Download or read book REDUCTION OF NOx EMISSION FROM COAL COMBUSTION THROUGH OXYGEN ENRICHMENT written by University of Wyoming Research Corporation. Western Research Institute and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BOC Process Gas Solutions and Western Research Institute (WRI) conducted a pilot-scale test program to evaluate the impact of oxygen enrichment on the emissions characteristics of pulverized coal. The combustion test facility (CTF) at WRI was used to assess the viability of the technique and determine the quantities of oxygen required for NOx reduction from coal fired boiler. In addition to the experimental work, a series of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were made of the CTF under comparable conditions. A series of oxygen enrichment test was performed using the CTF. In these tests, oxygen was injected into one of the following streams: (1) the primary air (PA), (2) the secondary air (SA), and (3) the combined primary and secondary air. Emission data were collected from all tests, and compared with the corresponding data from the baseline cases. A key test parameter was the burner stoichiometry ratio. A series of CFD simulation models were devised to mimic the initial experiments in which secondary air was enriched with oxygen. The results from these models were compared against the experimental data. Experimental evidence indicated that oxygen enrichment does appear to be able to reduce NOx levels from coal combustion, especially when operated at low over fire air (OFA) levels. The reductions observed however are significantly smaller than that reported by others (7-8% vs. 25-50%), questioning the economic viability of the technique. This technique may find favor with fuels that are difficult to burn or stabilize at high OFA and produce excessive LOI. While CFD simulation appears to predict NO amounts in the correct order of magnitude and the correct trend with staging, it is sensitive to thermal conditions and an accurate thermal prediction is essential. Furthermore, without development, Fluent's fuel-NO model cannot account for a solution sensitive fuel-N distribution between volatiles and char and thus cannot predict the trends seen in the experiment.
Download or read book Emissions Reduction written by A. Tomita and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-12-18 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade the topic of emissions reduction and control has remained an important area of research due to the enforcement of various Government policies in an attempt to minimize the impact on the environment. One area in which a great deal of research has been conducted to address this policy is NOx/SOx suppression. However, despite the progress that has been made over this time period, further research into the most effective method of reducing NOx/SOx emissions is still urgently required. In developed countries, a more stringent requirement in the level of emissions (such as is NOx/SOx component of less than 10ppm) will be enforced in the near future. Developing countries will also need a new technology that is effective and that is suited to each countries needs. Additional research and development efforts are thus necessary to meet such requirements. This compendium contains a collection of key papers themed around NOx/SOx emissions from combustion of hydrocarbon resources and the attempts to secure an efficient and effective method for reducing these emissions. These key papers are taken from the journals Fuel, Fuel Processing Technology and Progress in Energy and Combustion Science.
Download or read book Oxygen Enhanced Combustion written by Charles E. Baukal, Jr. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-12-12 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combustion technology has traditionally been dominated by air/fuel combustion. However, two developments have increased the significance of oxygen-enhanced combustion - new technology producing oxygen less expensively and the increased importance of environmental regulations. Advantages of oxygen-enhanced combustion include numerous environmental benefits as well as increased energy efficiency and productivity. The text compiles information about using oxygen to enhance high temperature industrial heating and melting processes - serving as a unique resource for specialists implementing the use of oxygen in combustion systems; combustion equipment and industrial gas suppliers; researchers; funding agencies for advanced combustion technologies; and agencies developing regulations for safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly combustion systems. Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion: Examines the fundamentals of using oxygen in combustion, pollutant emissions, oxygen production, and heat transfer Describes ferrous and nonferrous metals, glass, and incineration Discusses equipment, safety, design, and fuels Assesses recent trends including stricter environmental regulations, lower-cost methods of producing oxygen, improved burner designs, and increasing fuel costs Emphasizing applications and basic principles, this book will act as the primary resource for mechanical, chemical, aerospace, and environmental engineers and scientists; physical chemists; fuel technologists; fluid dynamists; and combustion design engineers. Topics include: General benefits Economics Potential problems Pollutant emissions Oxygen production Adsorption Air separation Heat transfer Ferrous metals Melting and refining processes Nonferrous metals Minerals Glass furnaces Incineration Safety Handling and storage Equipment design Flow controls Fuels
Download or read book Nitrogen oxides NOx why and how they are controlled written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology for the Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Coal Fired Boilers written by Gene Knight and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2008-08 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Clean Coal Technology Demo. Program (CCTDP) is an effort to demonstrate a new generation of innovative coal utilization processes in a series of facilities built across the country. These projects are carried out on a commercial scale to prove technical feasibility and provide the info. required for future applications. Projects have demonstrated technical options with the potential to meet the needs of energy markets while satisfying environ. requirements. Part of this program is the demo. of technologies designed to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from existing coal-fired utility boilers. This report summarizes the status of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology for the control of NOx emissions from high-sulfur, coal-fired boilers. Illus.
Download or read book Enhancing Future Skills and Entrepreneurship written by Kuldip Singh Sangwan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-27 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book presents the proceedings of the 3rd Indo-German Conference on Sustainability in Engineering held at Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India, on September 16–17, 2019. Intended to foster the synergies between research and education, the conference is one of the joint activities of the BITS Pilani and TU Braunschweig conducted under the auspices of Indo-German Center for Sustainable Manufacturing, established in 2009. The book is divided into three sections: engineering, education and entrepreneurship, covering a range of topics, such as renewable energy forecasting, design & simulation, Industry 4.0, and soft & intelligent sensors for energy efficiency. It also includes case studies on lean and green manufacturing, and life cycle analysis of ceramic products, as well as papers on teaching/learning methods based on the use of learning factories to improve students’problem-solving and personal skills. Moreover, the book discusses high-tech ideas to help the large number of unemployed engineering graduates looking for jobs become tech entrepreneurs. Given its broad scope, it will appeal to academics and industry professionals alike.
Download or read book Advanced In Furnace NOx Control for Wall and Cyclone Fired Boilers written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A NOx minimization strategy for coal-burning wall-fired and cyclone boilers was developed that included deep air staging, innovative oxygen use, reburning, and advanced combustion control enhancements. Computational fluid dynamics modeling was applied to refine and select the best arrangements. Pilot-scale tests were conducted by firing an eastern high-volatile bituminous Pittsburgh No. 8 coal at 5 million Btu/hr in a facility that was set up with two-level overfire air (OFA) ports. In the wall-fired mode, pulverized coal was burned in a geometrically scaled down version of the B and W DRB-4Z{reg_sign} low-NOx burner. At a fixed overall excess air level of 17%, NOx emissions with single-level OFA ports were around 0.32 lb/million Btu at 0.80 burner stoichiometry. Two-level OFA operation lowered the NOx levels to 0.25 lb/million Btu. Oxygen enrichment in the staged burner reduced the NOx values to 0.21 lb/million Btu. Oxygen enrichment plus reburning and 2-level OFA operation further curbed the NOx emissions to 0.19 lb/million Btu or by 41% from conventional air-staged operation with single-level OFA ports. In the cyclone firing arrangement, oxygen enrichment of the cyclone combustor enabled high-temperature and deeply staged operation while maintaining good slag tapping. Firing the Pittsburgh No. 8 coal in the optimum arrangement generated 112 ppmv NOx (0.15 lb/million Btu) and 59 ppmv CO. The optimum emissions results represent 88% NOx reduction from the uncontrolled operation. Levelized costs for additional NOx removal by various in-furnace control methods in reference wall-fired or cyclone-fired units already equipped with single-level OFA ports were estimated and compared with figures for SCR systems achieving 0.1 lb NOx/106 Btu. Two-level OFA ports could offer the most economical approach for moderate NOx control, especially for smaller units. O2 enrichment in combination with 2-level OFA was not cost effective for wall-firing. For cyclone units, NOx removal by two-level OFA plus O2 enrichment but without coal reburning was economically attractive.
Download or read book Oxygen Enhanced Combustion Second Edition written by Charles E. Baukal Jr. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-03-15 with total page 795 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combustion technology has traditionally been dominated by air/fuel combustion. However, two developments have increased the significance of oxygen-enhanced combustion—new technologies that produce oxygen less expensively and the increased importance of environmental regulations. Advantages of oxygen-enhanced combustion include less pollutant emissions as well as increased energy efficiency and productivity. Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion, Second Edition compiles information about using oxygen to enhance industrial heating and melting processes. It integrates fundamental principles, applications, and equipment design in one volume, making it a unique resource for specialists implementing the use of oxygen in combustion systems. This second edition of the bestselling book has more than doubled in size. Extensively updated and expanded, it covers significant advances in the technology that have occurred since the publication of the first edition. What’s New in This Edition Expanded from 11 chapters to 30, with most of the existing chapters revised A broader view of oxygen-enhanced combustion, with more than 50 contributors from over 20 organizations around the world More coverage of fundamentals, including fluid flow, heat transfer, noise, flame impingement, CFD modeling, soot formation, burner design, and burner testing New chapters on applications such as flameless combustion, steel reheating, iron production, cement production, power generation, fluidized bed combustion, chemicals and petrochemicals, and diesel engines This book offers a unified, up-to-date look at important commercialized uses of oxygen-enhanced combustion in a wide range of industries. It brings together the latest knowledge to assist those researching, engineering, and implementing combustion in power plants, engines, and other applications.
Download or read book Feasibility and NOx Reduction Potential of Flameless Oxidation in Pulverised Coal Combustion written by Dragisa Ristic and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2012-10-30 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1990, the flameless oxidation technology has been successfully proven as low-NOx combustion technology for gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, and the recent application of this technology to solid fuels such as pulverised coal has also become an area of interest. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the feasibility and the potential of the flameless oxidation technology in the pulverised coal combustion. Firstly, the experimental studies on pulverised coal flameless oxidation process are conducted at a bench-scale test facility (5 to 10 kWth). In the next step, a suitable burner design in a pilot scale of approximately 300 kWth is developed, built up and experimentally studied. Detailed exhaust gas and inflame measurements of the temperature and, main species are carried out in order to address the specific aspects of pulverised coal flameless oxidation. Furthermore, to indicate the relevant NOx reduction mechanisms in the pulverised coal flameless oxidation process. In contrast to the conventional pulverised coal combustion, which has luminous and aerodynamically stabilised flames, the flameless oxidation combustion process has been achieved without a clearly visible flame. In the pulverised coal flameless oxidation mode, intensive internal recirculation is enhanced by a high injection velocity of the combustion air, and thus dilutes the combustion zone and heats up the coal particles in the primary pyrolysis zone. Once the coal particles are rapidly heated up, the processes of pyrolysis and volatile matter release are facilitated. Consequently, local reducing zone is formed, devolatilisation is enhanced, ignition delay is suppressed, combustion stability is improved and NOx emissions are reduced remarkably. A high internal recirculation of the oxygen-lean hot combustion products into the primary pyrolysis zone promotes an early devolatilisation and a decrease in ignition delay, which are two important factors for NOx reduction processes. Hence, a valuable potential of pulverised coal flameless oxidation is in the improved homogeneous gas phase kinetics and an enhanced homogeneous NO reburning mechanism. Besides NO reduction in the homogeneous gas phase, it is indicated that the NO reduction on the char surface in the heterogeneous and homogeneous gas phases is important as well, i.e. char NO reduction reaction and catalytic reduction of NO by CO on the char surface, in the pulverised coal flameless oxidation. As an overall conclusion, the PC FLOXTM (Pulverised Coal Flameless Oxidation) burner technology generally is evaluated as a perspective technology to provide low cost low NOx burners for utility boilers. Moreover, the PC FLOXTM burner technology offers the possibility of a lower cost alternative to the current approach of utilising SCR to enable power plants to meet current and future specific requirements on NOx emissions. However, despite all the advantages of this technology, it has been recognised that there are considerable technical challenges to the implementation of PC FLOXTM burners in utility boilers. High pressure loss in the main combustion air supply, boiler and burner design, arrangement of burners, start-up and shutdown procedures, etc. all require significant further work in order to bring the PC FLOXTM burner technology closer to the utility scale boilers.
Download or read book New Trends in Coal Conversion written by Isabel Suarez-Ruiz and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2018-08-30 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Trends in Coal Conversion: Combustion, Gasification, Emissions, and Coking covers the latest advancements in coal utilization, including coal conversion processes and mitigation of environmental impacts, providing an up-to-date source of information for a cleaner and more environmentally friendly use of coal, with a particular emphasis on the two biggest users of coal—utilities and the steel industry. Coverage includes recent advances in combustion co-firing, gasification, and on the minimization of trace element and CO2 emissions that is ideal for plant engineers, researchers, and quality control engineers in electric utilities and steelmaking. Other sections cover new advances in clean coal technologies for the steel industry, technological advances in conventional by-products, the heat-recovery/non-recovering cokemaking process, and the increasing use of low-quality coals in coking blends. Readers will learn how to make more effective use of coal resources, deliver higher productivity, save energy and reduce the environmental impact of their coal utilization. - Provides the current state-of-the-art and ongoing activities within coal conversion processes, with an emphasis on emerging technologies for the reduction of CO2 and trace elements - Discusses innovations in cokemaking for improved efficiency, energy savings and reduced environmental impact - Include case studies and examples throughout the book
Download or read book COAL PARTICLE FLOW PATTERNS FOR O2 ENRICHED LOW NOx BURNERS written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The year-end report summarizes the results of the series of experiments conducted to evaluate the effects of oxygen partial pressure on coal combustion. Specifically, the effects of oxygen partial pressure in the transport air stream on flame stability, flame standoff distance and overall NO(subscript x) emissions were examined. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of oxygen partial pressure in the transport air on flame stability and resultant NO(subscript x) emissions. In summary, the oxygen partial pressure experiments revealed that: (1) Increasing oxygen partial pressure in the transport air stream produced stable attached flames that were otherwise detached, reducing NO(subscript x) emissions due to formation of fuel-rich central core which favors reduction of fuel nitrogen to N2. Flame attachment also prevents premixing of fuel and air. (2) The degree of oxygen enrichment necessary to produce attached flames decreased with increasing wall temperature. (3) Increasing oxygen partial pressure in the transport air stream had little effect on emissions for always-attached and always-detached flames. The lack of an effect for always-detached flames is attributed to the extensive pre-mixing that occurs prior to ignition and the limited impact oxygen enrichment of the small transport air stream has on the oxygen concentration of the premixed transport and combustion air streams. (4) Reducing the oxygen partial pressure through nitrogen dilution destabilizes flames leading to flame detachment or blowout. These destabilizing effects increase with decreasing furnace temperature. These results are consistent with published literature. (5) The temperature dependence of NO{sub x, i} for detached flames is approximately 3 times greater than for attached flames.
Download or read book Iron Ore written by Liming Lu and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iron Ore: Mineralogy, Processing and Environmental Sustainability, Second Edition covers all aspects surrounding the second most important commodity behind oil. As an essential input for the production of crude steel, iron ore feeds the world's largest trillion-dollar-a-year metal market and is the backbone of the global infrastructure. The book explores new ore types and the development of more efficient processes/technologies to minimize environmental footprints. This new edition includes all new case studies and technologies, along with new chapters on the chemical analysis of iron ore, thermal and dry beneficiation of iron ore, and discussions of alternative iron making technologies. In addition, information on recycling solid wastes and P-bearing slag generated in steel mills, sustainable mining, and low emission iron making technologies from regional perspectives, particularly Europe and Japan, are included. This work will be a valuable resource for anyone involved in the iron ore industry. - Provides an overall view of the entire value chain, from iron ore to metal - Includes specific information on process/stage/operation in the value chain - Discusses challenges and developments, along with future trends in the iron ore and steel industries - Incorporates new, sustainable mining techniques
Download or read book OXYGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION FOR NOx CONTROL written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased environmental regulations will require utility boilers to reduce NO(subscript x) emissions to less than 0.15lb/MMBtu in the near term. Conventional technologies such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) are unable to achieve these lowered emission levels without substantially higher costs and major operating problems. Oxygen enhanced combustion is a novel technology that allows utilities to meet the NO(subscript x) emission requirements without the operational problems that occur with SCR and SNCR. Furthermore, oxygen enhanced combustion can achieve these NO(subscript x) limits at costs lower than conventional technologies. The objective of this program is to demonstrate the use of oxygen enhanced combustion as a technical and economical method of meeting the EPA State Implementation Plan for NO(subscript x) reduction to less than 0.15lb/MMBtu for a wide range of boilers and coal. The oxygen enhanced coal combustion program (Task 1) focused this quarter on the specific objective of exploration of the impact of oxygen enrichment on NO(subscript x) formation utilizing small-scale combustors for parametric testing. Research efforts toward understanding any limitations to the applicability of the technology to different burners and fuels such as different types of coal are underway. The objective of the oxygen transport membrane (OTM) materials development program (Task 2.1) is to ascertain a suitable material composition that can be fabricated into dense tubes capable of producing the target oxygen flux under the operating conditions. This requires that the material have sufficient oxygen permeation resulting from high oxygen ion conductivity, high electronic conductivity and high oxygen surface exchange rate. The OTM element development program (Task 2.2) objective is to develop, fabricate and characterize OTM elements for laboratory and pilot reactors utilizing quality control parameters to ensure reproducibility and superior performance. A specific goal is to achieve a material that will sinter to desired density without compromising other variables such as reaction to binder systems or phase purity. Oxygen-enhanced combustion requires a facility which is capable of supplying high purity oxygen (>99.5%) at low costs. This goal can be achieved through the thermal integration of high temperature air separation with ceramic OTM. The objective of the OTM process development program (Task 2.3) is to demonstrate successfully the program objectives on a lab-scale single OTM tube reactor under process conditions comparable to those of an optimum large-scale oxygen facility. This quarterly technical progress report will summarize work accomplished for the Program through the first quarter April--June 2000 in the following task areas: Task 1 Oxygen Enhanced Coal Combustion; Task 2 Oxygen Transport Membranes; and Task 4 Program Management.
Download or read book The reduction of NOx emissions by staged combustion for a range of diverse coal fired under boiler simulated conditions written by W. Phelan and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling and Simulation of SOx and NOx Reduction Processes in Pulverized Coal Furnaces written by and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2003-12-18 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT The current work briefly reviews the formation mechanisms and reduction approaches of the pollutants SOx and NOx in coal combustion and focuses on the simulation of the lower-cost in-furnace measures ƒ{ the dry additive process (DAP) for SOx reduction and the reburning as well as the advanced reburning (hybrid reburning/SNCR) techniques for NOx reduction. In addition, the influence of sulfur compounds on NOx formation is investigated. The major workings include: Simulation of the dry additive desulfurization process (DAP): Different models ƒ{ shrinking core model (SCM), pore model (PM) and grain model (GM) ƒ{ are implemented to describe the gas-particle reaction. Relevant processes such as the sintering of the additive, the self-retention by coal ash, the thermal equilibrium of the sulfation reaction are accounted for and modeled. A comprehensive model for the DAP with calcium based additives is subsequently established and integrated into a combustion CFD (computational fluid dynamics) code AIOLOS, in both Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes. The model is verified with experiments on a test reactor. Mechanism reduction and simulation of reburning/SNCR Processes: A method for reduction of kinetic mechanisms is introduced. A program tool is developed for automatic reduction of detailed reaction mechanisms. Reduced mechanisms for reburning and hybrid reburning/SNCR processes are developed and implemented into the CFD code. CFD-calculations with the reduced mechanisms are performed and compared with experimental measurements to comprehensively evaluate the simulation approach. It is shown that the detailed simulation is capable of modeling the complex reburning and SNCR processes with acceptable computing time and achieves reasonable results in wide parameter ranges. Study of the influence of sulfur compounds on NOx formation: The effect of SO2 on NOx formation is experimentally investigated and analysed with kinetic mechanisms. It is indicated that the presence of SO2 inhabits the NOx formation and reduce the NOx emissions in normal air-rich combustion. Under air-staging conditions, SO2 addition has no obvious influence on the final NOx emissions.
Download or read book Enhanced Capture with Oxygen Scrubbing of CO2 ECO Scrub written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The project aims to develop a low-cost option for carbon capture in existing modern coal-fired power plants. The concept, known as ECO-Scrub, uses a novel combination of techniques employed in CO2 capture, such as oxygen enrichment and post-combustion solvent scrubbing, together with measures to increase efficiency, reduce steam consumption and generate power requirements. The project work involved development of the process, module integration and optimisation for lignite- and coal-fired power plants through programmes of laboratory- and pilot-scale tests, simulation modelling studies, literature reviews and collation of power plant performance data. The ECO-Scrub system was shown to be technically and economically feasible for retrofitting existing power plants for CO2 capture and sequestration. Optimising the oxygen enrichment level and the rate at which the flue gas is recycled were key parameters for achieving satisfactory combustion characteristics, low NOX emissions and improved heat transfer characteristics, and avoiding ash deposition problems. Preferentially enriching the staged air system with oxygen was an effective option for NOX control. A pilot-scale combustion test facility with oxyfuel capability, simulated flue gas recycling and equipped with a pilot-scale amine solvent scrubbing plant was used to evaluate the flexibility of the ECO-Scrub process and solvent performance. Membrane separation systems were shown to be promising alternatives to conventional CO2 capture methods for enriched CO2 flue gas. The cost and efficiency penalties for the ECO-Scrub process were comparable to those for post-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion, however ECO-Scrub was shown to be more attractive as a retrofit option.
Download or read book High Temperature Air Combustion written by Hiroshi Tsuji and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-12-03 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maximize efficiency and minimize pollution: the breakthrough technology of high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) holds the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional combustion and allow engineers to finally meet this long-standing imperative. Research has shown that HiTAC technology can provide simultaneous reduction of CO2 and nitric
