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Book Reconsideration of Certain New Source Issues   National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal  And Oil Fired Electric Utility  Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation   Epa   2018 Edition

Download or read book Reconsideration of Certain New Source Issues National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal And Oil Fired Electric Utility Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation Epa 2018 Edition written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-09 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reconsideration of Certain New Source Issues - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-fired Electric Utility (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Reconsideration of Certain New Source Issues - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-fired Electric Utility (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 The EPA is taking final action on its reconsideration of certain issues in the final rules titled, "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and Small Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units." The National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) rule issued pursuant to Clean Air Act (CAA) section 112 is referred to as the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) NESHAP, and the New Source Performance Standards rule issued pursuant to CAA section 111 is referred to as the Utility NSPS. The Administrator received petitions for reconsideration of certain aspects of the MATS NESHAP and the Utility NSPS. This book contains: - The complete text of the Reconsideration of Certain New Source Issues - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-fired Electric Utility (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Book Reconsideration of Certain New Source and Startup   Shutdown Issues   National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal  Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation   Epa   2018 Edition

Download or read book Reconsideration of Certain New Source and Startup Shutdown Issues National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation Epa 2018 Edition written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-09 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reconsideration of Certain New Source and Startup - Shutdown Issues - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Reconsideration of Certain New Source and Startup - Shutdown Issues - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 On February 16, 2012, pursuant to sections 111 and 112 of the Clean Air Act (CAA), the EPA published the final rules titled "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and Small Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units." The National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) rule issued pursuant to CAA section 112 is referred to as the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS), and the New Source Performance Standards rule issued pursuant to CAA section 111 is referred to as the Utility NSPS. The Administrator received petitions for reconsideration of certain aspects of MATS and the Utility NSPS. In this notice, the EPA is announcing reconsideration of certain new source standards for MATS, the requirements applicable during periods of startup and shutdown for MATS, the startup and shutdown provisions related to the particulate matter (PM) standard in the Utility NSPS, and certain revisions to the definitional and monitoring provisions of the Utility NSPS. We are also proposing certain technical corrections to both MATS and the Utility NSPS. This book contains: - The complete text of the Reconsideration of Certain New Source and Startup - Shutdown Issues - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Book National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Standards of Performance   Reconsideration of Certain Startup   Shutdown Issues  Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation  2018

Download or read book National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Standards of Performance Reconsideration of Certain Startup Shutdown Issues Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018 written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-22 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Standards of Performance - Reconsideration of Certain Startup - Shutdown Issues (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Standards of Performance - Reconsideration of Certain Startup - Shutdown Issues (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is taking final action on its reconsideration of the startup and shutdown provisions in the final rules titled, "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and Small Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units." The national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) issued pursuant to Clean Air Act (CAA) section 112 are referred to as the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS), and the new source performance standards (NSPS) issued pursuant to CAA section 111 are referred to as the Utility NSPS. This book contains: - The complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Standards of Performance - Reconsideration of Certain Startup - Shutdown Issues (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Book National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal  and Oil fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units  Etc   Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation  2018

Download or read book National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal and Oil fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Etc Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018 written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-23 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units, etc. (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units, etc. (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 This action finalizes the technical corrections that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed on February 17, 2015, to correct and clarify certain text of the EPA's regulations regarding "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and Small Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units." We are also taking final action to remove the rule provision establishing an affirmative defense for malfunction. This book contains: - The complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units, etc. (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Book National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal and Oil fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance  Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation  2018

Download or read book National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal and Oil fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018 written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-22 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal-and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal-and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 This document corrects certain preamble and regulatory text. This action corrects typographical errors, such as cross-reference errors and certain preamble text that is not consistent with the final regulatory text, which published in the Federal Register on Thursday, February 16, 2012 (77 FR 9304). This book contains: - The complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal-and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Book National Emission Standards   Hazardous Air Pollutants for Area Sources   Industrial  Commercial  and Institutional Boilers  Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation  2018

Download or read book National Emission Standards Hazardous Air Pollutants for Area Sources Industrial Commercial and Institutional Boilers Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018 written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-22 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National Emission Standards - Hazardous Air Pollutants for Area Sources - Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the National Emission Standards - Hazardous Air Pollutants for Area Sources - Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 This action sets forth the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) final decision on the issues for which it announced reconsideration on January 21, 2015, that pertain to certain aspects of the February 1, 2013, final amendments to the "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Area Sources: Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers" (Area Source Boilers Rule). The EPA is retaining the subcategory and separate requirements for limited-use boilers, consistent with the February 2013 final rule. In addition, the EPA is amending three reconsidered provisions regarding: The alternative particulate matter (PM) standard for new oil-fired boilers; performance testing for PM for certain boilers based on their initial compliance test; and fuel sampling for mercury (Hg) for certain coal-fired boilers based on their initial compliance demonstration, consistent with the alternative provisions for which comment was solicited in the January 2015 proposal. The EPA is making minor changes to the proposed definitions of startup and shutdown based on comments received. This final action also addresses a limited number of technical corrections and clarifications on the rule, including removal of the affirmative defense for malfunction in light of a court decision on the issue. These corrections will clarify and improve the implementation of the February 2013 final Area Source Boilers Rule. In this action, the EPA is also denying the requests for reconsideration with respect to the issues raised in the petitions for reconsideration of the final Area Source Boilers Rule for which reconsideration was not granted. This book contains: - The complete text of the National Emission Standards - Hazardous Air Pollutants for Area Sources - Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Book National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Coal and Oil fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units  Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation  2018

Download or read book National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Coal and Oil fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018 written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-22 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions From Coal-and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions From Coal-and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 On May 3, 2011, under authority of Clean Air Act (CAA) sections 111 and 112, the EPA proposed both national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) from coal- and oil-fired electric utility steam generating units (EGUs) and standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired electric utility, industrial-commercial-institutional, and small industrial-commercial-institutional steam generating units (76 FR 24976). After consideration of public comments, the EPA is finalizing these rules in this action. This book contains: - The complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions From Coal-and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Book New Source Review Rule Change Harms Epa s Ability to Enforce Against Coal Fired Electric Utilities Oig Evaluation Report

Download or read book New Source Review Rule Change Harms Epa s Ability to Enforce Against Coal Fired Electric Utilities Oig Evaluation Report written by U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-07 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.

Book Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources   Electric Utility Generating Units  Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation   Epa   2018 Edition

Download or read book Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources Electric Utility Generating Units Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation Epa 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-07-19 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources - Electric Utility Generating Units (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources - Electric Utility Generating Units (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this action, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is establishing final emission guidelines for states to follow in developing plans to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from existing fossil fuel-fired electric generating units (EGUs). Specifically, the EPA is establishing: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission performance rates representing the best system of emission reduction (BSER) for two subcategories of existing fossil fuel-fired EGUs-fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units and stationary combustion turbines; state-specific CO 2 goals reflecting the CO 2 emission performance rates; and guidelines for the development, submittal and implementation of state plans that establish emission standards or other measures to implement the CO 2 emission performance rates, which may be accomplished by meeting the state goals. This final rule will continue progress already underway in the U.S. to reduce CO 2 emissions from the utility power sector. This book contains: - The complete text of the Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources - Electric Utility Generating Units (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Book New Source Review Rule Change Harms EPA s Ability to Enforce Against Coal fired Electric Utilities

Download or read book New Source Review Rule Change Harms EPA s Ability to Enforce Against Coal fired Electric Utilities written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of the Inspector General and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Interim Report of the Committee on Changes in New Source Review Programs for Stationary Sources of Air Pollutants

Download or read book Interim Report of the Committee on Changes in New Source Review Programs for Stationary Sources of Air Pollutants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-02-14 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's New Source Review (NSR) programs are designed to help ensure that the construction or modification of factories, electric-generating facilities and other large stationary sources of pollutants will meet emissions criteria. EPA revised the programs in order to provide flexibility and allow for improved energy efficiency in American industry without damaging the environment. However, critics argue the revisions could slow progress in cleaning the nation's air, potentially damaging human health. This interim report provides a synthesis of relevant background information and describes the approach the committee will use to assess the potential impact of the NSR revisions. Conclusions will be issued in a final report later this year.

Book New Source Review Rule Change Harms Epa s Ability to Enforce Against Coal fired Electric Utilities Oig Evaluation Report

Download or read book New Source Review Rule Change Harms Epa s Ability to Enforce Against Coal fired Electric Utilities Oig Evaluation Report written by United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-13 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Source Review Rule Change Harms EPA's Ability to Enforce Against Coal-fired Electric Utilities OIG Evaluation Report

Book National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants   Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing  Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation  2018

Download or read book National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018 written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-22 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants - Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants - Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 On November 10, 2003, EPA promulgated national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for miscellaneous organic chemical manufacturing. Several petitions for judicial review of the final rule were filed in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Petitioners expressed concern with various requirements in the final rule, including applicability of specific operations and processes, the leak detection and repair requirements for connectors, criteria to define affected wastewater streams requiring control, control requirements for wastewater streams that contain only soluble hazardous air pollutants, the definition of "process condensers," and recordkeeping requirements for Group 2 batch process vents. In this action, EPA amends the final rule to address these issues and to correct inconsistencies that have been discovered during the review process. This book contains: - The complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants - Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Book Projections of Air Toxic Emissions from Coal fired Utility Combustion

Download or read book Projections of Air Toxic Emissions from Coal fired Utility Combustion written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required by the 1990 CAAA to promulgate rules for all ''major'' sources of any of these HAPs. According to the HAPs section of the new Title III, any stationary source emitting 10 tons per year (TPY) of one HAP or 25 TPY of a combination of HAPs will be considered and designated a major source. In contrast to the original National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP), which were designed to protect public health to ''an ample margin of safety, '' the new Title III, in its first phase, will regulate by industrial category those sources emitting HAPs in excess of the 10/25-TPY threshold levels, regardless of health risks. The trace elements normally associated with coal mineral matter and the various compounds formed during coal combustion have the potential to produce hazardous air toxic emissions from coal-fired electric utilities. Under Title III, the EPA is required to perform certain studies, prior to any regulation of electric utilities; these studies are currently underway. Also, the US Department of Energy (DOE) maintains a vested interest in addressing those energy policy questions affecting electric utility generation, coal mining, and steel producing critical to this country's economic well-being, where balancing the costs to the producers and users of energy with the benefits of environmental protection to the workers and the general populace remains of significant concern.

Book Environmental Protection Agency  National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants  Coal  and Oil Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Subcategory of Certain Existing Electric Utility

Download or read book Environmental Protection Agency National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Coal and Oil Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Subcategory of Certain Existing Electric Utility written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Nm008 01 New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants  Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation  2018

Download or read book Nm008 01 New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018 written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-21 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NM008.01 New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the NM008.01 New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 The Albuquerque-Bernalillo County Air Quality Control Board (ABCAQCB) has submitted updated regulations for receiving delegation of EPA authority for implementation and enforcement of New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) for all sources. These regulations apply to certain NSPS promulgated by EPA, as amended through July 1, 2004, and certain NESHAPs promulgated by EPA, as amended through July 1, 2004. The delegation of authority under this notice applies only to sources located in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, and does not extend to sources located in Indian country. EPA is providing notice that it has approved delegation of certain NSPS to ABCAQCB, and taking direct final action to approve the delegation of certain NESHAPs to ABCAQCB. This book contains: - The complete text of the NM008.01 New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Book Valuing Climate Damages

    Book Details:
  • Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
  • Publisher : National Academies Press
  • Release : 2017-06-23
  • ISBN : 0309454204
  • Pages : 281 pages

Download or read book Valuing Climate Damages written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-06-23 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The social cost of carbon (SC-CO2) is an economic metric intended to provide a comprehensive estimate of the net damages - that is, the monetized value of the net impacts, both negative and positive - from the global climate change that results from a small (1-metric ton) increase in carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions. Under Executive Orders regarding regulatory impact analysis and as required by a court ruling, the U.S. government has since 2008 used estimates of the SC-CO2 in federal rulemakings to value the costs and benefits associated with changes in CO2 emissions. In 2010, the Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases (IWG) developed a methodology for estimating the SC-CO2 across a range of assumptions about future socioeconomic and physical earth systems. Valuing Climate Changes examines potential approaches, along with their relative merits and challenges, for a comprehensive update to the current methodology. This publication also recommends near- and longer-term research priorities to ensure that the SC- CO2 estimates reflect the best available science.