Download or read book Reforming Prices written by Anand Rajaram and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1992 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reviews the experience of price reform in China, as well as selected East European countries. Price reform is an essential element of any program that seeks to achieve sustained and rapid economic growth in China via improvements in factor productivity. For price liberalization to generate sustainable growth, reform must occur within a framework that takes into account the interdependencies between the real sector and financial and institutional elements of the economy. The experience of Eastern Europe suggests that cycles of progressively more severe macro-instability can significantly reduce the degrees of freedom available to the authorities, undermine gradual reform attempts and substantially raise the costs of the eventual adjustment. Policy makers in China have demonstrated that they can successfully fashion a national consensus to control inflation. A similar understanding of the need for fiscal and monetary restraint must underpin any program of economic reforms. As China proceeds with price reform, complementary pricing actions will be required so as to maximize the allocative gains. The eventual goal of price reform should be to achieve full price liberalization. Side by side with the liberalization of domestic prices exchange rate adjustment and reform of the trade regime allows for a closer link between domestic relative prices and international relative prices. China has already taken steps to unify the exchange rate and promote trade.
Download or read book Reforming Transport Pricing in the European Union written by Bruno de Borger and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work deals with the problem of pricing passenger and freight transportation within Europe. It argues that legislation affecting pricing and regulation is increasingly less successful in dealing with market failures and externalities such as congestion, air pollution, noise and accidents.
Download or read book Reforming China written by Dongtao Zhou and published by Paths International Ltd. This book was released on 2010-09-01 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enrich Series on China's Economic Reform illustrates China's Reform Experiences from an executive perspective. This book reviews the background to and achievements of China's economic reforms. It analyzes the reforms processes from the perspective of priv
Download or read book Reforming China written by Sen Peng and published by Paths International Ltd. This book was released on 2010-09-01 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book chronicles the dramatic events that have taken place since China opened up to the world in 1978 and adopted a policy of economic reform. It records how economic policies were drafted between 1978 and 1991, brought into law, initiated and then im
Download or read book Reforming Juvenile Justice written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-05-22 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.
Download or read book Prices Vs Cost written by Alexander Jacob Williamson and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Reforming Agriculture written by Jacob Meerman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997-01-01 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ... Evaluates the World Bank's experience with the fifty agricultural adjustment operations (agsecals) approved ... since 1979 and reflects the impact on Bank programming of a worldwide shift in the development paradigm--P. [i].
Download or read book Reforming Journalism written by Marvin Olasky and published by P & R Publishing. This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Marvin Olasky, editor-in-chief of World magazine, lays out the foundational principles, practical techniques, and history of journalism, showing us how to become citizen-reporters and discerning consumers of news"--
Download or read book Price Reform and Durable Goods in the Transition to a Market Economy written by Pierre-Richard Agénor and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1993-06-01 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper examines the short- and long-term effects of price liberalization in a reforming socialist economy. The analysis is based on an optimizing framework that highlights hoarding behavior and the existence of parallel goods markets. The behavior of official and parallel market prices, stock of durables, and the velocity of money in the transition period between reform announcement and reform implementation is characterized, in the presence and absence of uncertainty about the transition date.
Download or read book Reforming Private Health Insurance written by Mark A. Hall and published by American Enterprise Institute. This book was released on 1994 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1987 and 1991, the portion of Americans covered by individually purchased health insurance dropped 40per cent. Assuming the US will continue to rely on private financing for health care, the author clarifies benefits to society from an efficient health insurance market.
Download or read book Reforming China written by Qixian Yang and published by Paths International Ltd. This book was released on 2010-09-01 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enrich Series on China's Economic Reform provides a comprehensive analysis of China's 30-year process of economic reform. Based on an analysis of the interplay between theory and implementation, this volume, Reforming China: Theoretical Framework, outline
Download or read book Price Liberalization in a Reforming Socialist Economy written by Mr.Domenico Fanizza and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1992-06-01 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bilateral search model of the commodity market is formulated to study the effects of liberalizing prices in a reforming socialist economy. The main result is that if the competitive structure of the economy is not quickly modified to eliminate supply rents, price liberalization may be accompanied by substantial output losses. A role for tax policy in limiting output losses is identified.
Download or read book Reforming agricultural markets in Africa written by Kherallah, Mylene and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long-term reduction of hunger and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa remains one of the great challenges for the international development community. Eliminating hunger and promoting widespread growth in the region inevitably involves agriculture, given its central role in the regions economies. Over the past 20 years, most African governments have carried out reforms to deregulate agricultural markets and reduce the role of state enterprises. How much has the state actually withdrawn from agricultural markets? Have well-functioning private markets emerged? How successful were these reforms in boosting agricultural production, economic growth, and the incomes of the rural poor? What lessons can we learn from the reform process? The authors of this book address these questions through an analysis based on an extensive review of experiences with reform, focusing on three major agricultural markets: fertilizer, food crops, and export crops. They examine the historical rationales for intervention, the factors contributing to reform, the process of implementation, and the impact of the reforms on farmers and consumers in Sub-Saharan Africa. The authors find that reforms have had many favorable results, but that the impact has been muted by partial implementation and structural constraints. They propose a new agenda for promoting the development of agricultural markets in Sub-Saharan Africa, identifying areas where governments can play a supportive role. They argue that appropriate agricultural marketing policies and investments can improve livelihoods and the economic health of the region.
Download or read book Reforming China s Public Finances written by Mr.Ehtisham Ahmad and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1995-09-08 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reform of fiscal relations between different levels of geovernment is crucial to the success of China's current structural transformation to a socialist market economy. The reform will profoundly affect macroeconomic stability, growth prospects , and the effectiveness of providing public services and interregional equity. In order to review international experience and to clearly identify the policy options for China in the short to medium term, a conference was held in Shanghai in October 1993. The papers in this volume, edited by Ehtisham Ahmad, Gao Qiang, and Vito Tanzi, include those presented at the conference and a few that supplement it.
Download or read book Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2022 Reforming Agricultural Policies for Climate Change Mitigation written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2022-06-23 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This annual report monitors and evaluates agricultural policies in 54 countries, including the 38 OECD countries, the five non-OECD EU Member States, and 11 emerging economies. It finds that the continued rise in agricultural support has been slower than sector growth in recent years, but has been driven to record highs mainly by temporary factors.
Download or read book Reforming Asian Socialism written by John McMillan and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the dramatic transformation of Asian communist countries-China in particular-to vigorous market economies
Download or read book The Fiscal and Welfare Impacts of Reforming Fuel Subsidies in India written by Rahul Anand and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-05-29 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rising fuel subsidies have contributed to fiscal pressures in India. A key policy concern regarding subsidy reform is the adverse welfare impact on households, in particular poor households. This paper evaluates the fiscal and welfare implications of fuel subsidy reform in India. Fuel subsidies are found to be badly targeted, with the richest ten percent of households receiving seven times more in benefits than the poorest ten percent. Although subsidy reform would generate substantial fiscal savings, the associated increases in fuel and other prices would lower household real incomes of all income groups. Better targeting of fuel subsidies would fully protect lower income households while still generating substantial net fiscal savings. Lessons from subsidy reforms in other countries are identified and discussed.
