Download or read book Redistributing Pollution written by Garvin Adair Heath and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 1070 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Should Pollution Taxes Be Targeted at Income Redistribution written by Bas Jacobs and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyses optimal corrective taxation and optimal income redistribution. Under general utility functions, the Pigouvian pollution tax is higher if pollution damages disproportionally hurt the poor due to equity weighting of pollution damages. Moreover, optimal pollution taxes should be set below the Pigouvian tax if the poor spend a disproportionate fraction of their income on polluting goods. However, if preferences for commodities are of the Gorman (1961) polar form, optimal pollution taxes should follow the first-best rule for the Pigouvian corrective tax even if the government wants to redistribute income and the poor spend a disproportional part of their income on polluting goods. The often-used quasi-linear, CES and Stone-Geary utility functions all belong to the Gorman polar class. If preferences are Gorman polar, and if pollution taxes are not optimized, Pareto-improving green tax reforms exist that move the pollution tax closer to the Pigouvian tax. Simulations demonstrate that optimal corrective taxes should be Pigouvian if the demand for polluting goods is derived from a LES demand system, but deviate from the Pigouvian taxes if demand for polluting goods demand is derived from a PIGLOG demand system.
Download or read book Community Pressure and the Spatial Redistribution of Pollution written by Xiao Wang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes the effects of community pressure on the relocation of toxic-releasing facilities by using the public disclosure of toxic release information through the Toxic Release Inventory in 1990 as a natural experiment. We find that pressure from communities with high population density, high income, and high educational attainment has a statistically significant effect on the likelihood of relocation by toxic releasing facilities. These facilities are more likely to relocate into communities with lower population density, income, and educational attainment. We also find evidence that smaller facilities are more likely to relocate and that they grow faster after relocating and thus emit more toxic pollutants. The spatial pattern of the relocation decision shows that these differential effects of community pressure lead to a worsening of environmental injustice. Our findings provide indirect evidence of an unintended mechanism through which environmental information disclosure worsens environmental injustice.
Download or read book Population Redistribution and Public Policy written by Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences (U.S.) and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1980 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Mathematical Analysis of the Effects of Wind on Redistribution of Surface Contamination written by Amelio J. Amato and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Protecting the Environment and the Poor written by Gunnar S. Eskeland and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strategies to control air pollution would be altered by redistribution objectives. In an urban program, the emphasis in the control strategy would shift toward services and goods consumed by the rich, including transport. In a program including rural areas, optimal air pollution control would be reduced because many rural households would be net losers, and they are poorer.As is evident from public finance principles, redistribution objectives do not influence environmental policies if there are other, costless means of redistribution. How does optimal environmental protection depend on redistribution objectives?Eskeland and Kong develop a framework that treats air quality as a pure public good, and tracks net beneficiaries as those who value air quality improvements more than their costs in a pollution control strategy.The framework highlights the distributional characteristics of the public good and of the costs for the control strategy. One critical parameter for the distributional characteristics of the public good is the elasticity (with respect to income) of willingness to pay for environmental improvements.Strategies to control urban air pollution would be altered by redistribution objectives-to be more aggressive in reducing emissions from luxury goods such as transport (private and general) and less aggressive for goods more heavily consumed by the poor (including several energy sources).Some air pollution control strategies cover urban and rural areas. For those, optimal pollution control would typically be reduced by redistribution objectives, as rural households are net losers, and they are poorer.This paper - a product of the Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental problems and policies in developing countries. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Pollution and the Choice of Economic Policy Instruments in Developing Countries (RPO 676-78). Gunnar Eskeland may be contacted at [email protected].
Download or read book Soil pollution a hidden reality written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-04-30 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document presents key messages and the state-of-the-art of soil pollution, its implications on food safety and human health. It aims to set the basis for further discussion during the forthcoming Global Symposium on Soil Pollution (GSOP18), to be held at FAO HQ from May 2nd to 4th 2018. The publication has been reviewed by the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soil (ITPS) and contributing authors. It addresses scientific evidences on soil pollution and highlights the need to assess the extent of soil pollution globally in order to achieve food safety and sustainable development. This is linked to FAO’s strategic objectives, especially SO1, SO2, SO4 and SO5 because of the crucial role of soils to ensure effective nutrient cycling to produce nutritious and safe food, reduce atmospheric CO2 and N2O concentrations and thus mitigate climate change, develop sustainable soil management practices that enhance agricultural resilience to extreme climate events by reducing soil degradation processes. This document will be a reference material for those interested in learning more about sources and effects of soil pollution.
Download or read book Health of People Health of Planet and Our Responsibility written by Wael Al-Delaimy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-13 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book not only describes the challenges of climate disruption, but also presents solutions. The challenges described include air pollution, climate change, extreme weather, and related health impacts that range from heat stress, vector-borne diseases, food and water insecurity and chronic diseases to malnutrition and mental well-being. The influence of humans on climate change has been established through extensive published evidence and reports. However, the connections between climate change, the health of the planet and the impact on human health have not received the same level of attention. Therefore, the global focus on the public health impacts of climate change is a relatively recent area of interest. This focus is timely since scientists have concluded that changes in climate have led to new weather extremes such as floods, storms, heat waves, droughts and fires, in turn leading to more than 600,000 deaths and the displacement of nearly 4 billion people in the last 20 years. Previous work on the health impacts of climate change was limited mostly to epidemiologic approaches and outcomes and focused less on multidisciplinary, multi-faceted collaborations between physical scientists, public health researchers and policy makers. Further, there was little attention paid to faith-based and ethical approaches to the problem. The solutions and actions we explore in this book engage diverse sectors of civil society, faith leadership, and political leadership, all oriented by ethics, advocacy, and policy with a special focus on poor and vulnerable populations. The book highlights areas we think will resonate broadly with the public, faith leaders, researchers and students across disciplines including the humanities, and policy makers.
Download or read book Global Sources of Local Pollution written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-02-15 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in air pollution monitoring and modeling capabilities have made it possible to show that air pollution can be transported long distances and that adverse impacts of emitted pollutants cannot be confined to one country or even one continent. Pollutants from traffic, cooking stoves, and factories emitted half a world away can make the air we inhale today more hazardous for our health. The relative importance of this "imported" pollution is likely to increase, as emissions in developing countries grow, and air quality standards in industrial countries are tightened. Global Sources of Local Pollution examines the impact of the long-range transport of four key air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants) on air quality and pollutant deposition in the United States. It also explores the environmental impacts of U.S. emissions on other parts of the world. The book recommends that the United States work with the international community to develop an integrated system for determining pollution sources and impacts and to design effective response strategies. This book will be useful to international, federal, state, and local policy makers responsible for understanding and managing air pollution and its impacts on human health and well-being.
Download or read book Air Pollution the Automobile and Public Health written by Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.
Download or read book Regulation Through Revelation written by James Hamilton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-08-29 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2005 text discusses the US Toxics Release Inventory Program and its impacts as a case study of legislation.
Download or read book Macroinvertebrate Redistribution of Environmental Pollution written by Tom V. van der Meer and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Inventing Pollution written by Peter Thorsheim and published by Ohio University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-16 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Going as far back as the thirteenth century, Britons mined and burned coal. Britain’s supremacy in the nineteenth century depended in large part on its vast deposits of coal, which powered industry, warmed homes, and cooked food. As coal consumption skyrocketed, the air in Britain’s cities and towns filled with ever-greater and denser clouds of smoke. Yet, for much of the nineteenth century, few people in Britain even considered coal smoke to be pollution. Inventing Pollution examines the radically new understanding of pollution that emerged in the late nineteenth century, one that centered not on organic decay but on coal combustion. This change, as Peter Thorsheim argues, gave birth to the smoke-abatement movement and to new ways of thinking about the relationships among humanity, technology, and the environment. Even as coal production in Britain has plummeted in recent decades, it has surged in other countries. This reissue of Thorsheim’s far-reaching study includes a new preface that reveals the book’s relevance to the contentious national and international debates—which aren’t going away anytime soon—around coal, air pollution more generally, and the grave threat of human-induced climate change.
Download or read book Two approaches to pricing pollution written by Christina van Breugel and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2014-04-04 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report compares the Cap and Trade method with an alternative method, the Flexible Fee Mechanism. The Flexible Fee Mechanism was created as a response to political and other practical obstacles often preventing the efficient application of other methods. The main focus of the Flexible Fee Mechanism is the levying of a fee at the point where a pollution-inducing product enters the economy. The fee is then raised sufficiently (and sufficiently often) to effectively stimulate the transformation of the economy in a sustainable direction. At the same time, the revenue from the fee is directed back into the economy to stimulate alternatives, demand and employment. Still, key questions remain unanswered in this report. This project was launched by the Working Group for SCP (HKP) in collaboration with the Working Group on Environment and Economy (MEG) under the Nordic Council of Ministers.
Download or read book Air Quality Guidelines written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2006 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents revised guideline values for the four most common air pollutants - particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide - based on a recent review of the accumulated scientific evidence. The rationale for selection of each guideline value is supported by a synthesis of information emerging from research on the health effects of each pollutant. As a result, these guidelines now also apply globally. They can be read in conjunction with Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, which is still the authority on guideline values for all other air pollutants. As well as revised guideline values, this book makes a brief yet comprehensive review of the issues affecting the application of the guidelines in risk assessment and policy development. Further, it summarizes information on: . pollution sources and levels in various parts of the world, . population exposure and characteristics affecting sensitivity to pollution, . methods for quantifying the health burden of air pollution, and . the use of guidelines in developing air quality standards and other policy tools. Finally, the special case of indoor air pollution is explored. Prepared by a large team of renowned international experts who considered conditions in various parts of the globe, these guidelines are applicable throughout the world. They provide reliable guidance for policy-makers everywhere when considering the various options for air quality management.
Download or read book Analysis of Cost Sharing Programs for Pollution Abatement of Municipal Wastewater written by Harold E. Marshall and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This study evaluates existing cost-sharing programs for wastewater pollution abatement as described in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, describes alternative cost-sharing programs that provide improvements in terms of national efficiency and equity criteria as defined herein, and suggests related areas for further research. Emphasis is on how federal cost sharing biases communities in favor of certain kinds of techniques. The approach is to describe the current cost-sharing programs for both plant and nonplant techniques; to examine cost-sharing, legal, and other institution biases against certain techniques; to analyze efficiency and equity effects of alternative cost-sharing programs; and to describe the incentive effects of cost sharing on nonfederal interests with respect to their choices among abatement techniques. Findings of the study are that more efficient abatement will result if the same percentage cost share applies to all plant and nonplant techniques of abatement; the same percentage also applies to all categories of cost (e.g., capital, land, operation and maintenance) for a given technique; the same percentage applies to large and small communities; institutional constraints on the selection of nonplant techniques are removed; and if the program provides for federal cost sharing of every abatement technique that is technically viable. This report was submitted in fulfillment of program element PE 1BA030 and work order number EPA-IAG D4 H 374 by the National Bureau of Standards, Building Economics Section."--P. iv.
Download or read book Controlling Industrial Pollution written by Robert W. Crandall and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 1983 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the effectiveness of government regulations designed to reduce air pollution and recommends changes in air pollution policies and laws.
