Download or read book Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Cellular Homeostasis written by Yongye Huang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-10-07 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Dysfunction in Parkinson s Disease written by Sandeep Kumar Barodia and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-23 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several pathogenic mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of substantial nigra (SN) dopamine (DA) neurons. Alterations in calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, cellular proteostasis, axonal transport, mitochondrial function, and neuroinflammation are linked to PD. However, research involving inter-organelle communication and their significance as precise mechanisms underlying neuronal death in PD remain to be elucidated. Evidence showed that perturbations in the mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Alterations in the mitochondria-ER interface have been reported in PARK2 knockout mice and patients harboring PARK2 mutations. Enhanced parkin levels maintain mitochondria-ER cross-talk and assure regulated Ca2+ transfer to sustain cell bioenergetics. Several familial PD-related proteins, including Parkin and PINK1, may lead to modifications in the mitochondria-ER signaling. Interestingly, mitochondria-ER tethering suppresses mitophagy and parkin/PINK1-dependent mechanism regulates the destruction of mitochondria-ER contact sites by catalyzing a rapid burst of Mfn2 phospho-ubiquitination to trigger p97-dependent disassembly of Mfn2 complexes from the outer mitochondrial membrane. Mitofusin-mediated ER stress elicited neurodegeneration in Pink1/Parkin models of PD. α-Synuclein, a presynaptic protein, can bind to the ER-mitochondria tethering protein vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB) to disrupt Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial ATP production. It has been reported that ER stress and mitochondrial cell death pathways might mediate A53T mutant α-synuclein-induced toxicity. Mitochondria-ER signaling mechanism is poorly characterized in neurons and its association in neuronal pathophysiology remains uncertain. The presence of mitochondria-ER contacts in neurons, preferentially at synapses, suggests a potential role in regulating synaptic activity. Alterations in mitochondria-ER associations are expected to be potentially detrimental to neurons, especially to SN DA neurons. Compounds from an unbiased chemical screen reverse both ER-to-Golgi trafficking defects and associated mitochondrial dysfunction in different PD models. In addition, a dibenzoylmethane derivative protects DA neurons against ER stress. Thus, mitochondria-ER signaling may represent a possible upstream drug target as potential therapeutic strategy for PD. In this Research Topic, we bring together knowledge that emphasizes the importance of mitochondria-ER communication and its impact to further dissect the pathogenic mechanisms in PD.

Download or read book Mitochondrial Communication in Physiology Disease and Aging written by Nuno Raimundo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-08-20 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Download or read book Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Health and Disease written by Patrizia Agostinis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-13 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an organelle with extraordinary signaling and homeostatic functions. It is the organelle responsible for protein folding, maturation, quality control and trafficking of proteins destined for the plasma membrane or for secretion into the extracellular environment. Failure, overloading or malfunctioning of any of the signaling or quality control mechanisms occurring in the ER may provoke a stress condition known as ‘ER stress’. Accumulating evidence indicates that ER stress may dramatically perturb interactions between the cell and its environment, and contribute to the development of human diseases, ranging from metabolic diseases and cancer to neurodegenerative diseases, or impact therapeutic outcome. This book primarily focuses on the pathophysiology of ER stress. It introduces the molecular bases of ER stress, the emerging relevance of the ER-mitochondria cross-talk, the signaling pathways engaged and cellular responses to ER stress, including the adaptive Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), autophagy as well as cell death. Next the book addresses the role of ER stress in physiology and in the etiology of relevant pathological conditions, like carcinogenesis and inflammation, neurodegeneration and metabolic disease. The last chapter describes how ER stress pathways can be targeted for therapeutic benefit. Altogether, this book will provide the reader with an exhaustive view of ER stress biology and the latest insights in the role of ER stress in relevant human diseases.

Download or read book Mechanisms of Regulation of Mitochondria endoplasmic Reticulum Contact Sites written by Renata Lopes Familiar Couto and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In eukaryotic cells, inter-organelle communication is crucial for several cellular functions, as well as for several cell signaling mechanisms. Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), for example, form tight contact sites that are implicated in many aspects of cell physiology, and whose disruption has been associated with pathology, particularly neurodegenerative diseases. Although the contacts between these organelles are one of the most studied and most stable, the basic understanding of their regulation, as well as the communication of these two organelles via signaling pathways...

Download or read book Cell Migration is Regulated by Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology written by Redaet Daniel and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cell migration is essential for homeostasis and the development of metastases. We hypothesize that cell migration is regulated by mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum morphology. Using live cell microscopy, we found that mitochondria specifically migrate into the biochemically dense leading edge of the cell interacting with focal adhesions as well. At the leading edge the mitochondria are visibly shorter and less tubular than the perinuclear area. This is related to the elevated levels of fission events per minute in the leading edge and elevated levels of fusion events per minute in the trailing edge. We observe that mitochondria migrate along microtubules and simultaneously interact with the ER. When the ER is sheet-like the mitochondria are longer and tubular and when the ER is tubular the mitochondria are shorter and punctate. This change in ER and mitochondria morphology changes the cell's ability to migrate. CLIMP63 cells have more sporadic turns, take longer to make turns, have shorter distances travelled and shorter displacements. To determine whether mitochondria dynamics play a role we examined these cell migration parameters in the presence of OPA1 and Drp1. This allowed us to conclude that the ER morphology is responsible for the distance and displacement the cell travels while the mitochondria is responsible for the angles the cell turns. When the ER is sheet-like the cells will be travel shorter total distances and displacements and when the cell has longer mitochondria it will be sporadic turns and take longer to make these turns.

Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Significance of Organelle Interactions and Cooperation written by Michael Schrader and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-02-28 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eukaryotic cells contain distinct membrane-bound organelles, which compartmentalise cellular proteins to fulfil a variety of vital functions. Many organelles have long been regarded as isolated and static entities (e.g., peroxisomes, mitochondria, lipid droplets), but it is now evident that they display dynamic changes, interact with each other, share certain proteins and show metabolic cooperation and cross-talk. Despite great advances in the identification and characterisation of essential components and molecular mechanisms associated with the biogenesis and function of organelles, information on how organelles interact and are incorporated into metabolic pathways and signaling networks is just beginning to emerge. Organelle cooperation requires sophisticated targeting systems which regulate the proper distribution of shared proteins to more than one organelle. Organelle motility and membrane remodeling support organelle interaction and contact. This contact can be mediated by membrane proteins residing on different organelles which can serve as molecular tethers to physically link different organelles together. They can also contribute to the exchange of metabolites and ions, or act in the assembly of signaling platforms. In this regard organelle communication events have been associated with important cellular functions such as apoptosis, antiviral defense, organelle division/biogenesis, ROS metabolism and signaling, and various metabolic pathways such as breakdown of fatty acids or cholesterol biosynthesis. In this research topic we will focus on recent novel findings on the underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological significance of organelle interaction and cooperation with a particular focus on mitochondria, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and lipid droplets and their impact on the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Our understanding of how organelles physically interact and use cellular signaling systems to coordinate functional networks between each other is still in its infancy. Nevertheless recent discoveries of defined membrane structures such as the mitochondria-ER associated membranes (MAM) are revealing how membrane domains enriched in specific proteins transmit signals across organelle boundaries, allowing one organelle to influence the function of another. In addition to its role as a mediator between mitochondria and the ER, contacts between the MAM and peroxisomes contribute to antiviral signaling, and specialised regions of the ER are supposed to initiate peroxisome biogenesis, whereas intimate contacts between peroxisomes, lipid droplets and the ER mediate lipid metabolism. In line with these observations it is tempting to speculate that further physical contact sites between other organelles exist. Alternatively, novel regulated vesicle trafficking pathways between organelles (e.g., mitochondria to peroxisomes or lysosomes) have been discovered implying another mode of organelle communication. Identifying the key molecular players of such specialised membrane structures will be a prerequisite to understand how organelle communication is physically accomplished and will lead to the identification of new regulatory networks. In addition to the direct transmission of interorganellar information, cytosolic messenger systems (e.g., kinase/phosphatase systems or redox signaling) may contribute to the coordination of organelle functions. This research topic will integrate new findings from both modes of communication and will provide new perspectives for the functional significance of cross-talk among organelles. We would like to thank all the researchers who contributed their valuable work to this research topic. Furthermore, we are grateful to the reviewers and Associate Editors who contributed valuable comments and positive criticism to improve the contributions.

Download or read book Mitochondria endoplasmic Reticulum Contact Sites written by Jordan Luke Morris and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Endoplasmic Reticulum written by Susan Ferro-Novick and published by Cold Spring Harbor Perspective. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranes that folds, modifies, and transports proteins in eukaryotic cells. It also manufactures lipids and interacts extensively with other organelles, playing essential roles in cell growth and homeostasis. Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology covers all aspects of ER morphology and function, as well as its interactions with the nucleus, Golgi, and mitochondria. Contributors examine how proteins translocate across the ER membrane, the processes that occur inside the ER lumen (e.g., folding, glycosylation, and disulfide bond formation), and how the proteins are packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi. They also review quality-control mechanisms that are employed by the ER to detect and eliminate misfolded or unassembled proteins. Lipid synthesis and transport are also discussed. This volume covers not only the biochemistry and cell biology of the ER, but also ER stress, metabolism, and the role of the ER in viral replication. Thus, it is an essential reference for cell biologists, physiologists, and pathologists interested in understanding the numerous functions of the ER.

Download or read book The Inflammasomes written by Isabelle Couillin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-07-02 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The inflammasome was first described in 2002 as a molecular complex activating proinflammatory caspases and therefore regulating the maturation and biological activities of cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-18. This finding was substantiated by the identification of several mutations in the cias1 gene, encoding the human NLRP3 protein, responsible for several autoinflammatory disorders such as the Muckle Wells syndrome. Since, the interest for this complex has constantly increased and several inflammasome complexes with different specificities have been described. These inflammasomes sense a wide variety of pathogens and danger signals and are key players in the inflammatory response. With the contributions of leading international experts in the field, this book provides an extensive overview of the current knowledge of inflammasome biology and their role in health and disease.

Download or read book Mitochondria rough ER Contacts in the Liver Regulate Systemic Lipid Homeostasis written by Irene Anastasia and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lipid metabolism is central to all forms of life. In vertebrates, its study is particularly important because 80% of the dry mass of the brain is composed of lipids and because those that make up the myelin of neurons must be continuously recycled throughout the decades of the animal's life. Not surprisingly, a plethora of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric di sorders are linked to altered lipid metabolism in the brain as well as in the liver, which controls systemic (organism-level) lipid homeostasis. Within the eukaryotic cell, contacts between organelles create microdomains that play major roles in regulating key intracellular activities and signaling pathways, but whether inter-organelle contacts also control systemic activities related to the regulation of intracellular and systemic lipid homeostasis remains unknown. The study illustrated in this PhD thesis reports the ultrastructural organization and dynamics of the inter-organelle contact established by sheets of curved rough endoplasmic reticulum closely wrapped around the mitochondria (wrappER). To elucidate the in vivo function of this inter-organelle contact, mouse liver fractions enriched in wrappER-associated mitochondria were analyzed by parallel transcriptomics, proteomics, and lipidomics analysis. The biochemical signature of the wrappER points to a role of this compartment in the biogenesis of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), the neutral lipid containing particles that the liver secretes in the bloodstream to maintain systemic lipid homeostasis. Altering wrappER-mitochondria contacts curtails VLDL secretion and increases hepatic fatty acids, lipid droplets, and neutral lipid content. Conversely, acute liver-specific ablation of Mttp, the most upstream regulator of VLDL biogenesis, recapitulates this hepatic dyslipidemia phenotype and promotes remodeling of the wrappER-mitochondria contact. The discovery that wrappER-mitochondria contacts participate in VLDL biology indicates an involvement of inter-organelle contacts in hepatic lipid biology and systemic lipid homeostasis. Consequently, this study opens up the possibility of investigating the regulation of lipid fluxes and lipid homeostasis in the brain from the ultrastructure, function and dynamics of ER-mitochondria contacts in this organ.

Download or read book The Plant Endoplasmic Reticulum written by Chris Hawes and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2017-10-20 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a range of different techniques that have been used to characterize the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in higher plants. Chapters guide readers through application of modern microscopy techniques by fluorescence and electron microscopy, new protocols for analysing ER network structure, methods to purify and analyse ER membrane structure and to study protein glycosylation, protocols to study the unfolded protein response, and the role of the ER in autophagy. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, The Plant Endoplasmic Reticulum: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Organelle Contact Sites written by Mitsuo Tagaya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the first comprehensive coverage of the quickly evolving research field of membrane contact sites (MCS). A total of 16 chapters explain their organization and role and unveil the significance of MCS for various diseases. MCS, the intracellular structures where organellar membranes come in close contact with one another, mediate the exchange of proteins, lipids, and ions. Via these functions, MCS are critical for the survival and the growth of the cell. Owing to that central role in the functioning of cells, MCS dysfunctions lead to important defects of human physiology, influence viral and bacterial infection, and cause disease such as inflammation, type II diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. To approach such a multifaceted topic, this volume assembles a series of chapters dealing with the full array of research about MCS and their respective roles for diseases. Most chapters also introduce the history and the state of the art of MCS research, which will initiate discussion points for the respective types of MCS for years to come. This work will appeal to all cell biologists as well as researchers on diseases that are impacted by MCS dysfunction. Additionally, it will stimulate graduate students and postdocs who will energize, drive, and develop the research field in the near future.

Download or read book Intermolecular and Surface Forces written by Jacob N. Israelachvili and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-07-22 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intermolecular and Surface Forces describes the role of various intermolecular and interparticle forces in determining the properties of simple systems such as gases, liquids and solids, with a special focus on more complex colloidal, polymeric and biological systems. The book provides a thorough foundation in theories and concepts of intermolecular forces, allowing researchers and students to recognize which forces are important in any particular system, as well as how to control these forces. This third edition is expanded into three sections and contains five new chapters over the previous edition. Starts from the basics and builds up to more complex systems Covers all aspects of intermolecular and interparticle forces both at the fundamental and applied levels Multidisciplinary approach: bringing together and unifying phenomena from different fields This new edition has an expanded Part III and new chapters on non-equilibrium (dynamic) interactions, and tribology (friction forces)

Download or read book Calcium Entry Channels in Non Excitable Cells written by Juliusz Ashot Kozak and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-14 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calcium Entry Channels in Non-Excitable Cells focuses on methods of investigating the structure and function of non-voltage gated calcium channels. Each chapter presents important discoveries in calcium entry pathways, specifically dealing with the molecular identification of store-operated calcium channels which were reviewed by earlier volumes in the Methods in Signal Transduction series. Crystallographic and pharmacological approaches to the study of calcium channels of epithelial cells are also discussed. Calcium ion is a messenger in most cell types. Whereas voltage gated calcium channels have been studied extensively, the non-voltage gated calcium entry channel genes have only been identified relatively recently. The book will fill this important niche.

Download or read book Signal Transduction and Smooth Muscle written by Mohamed Trebak and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All hollow organs, such as blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, airways, male and female reproductive systems, and the urinary bladder are primarily composed of smooth muscle. Such organs regulate flow, propulsion and mixing of luminal contents and storage by the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells respond to numerous inputs, including pressure, shear stress, intrinsic and extrinsic innervation, hormones and other circulating molecules, as well as autocrine and paracrine factors. This book is a review of smooth muscle cell regulation in the cardiovascular, reproductive, GI, and other organ systems with emphasis on calcium and receptor signaling. Key selling features: Focuses on smooth muscles of different types Describes ion channel signaling mechanisms Reviews calcium and receptor signaling Includes novel, cutting-edge methodologies Summarizes studies of mice with genetically encoding sensors in smooth muscle Chapter 9 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a CC-BY 4.0 license. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781498774222_oachapter9.pdf