Download or read book Regulation of B Cell Response to Respiratory Viruses written by Aarthi Sundararajan and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viruses replicating in the respiratory tract (RT) trigger a wide range of cytokines and chemokines that have antiviral and pro-inflammatory features, instigating an efficient virus- specific B and T cell response that aids in virus- clearance. The majority of antibody secreting cells (ASCs) localizing in the upper RT secrete IgA that can effectively neutralize viruses. In addition, elements of B cell memory are generated that can provide protection from re-infection. Studies examining these aspects, following murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) infection comprise chapter 2 of the dissertation work. Our studies demonstrate that following MHV-68 infection, unlike influenza infection, resulted in a generalized deficiency of virus-specific IgA induction and deficient B cell memory establishment in the respiratory tract. Our studies indicate that features of virus- replication in the RT regulate these aspects of B cell response. These studies lead to the speculation that these features of B cell response may represent an evolutionary adaptation of viruses that establish long-term latency and are transmitted periodically after reactivation and shedding in secretions. Following cognate interactions with CD4+ T cells, the B cells undergo proliferation, isotype-switching and differentiate towards extrafollicular (low affinity, rapid) or towards germinal center pathway (high affinity). It is not clear what factors regulate these pathways of B cell differentiation, especially in the context of virus infection in the RT. Studies examining these aspects following influenza infection comprise chapter 3 of the dissertation work. Our studies establish a model for the investigation of host and viral factors that modulate the quality and effectiveness of the B cell response to influenza infection. The findings indicate that the quality/nature of the extrafollicular B cell response depends on the nature of the infecting virus. We present evidence that this pathway of rapid antiviral antibody production relates to the production of non-specifically acting factors in the lung and correlates with the cytokine profile of virus-specific CD4+T cells. In summary, the current dissertation findings point to an influence of virus and host associated factors in regulating features of B cell response in the RT.

Download or read book Janeway s Immunobiology written by Kenneth Murphy and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.

Download or read book B Cell Response Regulation to Influenza Virus Infection written by Kristina Rothaeusler and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book SARS MERS and other Viral Lung Infections written by David S. Hui and published by European Respiratory Society. This book was released on 2016-06-01 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viral respiratory tract infections are important and common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the past two decades, several novel viral respiratory infections have emerged with epidemic potential that threaten global health security. This Monograph aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome and other viral respiratory infections, including seasonal influenza, avian influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus, through six chapters written by authoritative experts from around the globe.

Download or read book Naturally Occurring Antibodies NAbs written by Hans U. Lutz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-19 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume illustrates the functional properties of NAbs. Authors from pioneering groups report in their chapters on the tissue homeostatic, tissue regenerating and regulatory properties of NAbs and NAbs in pooled human IgG. Scientists interested in the regulation and modulation of components of the immune system found a whole variety of NAbs to cytokines with regulatory and protective functions and NAbs that modulate, e.g., dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, B cells and granulocytes. Considering the large plasma pools and initial difficulties in preparing IVIG that does not induce adverse effects upon infusion into recipients, this volume ends with a historical chapter on how pooled human plasma was fractionated and the IgG component pretreated for a safe intravenous application.

Download or read book Virus induced Immunopathology written by Morris Pollard and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Orchestration of an Immune Response to Respiratory Pathogens written by Andrea Sant and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-07-25 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Global Tuberculosis Report 2016 written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This global tuberculosis report is the first to be produced in the era of the SDGs and the End TB Strategy. It provides an assessment of the TB epidemic and progress in TB diagnosis, treatment, and prevention efforts as well as an overview of TB-specific financing and research. It also discusses the broader agenda of universal health coverage, social protection, and other SDGs that have an impact on health. Data was available for 202 countries and territories that account for over 99% of the world's population and TB cases.

Download or read book B Cell Receptor Signaling written by Tomohiro Kurosaki and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-26 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume details our current understanding of the architecture and signaling capabilities of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) in health and disease. The first chapters review new insights into the assembly of BCR components and their organization on the cell surface. Subsequent contributions focus on the molecular interactions that connect the BCR with major intracellular signaling pathways such as Ca2+ mobilization, membrane phospholipid metabolism, nuclear translocation of NF-kB or the activation of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase and MAP kinases. These elements orchestrate cytoplasmic and nuclear responses as well as cytoskeleton dynamics for antigen internalization. Furthermore, a key mechanism of how B cells remember their cognate antigen is discussed in detail. Altogether, the discoveries presented provide a better understanding of B cell biology and help to explain some B cell-mediated pathogenicities, like autoimmune phenomena or the formation of B cell tumors, while also paving the way for eventually combating these diseases.

Download or read book Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses and Respiratory Viral Infections in Susceptible Populations written by Paraskevi C. Fragkou and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-11-29 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Innate Regulation of B 1 Lymphocyte Responses to Influenza Virus Infection written by Elizabeth Emlika Waffarn and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple B lymphocyte subsets contribute to immune responses to pathogens. Among these, B-1 cells are a small subset of innate-like B cells whose development, phenotype, tissue distribution, and functions are distinct from those of conventional B-2 cells, and whose responses are crucial to protection against mucosal bacterial and viral pathogens. B-1 cells contribute to protective responses even before infection, by secreting natural antibody, a polyspecific repertoire of mostly IgM antibodies produced constitutively in the absence of foreign antigens. In response to influenza virus infection, B-1 cells actively respond by accumulating locally in draining mediastinal lymph nodes (MedLN), where they differentiate to secrete both virus-binding and non virus-binding IgM. Multiple details from those earlier studies suggest that the regulation of B-1a cell responses differs from that of conventional B-2 cells and that infection-induced but antigen-independent mechanisms contribute to B-1a cell activation and function. This dissertation explores the hypothesis that B-1 cells are regulated by the quality and magnitude of local infection-induced innate immune signals, including type I interferon (IFNs) and IL-1, critical mediators of anti-viral responses and pro-inflammatory signaling. Previous studies of IL1R-/- mice showed that IL-1 signaling was required for maximal secretion of IgM and IgA after influenza infection. Because B-1 cells contribute at least half of influenza-induced IgM, we investigated the effects of IL-1 on B-1 cell redistribution and activation for IgM secretion. The studies outlined in the Second Chapter revealed that direct IL-1 stimulation did not contribute to the redistribution of B-1 cells to the lymph nodes, as it was neither directly chemotactic for B-1 cells, did not mobilize B-1 cells in vivo, nor altered the ability of B-1 cells to respond to the lymph node homing chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL13 in vitro. Instead, we found that IL-1 treatment alone modestly induced their IgM secretion in vitro. Using chimeric mice in which only B-1 cells lacked the IL-1R and which are distinguishable from B-2 cells based on Ig-allotypic differences, we investigated the ability of B-1 cells to respond to influenza virus infection. The data showed that these signals were required for maximum induction not only of CD5- B-1 cells, but also of the mostly B-2 cell-derived plasma blasts. Consistent with these findings we found IgM production both by B-1 and B-2 cells reduced. To begin to determine the mechanism by which B-1 cell IL-1 stimulation causes B-2 cell differentiation, we found that IL-1 stimulation selectively induced GM-CSF stimulation by B-1 cells. Furthermore, supernatants of IL-1-stimulated B-1 cells were able to induce IgM secretion by B-2 cells in vitro. Together, these findings suggest that activated B-1 cells play a regulatory role within lymph nodes by guiding conventional B-2 cell responses. In the Third Chapter, we took a genome-wide gene expression array approach to conduct an unbiased analysis of B-1a cell populations in the peritoneal and pleural cavity and the spleen, before and at two time points after infection. The goal was to identify all signals that affect B-1a cells following influenza infection in vivo and to identify a likely source from which lymph node B-1 cells were recruited. Somewhat surprisingly, the results revealed strong gene expression differences present before infection between B-1 cells from different tissues. Influenza virus infection further altered gene expression from all three sites, but the strongest changes occurred in pleural cavity B-1a cells within 2 days of infection, indicating that rapidly induced, locally elaborated infection signals impact B-1a cells. Based on the affected genes, type I IFN was identified as a strong early innate factor providing site-specific signaling to B-1a cells. These results suggest that B-1a cells receive site-specific signals even prior to infection and that infection-induced local signals strongly affect pleural cavity B-1a cells, likely shaping their antiviral response. The Fourth Chapter investigates the tissue origins of B-1a cells accumulating at the site of influenza infection and the role of type I IFN in their migration and differentiation. Labeled B-1a cells preferentially redistributed from pleural cavity sites to the draining MedLN after influenza infection, consistent with the results of our microarray analyses. However, in mice in which only B cells, or only B-1 cells lacked IFNR-expression, this enhanced accumulation was absent suggesting a role for type I IFN signaling B-1 cell redistribution. An in vitro vascular mimetic chamber model was used to evaluate the adherence of B-1 cells to a substrate consisting of ICAM-1 and CXCL13. Strikingly, type I IFN treatment or in vivo influenza infection stimulated B-1 cells to arrest on the substrate. Antibody-blocking studies showed that this was due to the increased integrin-mediated binding to ICAM-1. In vivo competition experiments designed to measure the ability of B-1 cells, from wildtype and CD11b or CD11a integrin-deficient mice, to accumulate in the MedLN in response to influenza infection after transfer into the pleural cavity of recipient mice, demonstrated the importance of CD11b in the B-1 cell redistribution process. Further studies suggested that type I IFN acts to enhance CD11b-mediated lymph node accumulation by activating the conformation state of CD11b. These studies identify a novel axis of type I IFN mediated integrin activation for rapid regulation of innate lymphocyte redirection. Together, these studies provide two examples of innate-signaling mediated regulation of B-1 cell responses during influenza infection. The results indicate that B-1 cells in the body cavities are optimally positioned to rapidly respond to an infection and that their characteristic expression of CD11b aids in rapid migration and accumulation in regional lymphoid tissues. Finally, the results of this study also suggest that B-1a cells broadly regulate the adaptive antiviral response by providing non-redundant signals to conventional B-2 cells for maximal induction of virus-specific antibody responses.

Download or read book Mucosal Vaccines written by Hiroshi Kiyono and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1996-10-23 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive, authoritative treatise covers all aspects of mucosal vaccines including their development, mechanisms of action, molecular/cellular aspects, and practical applications. The contributing authors and editors of this one-of-a-kind book are very well known in their respective fields. Mucosal Vaccines is organized in a unique format in which basic, clinical, and practical aspects of the mucosal immune system for vaccine development are described and discussed. This project is endorsed by the Society for Mucosal Immunology. Provides the latest views on mucosal vaccines Applies basic principles to the development of new vaccines Links basic, clinical, and practical aspects of mucosal vaccines to different infectious diseases Unique and user-friendly organization

Download or read book Acute and Anamnestic B Cell Responses to West Nile Virus Infection written by Whitney Elayne Purtha and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The collective purpose of all immune cells is to recognize and eliminate foreign pathogens. While some effector cells have transient functions early after infection, memory cells can persist for years to protect the host from future challenge. In general, B lymphocytes mediate protection via the secretion of antibody, however B cells are a diverse population encompassing many specialized subsets. Certain B cell populations are activated early after infection, whereas others are important for the maintenance of immunological memory long after the pathogen is cleared. Previous studies using a mouse model of West Nile virus (WNV) infection indicated that B cells are critical for control of viral dissemination and survival. However, the importance of the early and memory B cell response during infection were not well understood. These studies dissect the requirements and significance of early B cell activation, and the functional roles of memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) in response to variant viruses. These studies revealed that after WNV infection lymph node B cells were highly activated as measured by upregulation of CD69, CD86 and MHC-II. Activation was dependent on sustained signaling through the IFN-[alpha][beta] receptor and partially dependent on expression of TLR3, MyD88, and class II MHC. Furthermore, activation was polyclonal, as mice with a single B cell receptor (BCR) specificity (HEL-Ig mice) were equivalently activated after infection. Although B cell activation peaked at day 3 after infection, antigen-specific IgM-secreting cells were not detected until 7 days after infection. To test if phagocytic cells were important for activation of B cells, mice were treated with clodronate liposomes and B cell activation was evaluated. B cells were activated normally in the absence of lymph node macrophages, however phagocytic cells were required for restricting WNV replication and survival from infection. Thus, robust polyclonal B cell activation occurs via an IFN-[alpha][beta] receptor-dependent, but macrophage and BCR-independent mechanism early after WNV infection. After infection is cleared, LLPC and MBC persist to protect the host from future challenge with the same or related pathogens. The second aim of this study addressed the importance of MBC and LLPC after WNV infection. Bone marrow resident LLPC were highly specific for a dominant neutralizing epitope that comprises residues K307 and T330 on the envelope protein. Consequently, LLPC antibody poorly neutralized a variant virus with a mutation introduced within this epitope (WNV-K307E). We found that MBC, in contrast to LLPC, were enriched in specificities that recognized the variant epitope. This observation was consistent with the ability of MBC antibody to equivalently neutralize wild type and variant WNV. Finally, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that MBC respond WNV-K307E infection by secreting antibody skewed away from the K307/T330 epitope. This data supports a model in which LLPC are poised to respond to homologous viral infection, while MBC are better suited to control variant virus infection.

Download or read book Concepts of Biology written by Samantha Fowler and published by . This book was released on 2018-01-07 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concepts of Biology is designed for the single-semester introduction to biology course for non-science majors, which for many students is their only college-level science course. As such, this course represents an important opportunity for students to develop the necessary knowledge, tools, and skills to make informed decisions as they continue with their lives. Rather than being mired down with facts and vocabulary, the typical non-science major student needs information presented in a way that is easy to read and understand. Even more importantly, the content should be meaningful. Students do much better when they understand why biology is relevant to their everyday lives. For these reasons, Concepts of Biology is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand.We also strive to show the interconnectedness of topics within this extremely broad discipline. In order to meet the needs of today's instructors and students, we maintain the overall organization and coverage found in most syllabi for this course. A strength of Concepts of Biology is that instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Concepts of Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand--and apply--key concepts.

Download or read book T Cell Development written by Rémy Bosselut and published by Humana. This book was released on 2015-08-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​This volume provides simple and accessible experiment protocols to explore thymus biology. T-Cell Development: Methods and Protocols is divided into three parts presenting short reviews on T cell development, analysis strategies, protocols for cell preparation, flow cytometry analyses, and multiple aspects of thymocyte biology. As a volume in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Concise and easy-to-use, T-Cell Development: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

Download or read book Lymphocyte Updates written by Gheorghita Isvoranu and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-07-12 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents a synergic effort of an international team of specialists in immunology to expand the scientific achievements in the field of lymphocytes. It offers important and specific updated information to researchers, students, teachers, and medical professionals. Moreover, considering the remarkable dynamics of immunology and immunotherapy, this book "Lymphocyte Updates - Cancer, Autoimmunity, and Infection" aims to represent a significant source of concise scientific data and advancement of knowledge in this field. The chapters offer new insights into the latest scientific progress on lymphocyte roles in protective immunity, as well as their involvement in pathogenesis of various disorders.