Download or read book Reciprocity Retaliation written by Thomas O. Bayard and published by Peterson Institute. This book was released on 1994-12-01 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study re-examining the arguments for and against aggressive trade policies on the part of the USA in opening up foreign markets or in deterring unfair trading practices since the early 1980s. In particular, the author examines the effects of Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974.

Download or read book On Retaliation written by Bertram Turner and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2017-04-01 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Retaliation is associated with all forms of social and political organization, and retaliatory logics inform many different conflict resolution procedures from consensual settlement to compensation to violent escalations. This book derives a concept of retaliation from the overall notion of reciprocity, defining retaliation as the human disposition to strive for a reactive balancing of conflicts and injustices. On Retaliation presents a synthesized approach to both the violence-generating and violence-avoiding potentials of retaliation. Contributors to this volume touch upon the interaction between retaliation and violence, the state’s monopoly on legitimate punishment and the factors of socio-political frameworks, religious interpretations and economic processes.

Download or read book Reciprocity and Retaliation in U S Trade Policy written by Thomas O. Bayard and published by Peterson Institute for International Economics. This book was released on 1994 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Should the United States use retaliatory threats to open foreign markets or deter unfair trading practices? This study reexamines the arguments for and against reciprocity and retaliatory threats in light of actual experience since early 1975, especially the United States' aggressive use of the section 301, special 301, and super 301 provisions of US trade law, which gives the president broad authority to retaliate against "unjustifiable, unreasonable, or discriminatory" foreign trade practices. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these policies and the circumstances under which they are likely to succeed or fail. The study contains an empirical assessment of all section 301 cases concluded between 1975 and 1993. It also provides detailed case studies of various trade conflicts, including the super 301 negotiations involving Japan, Brazil, India, Taiwan, and Korea, financial services disputes with Japan and the European Union, the US-EU conflict over oilseeds, and the US-Japan beef and citrus negotiations. It concludes with an assessment of how the world trading system will change in the aftermath of the Uruguay Round of multilateral negotiations and why it is necessary and desirable for US policy to move from aggressive unilateralism to a strategy of aggressive multilateralism.

Download or read book Reparation Reciprocity in Relation to Retaliation Retribution Some Perspectives written by L. C. G. Douwes Dekker and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Reciprocity and Retaliation written by Thomas O. Bayard and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Provocation and Probability of Retaliation written by Lorene T. Ethridge and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Retaliation and Reciprocity in Ancient Law written by Francesco Parisi and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Information Respecting Reciprocity and the Existing Treaties written by John A. Kasson and published by . This book was released on 1901 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Reciprocity Dilemma written by Carolyn Rhodes-Jones and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Retaliatory Duties written by H. Dietzel and published by . This book was released on 1906 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fairness and Retaliation the Economics of Reciprocity written by Ernst Fehr and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book How International Law Works written by Andrew T. Guzman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Filling a conspicuous gap in the legal literature, Andrew T. Guzman's How International Law Works develops a coherent theory of international law and applies that theory to the primary sources of law, treaties, customary international law, and soft law. Starting where most non-specialists start, Guzman looks at how a legal system without enforcement tools can succeed. If international law is not enforced through coercive tools, how is it enforced at all? And why would states comply with it?--Publisher.

Download or read book The Evolution of Cooperation written by Robert Axelrod and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2009-04-29 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A famed political scientist's classic argument for a more cooperative world We assume that, in a world ruled by natural selection, selfishness pays. So why cooperate? In The Evolution of Cooperation, political scientist Robert Axelrod seeks to answer this question. In 1980, he organized the famed Computer Prisoners Dilemma Tournament, which sought to find the optimal strategy for survival in a particular game. Over and over, the simplest strategy, a cooperative program called Tit for Tat, shut out the competition. In other words, cooperation, not unfettered competition, turns out to be our best chance for survival. A vital book for leaders and decision makers, The Evolution of Cooperation reveals how cooperative principles help us think better about everything from military strategy, to political elections, to family dynamics.

Download or read book FARINESS AND RETALIATION THE ECONOMICS OF RECIPROCITY written by Ernst FEHR and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Crimes And Punishments written by Robert Z Lawrence and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2003-10-15 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the unique aspects of the WTO as an international organization is that it authorizes members to retaliate against violations by raising tariffs. These authorizations have become increasingly common and increasingly controversial. In this analysis of the retaliation system, Robert Lawrence considers the guiding principles that govern responses to WTO violations, examines how these principles are implemented in practice, and considers options for reform.

Download or read book Belligerent Reprisals from Enforcement to Reciprocity written by Francesco Romani and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-12-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book In Place of Inter state Retaliation written by William Phelan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike many other trade regimes, the European Union forbids the use of inter-state retaliation to enforce its obligations, and rules out the use of common 'escape' mechanisms such as anti-dumping between the EU member states. How does the EU do without these mechanisms that appear so vital to the political viability of other international trade regimes, including the World Trade Organization? How, therefore, is the European legal order, with the European Court of Justice at its centre, able to be so much more binding and intrusive than the legal obligations of many other trade regimes? This book puts forward a new explanation of a key part of the European Union's legal system, emphasising its break with the inter-state retaliation mechanisms and how Europe's special form of legal integration is facilitated by intra-industry trade, parliamentary forms of national government, and European welfare states. It argues first that the EU member states have allowed the enforcement of EU obligations by domestic courts in order to avoid the problems associated with enforcing trade obligations by constant threats of trade retaliation. It argues second that the EU member states have been able to accept such a binding form of dispute settlement and treaty obligation because the policy adjustments required by the European legal order were politically acceptable. High levels of intra-industry trade reduced the severity of the economic adjustments required by the expansion of the European market, and inclusive and authoritative democratic institutions in the member states allowed policy-makers to prioritise a general interest in reliable trading relationships even when policy changes affected significant domestic lobbies. Furthermore, generous national social security arrangements protected national constituents against any adverse consequences arising from the expansion of European law and the intensification of the European market. The European legal order should therefore be understood as a legalized dispute resolution institution well suited to an international trade and integration regime made up of highly interdependent parliamentary welfare states.