteins to their buried nucleosomal DNA target sites. What is the mechanism by which proteins can gain access to buried sites when it is necessary? Do nucleosome conformational changes facilitate the binding of regulatory proteins? If so, how are these conformational changes related to gene regulation?
Download or read book Nucleosome Structure and Dynamics Investigated with Single Molecule Methods written by JaeHyoun Lee and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nucleosomes are the repeating units that comprise chromatin, the DNA-histone complex that holds the genetic information in eukaryotic cell nuclei. Eukaryotic DNA wraps around a histone octamer protein core forming a superhelical structure, thereby being packaged into the nucleosome. The nucleosome imposes a physical barrier to nuclear transactions that require access to DNA including transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair. Therefore, nucleosomes must at least in part disassemble during these transactions. It is widely accepted that nucleosomes undergo dynamic changes in order to allow for regulated access to genes. These changes include structural changes that lead to regulated nucleosome disassembly or exchanges of histones with histone variants that trigger cascading biochemical events on the nucleosome. These changes are often strongly coupled to post- translational modifications of histones and DNA methylation. Histone chaperones and nucleosome remodelers can facilitate these nucleosome dynamics by depositing or evicting histones in and out of the nucleosome. Understanding the nature of these dynamical changes in the nucleosome and how they are coupled to chemical modifications to the nucleosome are crucial to understanding eukaryotic gene regulation mechanisms.In this dissertation, I present my PhD research on the structure and the dynamics of nucleosomes based on single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. In Chapter 1, following the introduction of the nucleosome and chromatin structure, the processes that alter the structure and dynamics of nucleosomes and the theory of FRET are reviewed. In Chapter 2, experimental methods and materials used for the research is reviewed. In Chapter 3, the mechanism of the nucleosome structure transition upon the incorporation of a histone variant CENP-A is presented. In Chapter 4, the dynamics of nucleosome disassembly mediated by the histone chaperone Nap1 and the effects of histone acetylation on the dynamics are detailed. In Chapter 5, nucleosome disassembly during transcription elongation and the effects of Nap1 on elongation kinetics are discussed. Finally in Chapter 6, brief concluding remarks and future directions of the transcription elongation research are discussed.
Download or read book Chromatin and Disease written by Tapas K. Kundu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-04 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes a collection of articles with the broad theme of disease connection to chromatin structure and function. It elaborates on the molecular pharmacology of the drugs targeting chromatin structure and its components. The book contains up-to-date information about the chromatin structure and chromatin related diseases and drug functions. This work is the first endeavor to present different aspects encompassing the above theme.
Download or read book Structure and Dynamics of Modified Nucleosomes Under Epigenetic Regulation written by Havva Kohestani and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Schrankenlose Werbung oder Baukultur written by Patriotische Gesellschaft von 1765 and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chromatin Structure and Dynamics written by J. Zlatanova and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological processes that replicate, preserve and use the genetic information encoded in DNA must operate in the context of chromatin, a highly organized complex of DNA and proteins. These proteins do not merely package the DNA in the tiny volume of the nucleus, but impart the structure the ability to change according to the requirements of the specific process the DNA is involved in. Moreover, chromatin structure is used by the cell to control the activity of DNA. In this volume the basics of chromatin structure and dynamics are presented by established experts in the field.
Download or read book Nucleosome Structure and Dynamics Studied with Single molecule Methods written by Sijie Wei and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nucleosomes, the basic building blocks of chromatin, condense linear DNA eventually into a chromosome, and serve as the platform of epigenetic information. DNA and histone modifications, histone variants, and nucleosome positioning form an epigenetic signal network, regulate various genome transactions such as transcription, replication, and DNA repair. It is crucial to learn how these epigenetic marks affect the structure and dynamic of nucleosomes and chromatin in order to understand their biophysical roles in epigenetic mechanisms for gene regulation.Single molecule fluorescence methods provide efficient means to study unsynchronized dynamics in a complex system. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), serving as a molecular ruler, has helped solving many important biological problems. Variations of single molecule FRET (smFRET) are good methods to study the structure and dynamics of nucleosome, while there are still some technical barriers to overcome. I have developed two smFRET methods to study two problems in nucleosome biophysics. One method I developed was to study fast and unsynchronized nucleosomal DNA termini opening motion and how it is affected by salt conditions, DNA sequence, and histone H3 variation. My results indicate that nucleosome termini repeatedly open and close at 0.3~1 ms-1. The kinetics depends on salt and DNA-histone interactions but not much on DNA sequence, suggesting that this dynamics is universal, imposing the ultimate kinetic limit to gene access that can be modulated by histone variation or modification.The other method was to study transient interactions between nucleosomes and how they are affected by two histone acetylation marks and one SUMOylation mark. I found that internucleosomal interactions are inhibited by H4K16 acetylation (H4K16ac), H4K12 acetylation (H4K12ac), and H4K12 sumoylation (suH4). However, my single molecule observation suggests that the extents of inhibition in the long- and short-range internucleosomal interactions are different in each case. suH4 and H4K16ac inhibit long-range internucleosomal interactions more than the H4K12ac case. H4K16ac and H4K12ac inhibit short-range internucleosomal interactions more than the suH4 case. These observations led us to a conclusion that H4K16 acetylation inhibits nucleosome array folding by weakening both long- and short-range internucleosomal interactions, making this acetylation the most efficient way to inhibit nucleosome array folding, while H4K12ac and suH4 weaken mainly short-range and long-range interactions, respectively, making them less efficient in array folding inhibition than H4K16ac.My research demonstrates that single molecule methods can provide efficient means to study fast and unsynchronized dynamics of complex systems that are difficult to probe with conventional structural biology tools.
Download or read book The Yeast Role in Medical Applications written by Waleed Mohamed Hussain Abdulkhair and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-01-17 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biotechnology including medical applications depends on the yeast as biofermenter to produce many industrial products including pharmaceutical ones. Although yeasts are first known as useful microorganisms, some of them are identified as pathogens for plants, animals, and humans. Due to the simple cellular structure of the yeast among other microbial groups, it is used in the earliest investigations to determine the features of eukaryotic molecular biology, cell biology, and physiology. The economic income of some countries mainly depends on yeast for producing the economic products, such as France that depends on yeast for wine production. This book throws light on yeast and its important role in the medical applications.
Download or read book Genome Organization And Function In The Cell Nucleus written by Karsten Rippe and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-12-19 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By way of its clear and logical structure, as well as abundant highresolution illustrations, this is a systematic survey of the players and pathways that control genome function in the mammalian cell nucleus. As such, this handbook and reference ties together recently gained knowledge from a variety of scientific disciplines and approaches, dissecting all major genomic events: transcription, replication, repair, recombination and chromosome segregation. A special emphasis is put on transcriptional control, including genome-wide interactions and non-coding RNAs, chromatin structure, epigenetics and nuclear organization. With its focus on fundamental mechanisms and the associated biomolecules, this will remain essential reading for years to come.
Download or read book Analysis of Nucleosome Dynamics by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy written by Kaushik Gurunathan and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nucleosomes are the basic repetitive unit of eukaryotic chromatin and are responsible for packing DNA inside the nucleus of the cell. They consist of a complex of eight histone proteins (two copies of four proteins H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) around which 147 base pairs of DNA are wrapped in ~1.67 superhelical turns. Although the nucleosomes are stable protein-DNA complexes, they undergo spontaneous conformational changes that occur in an asynchronous fashion. This conformational dynamics, defined by the "site-exposure" model, involves the DNA unwrapping from the protein core and exposing itself transiently before wrapping back. Physiologically, this allows regulatory proteins to bind to their target DNA sites during cellular processes like replication, DNA repair and transcription. Traditional biochemical assays have stablished the equilibrium constants for the accessibility to various sites along the length of the nucleosomal DNA, from its end to the middle of the dyad axis. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), we have established the position dependent rewrapping rates for nucleosomes. We have also used Monte Carlo simulation methods to analyze the applicability of FRET fluctuation spectroscopy towards conformational dynamics, specifically motivated by nucleosome dynamics. Another important conformational change that is involved in cellular processes is the disassembly of nucleosome into its constituent particles. The exact pathway adopted by nucleosomes is still not clear. We used dual color fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to study the intermediates during nucleosome disassembly induced by changing ionic strength. Studying the nature of nucleosome conformational change and the kinetics is very important in understanding gene expression. The results from this thesis give a quantitative description to the basic unit of the chromatin.
