Download or read book Reactive Transport Modelling of CO2 Storage in Saline Aquifers to Elucidate Fundamental Processes Trapping Mechanisms and Sequestration Partitioning written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultimate fate of CO2 injected into saline aquifers for environmental isolation is governed by three interdependent yet conceptually distinct processes: CO2 migration as a buoyant immiscible fluid phase, direct chemical interaction of this rising plume with ambient saline waters, and its indirect chemical interaction with aquifer and cap-rock minerals through the aqueous wetting phase. Each process is directly linked to a corresponding trapping mechanism: immiscible plume migration to hydrodynamic trapping, plume-water interaction to solubility trapping, and plume-mineral interaction to mineral trapping. In this study, reactive transport modeling of CO2 storage in a shale-capped sandstone aquifer at Sleipner has elucidated and established key parametric dependencies of these fundamental processes, the associated trapping mechanisms, and sequestration partitioning among them during consecutive 10-year prograde (active-injection) and retrograde (post-injection) regimes. Intra-aquifer permeability structure controls the path of immiscible CO2 migration, thereby establishing the spatial framework of plume-aquifer interaction and the potential effectiveness of solubility and mineral trapping. Inter-bedded thin shales--which occur at Sleipner--retard vertical and promote lateral plume migration, thereby significantly expanding this framework and enhancing this potential. Actual efficacy of these trapping mechanisms is determined by compositional characteristics of the aquifer and cap rock: the degree of solubility trapping decreases with increasing formation-water salinity, while that of mineral trapping is proportional to the bulk concentration of carbonate-forming elements--principally Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, and Al. In the near-field environment of Sleipner-like settings, 80-85% by mass of injected CO2 remains and migrates as an immiscible fluid phase, 15-20% dissolves into formation waters, and less than 1% precipitates as carbonate minerals. This partitioning defines the relative effectiveness of hydrodynamic, solubility, and mineral trapping on a mass basis. Seemingly inconsequential, mineral trapping has enormous strategic significance: it maintains injectivity, delineates the storage volume, and improves cap-rock integrity. We have identified four distinct mechanisms: dawsonite [NaAlCO3(OH)2] cementation occurs throughout the intra-aquifer plume, while calcite-group carbonates [principally, (Fe, Mg, Ca)CO3] precipitate via disparate processes along lateral and upper plume margins, and by yet another process within inter-bedded and cap-rock shales. The coupled mineral dissolution/precipitation reaction associated with each mechanism reduces local porosity and permeability. For Sleipner-like settings, the magnitude of such reduction for dawsonite cementation is near negligible; hence, this process effectively maintains initial CO2 injectivity. Of similarly small magnitude is the reduction associated with formation of carbonate rind along upper and lateral plume boundaries; these processes effectively delineate the CO2 storage volume, and for saline aquifers anomalously rich in Fe-Mg-Ca may partially self-seal the plume. Porosity and permeability reduction is most extreme within shales, because their clay-rich mineralogy defines bulk Fe-Mg concentrations much greater than those of saline aquifers. In the basal cap-rock shale of our models, these reductions amount to 4.5 and 13%, respectively, after the prograde regime. During the retrograde phase, residual saturation of immiscible CO2 maintains the prograde extent of solubility trapping while continuously enhancing that of mineral trapping. At the close of our 20-year simulations, initial porosity and permeability of the basal cap-rock shale have been reduced by 8 and 22%, respectively. Extrapolating to hypothetical complete consumption of Fe-Mg-bearing shale minerals (here, 10 vol.% Mg-chlorite) yields an ultimate reduction of about 52 and 90%, respectively, after 130 years. Hence, the most crucial strategic impact of mineral trapping in Sleipner-like settings: it continuously improves hydrodynamic seal integrity of the cap rock and, therefore, containment of the immiscible plume and solubility trapped CO2.
Download or read book Reactive Transport Modeling written by Yitian Xiao and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teaches the application of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for subsurface systems in order to expedite the understanding of the behavior of complex geological systems This book lays out the basic principles and approaches of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for surface and subsurface environments, presenting specific workflows and applications. The techniques discussed are being increasingly commonly used in a wide range of research fields, and the information provided covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and how to apply techniques in specific areas. The need for RTM in engineered facilities, such as nuclear waste repositories or CO2 storage sites, is ever increasing, because the prediction of the future evolution of these systems has become a legal obligation. With increasing recognition of the power of these approaches, and their widening adoption, comes responsibility to ensure appropriate application of available tools. This book aims to provide the requisite understanding of key aspects of RTM, and in doing so help identify and thus avoid potential pitfalls. Reactive Transport Modeling covers: the application of RTM for CO2 sequestration and geothermal energy development; reservoir quality prediction; modeling diagenesis; modeling geochemical processes in oil & gas production; modeling gas hydrate production; reactive transport in fractured and porous media; reactive transport studies for nuclear waste disposal; reactive flow modeling in hydrothermal systems; and modeling biogeochemical processes. Key features include: A comprehensive reference for scientists and practitioners entering the area of reactive transport modeling (RTM) Presented by internationally known experts in the field Covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and hands-on examples for applying techniques in specific areas Teaches readers to appreciate the power of RTM and to stimulate usage and application Reactive Transport Modeling is written for graduate students and researchers in academia, government laboratories, and industry who are interested in applying reactive transport modeling to the topic of their research. The book will also appeal to geochemists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists, earth scientists, environmental engineers, and environmental chemists.
Download or read book Reactive Transport Modeling of Geologic CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifers written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, we address a series of fundamental questions regarding the processes and effectiveness of geologic CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers. We begin with the broadest: what is the ultimate fate of CO2 injected into these environments? Once injected, it is immediately subject to two sets of competing processes: migration processes and sequestration processes. In terms of migration, the CO2 moves by volumetric displacement of formation waters, with which it is largely immiscible; by gravity segregation, which causes the immiscible CO2 plume to rise owing to its relatively low density; and by viscous fingering, owing to its relatively low viscosity. In terms of sequestration, some fraction of the rising plume will dissolve into formation waters (solubility trapping); some fraction may react with formation minerals to precipitate carbonates (mineral trapping); and the remaining portion eventually reaches the cap rock, where it migrates up-dip, potentially accumulating in local topographic highs (structural trapping). Although this concept of competing migration/sequestration processes is intuitively obvious, identifying those sub-processes that dominate the competition is by no means straightforward. Hence, at present there are large uncertainties associated with the ultimate fate of injected CO2 (Figure 1). Principal among these: can a typical shale cap rock provide a secure seal? Because gravity segregation will always keep the immiscible CO2 plume moving towards the surface, caprock integrity is the single most important variable influencing isolation security. An extremely thick shale cap rock exists at Sleipner (several 100 m); here, however, we examine the performance of a 25-m-thick cap, which is more representative of the general case. Although the cap rock represents the final barrier to vertical CO2 migration, what is the effect of intra-aquifer permeability structure? Because this structure directs the path of all CO2 migration processes within the target formation, it will effectively determine the spatial extent of plume-aquifer interaction, and thereby exert a controlling influence on all sequestration processes. Here, we consider three common settings: a homogeneous saline aquifer, one with inter-bedded laterally continuous shales (continuum representation of microfractured shales), and one with inter-bedded laterally discontinuous shales (discrete representation of lateral facies changes). For each configuration, we examine the unique character of immiscible CO2 migration paths, describe the dependent location, timing, and extent of associated solubility and mineral trapping, and detail the relative partitioning of injected CO2 among the immiscible plume, formation waters, and carbonate precipitates. While intra-aquifer permeability structure establishes the spatial framework of plume-aquifer interaction, the effectiveness of solubility and mineral trapping within this setting is largely determined by compositional characteristics of the aquifer and (if present) its inter-bedded shales. Here, we focus on Sleipner, where the saline aquifer consists of unconsolidated impure quartz sand saturated with a seawater-like aqueous phase, and there is strong evidence of thin interbedded shales. Based on our modeling results for this environment, we infer the effect of varying fluid composition from dilute to saline to brine, and the effect of varying sand and shale mineralogy within relevant limits. In addition, we describe those compositional characteristics required to maximize solubility and mineral trapping for a given permeability configuration. We also address the fundamental yet infrequently posed question: what happens when CO2 injection is terminated? Hydrologic and geochemical evolution may be very different during the relatively brief ''prograde'' (active-injection) and subsequent long-term ''retrograde'' (postinjection) regimes of geologic sequestration. Most importantly, are prograde trapping mechanisms enhanced or reversed during the retrograde phase (which spans geologic time scales)? We will demonstrate that there are indeed significant differences between prograde and retrograde sequestration.
Download or read book The Handbook of Groundwater Engineering Third Edition written by John H. Cushman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-11-25 with total page 1726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition adds several new chapters and is thoroughly updated to include data on new topics such as hydraulic fracturing, CO2 sequestration, sustainable groundwater management, and more. Providing a complete treatment of the theory and practice of groundwater engineering, this new handbook also presents a current and detailed review of how to model the flow of water and the transport of contaminants both in the unsaturated and saturated zones, covers the protection of groundwater, and the remediation of contaminated groundwater.
Download or read book Fundamental Elements of Geologic C02 Sequestration in Saline Aquifers written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geologic sequestration represents a promising strategy for isolating CO2 waste streams from the atmosphere. Successful implementation of this approach hinges on our ability to predict the relative effectiveness of subsurface CO2 migration and sequestration as a function of key target-formation and cap-rock properties, which will enable us to identify optimal sites and evaluate their long-term isolation performance. Quantifying this functional relationship requires a modeling capability that explicitly couples multiphase flow and kinetically controlled geochemical processes. We have developed a unique computational package that meets these criteria, and used it to model CO2 injection at Statoil's North-Sea Sleipner facility, the world's first saline-aquifer storage site. The package integrates a state-of-the-art reactive transport simulator (NUFT) with supporting geochemical software and databases (SUPCRT92). In our Sleipner study, we have quantified--for the first time--the influence of intra-aquifer shales and aquifer/cap-rock composition on migration/sequestration balance, sequestration partitioning among hydrodynamic, solubility, and mineral trapping mechanisms, and the isolation performance of shale cap rocks. Here, we review the fundamental elements of geologic CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers as revealed from model XSH of our Sleipner study; this model, unlike CSH and DSH, does not address the complicating (yet advantageous) presence of intra-aquifer shales.
Download or read book Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations Results from the CO2 Capture Project written by David C Thomas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-01-03 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade, the prospect of climate change resulting from anthropogenic CO2 has become a matter of growing public concern. Not only is the reduction of CO2 emissions extremely important, but keeping the cost at a manageable level is a prime priority for companies and the public, alike. The CO2 capture project (CCP) came together with a common goal in mind: find a technological process to capture CO2 emissions that is relatively low-cost and able be to be expanded to industrial applications. The Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project outlines the research and findings of all the participating companies and associations involved in the CCP. The final results of thousands of hours of research are outlined in the book, showing a successful achievement of the CCP's goals for lower cost CO2 capture technology and furthering the safe, reliable option of geological storage. The Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project is a valuable reference for any scientists, industrialists, government agencies, and companies interested in a safer, more cost-efficient response to the CO2 crisis.
Download or read book Handbook of Porous Media written by Kambiz Vafai and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-06-23 with total page 946 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Porous Media, Third Edition offers a comprehensive overview of the latest theories on flow, transport, and heat-exchange processes in porous media. It also details sophisticated porous media models which can be used to improve the accuracy of modeling in a variety of practical applications. Featuring contributions from leading experts i
Download or read book Ground Water Reactive Transport Model Cover Page 03 REVISED eBooks End User License Agreement Website 04 Contents 05 Foreword czheng 06 Preface 07 Contributors 08 Chapter 1 Yeh et al HYDROGEOCHEMA 09 Chapter 2 Wheeler et al IPARS FINAL 10 Chapter 3 Xu et al revised TOUGHREACT 11 Chapter 4 Clement et al RT3D 12 Chapter 5 White et al STOMP ECKEChem 13 Chapter 6 Hammond et al PFLOTRAN 14 Chapter 7 Samper et al CORE2D V4 15 Chapter 8 Mayer et al MIN3P 16 Chapter 9 Hao et al NUFT 17 Index written by Fan Zhang and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ground water reactive transport models are useful to assess and quantify contaminant precipitation, absorption and migration in subsurface media. Many ground water reactive transport models available today are characterized by varying complexities, strengths, and weaknesses. Selecting accurate, efficient models can be a challenging task. This ebook addresses the needs, issues and challenges relevant to selecting a ground water reactive transport model to evaluate natural attenuation and alternative remediation schemes. It should serve as a handy guide for water resource managers seeking to ach.
Download or read book Frontiers in Geochemistry written by Russell Harmon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-03-03 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a contribution to the International Year of Planet Earth arising from the 33rd International Geological Congress, held in Oslo, Norway during August 2008. The first section of the book considers aspects of geochemical processes which led to the development of the solid Earth as it is today. The second portion of the book shows how the rapidly-evolving analytical tools and approaches presently used by geochemists may be used to solve emerging environmental and other societal problems. This unique collection of reviews, with contributions from a range of internationally distinguished scientists, will be invaluable reading for advanced students and others interested in the central role geochemistry in the earth sciences.
Download or read book Carbon Capture and Storage written by King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-11-02 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on issues related to a suite of technologies known as “Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS),” which can be used to capture and store underground large amounts of industrial CO2 emissions. It addresses how CCS should work, as well as where, why, and how these technologies should be deployed, emphasizing the gaps to be filled in terms of research and development, technology, regulations, economics, and public acceptance. The book is divided into three parts. The first part helps clarify the global context in which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be analyzed, highlights the importance of fossil-fuel producing and consuming nations in positively driving clean fossil-fuel usage, and discusses the applicability of this technology on a global and regional level in a timely yet responsible manner. The second part provides a comprehensive overview of present and future technologies for the three elements of the CCS chain: CO2 capture, transport, and geological storage. The third part addresses the key drivers for CCS deployment worldwide. It provides analysis and assessment of the economic, regulatory, social, and environmental aspects associated with CCS development and deployment on a global scale. It offers a somewhat different perspective on CCS deployment by highlighting the environmental and socio-economic costs and benefits of CCS solutions compared to alternatives. The book concludes with potential options and guidelines for sustainable and responsible CCS scale-up as a way to address prevailing global energy, environment, and climate concerns.
Download or read book Petroleum Geoscience written by Knut Bjørlykke and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-19 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive textbook presents an overview of petroleum geoscience for geologists active in the petroleum industry, while also offering a useful guide for students interested in environmental geology, engineering geology and other aspects of sedimentary geology. In this second edition, new chapters have been added and others expanded, covering geophysical methods in general and electromagnetic exploration methods in particular, as well as reservoir modeling and production, unconventional resources and practical petroleum exploration.
Download or read book Geochemistry written by Dionisios Panagiotaras and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-05-02 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together the knowledge from a variety of topics within the field of geochemistry. The audience for this book consists of a multitude of scientists such as physicists, geologists, technologists, petroleum engineers, volcanologists, geochemists and government agencies. The topics represented facilitate as establishing a starting point for new ideas and further contributions. An effective management of geological and environmental issues requires the understanding of recent research in minerals, soil, ores, rocks, water, sediments. The use of geostatistical and geochemical methods relies heavily on the extraction of this book. The research presented was carried out by experts and is therefore highly recommended to scientists, under- and post-graduate students who want to gain knowledge about the recent developments in geochemistry and benefit from an enhanced understanding of the dynamics of the earth's system processes.
Download or read book Sustaining Resources for Tomorrow written by Jacqueline A. Stagner and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-14 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reflects the current state of knowledge on sustainability in a wide range of fields, from engineering to agriculture, to education. Though primarily intended to offer an update for experts and researchers in the field, it can also be used as a valuable educational tool for relevant undergraduate and graduate courses. Key aspects covered include the better and more responsible engineering and management of energy conversion processes, the development of renewable energy technologies, and improvements in conventional energy utilization and food production. In addition, the book addresses green buildings, the green economy, waste and recycling, water, ecopolitics and social sustainability.
Download or read book Carbon Capture and Storage written by Amitava Bandyopadhyay and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-04-10 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) refers to a set of technologies and methods for the mitigation, remediation, and storage of industrial CO2 emissions, the most imminent and virile of the greenhouse gases (GHG). The book addresses the methods and technologies currently being applied, developed, and most in need of further research. The book: • Discusses methods of carbon capture in industrial settings • Presents biological and geological approaches to carbon sequestration • Introduces ionic liquids as a method of carbon capture • Introduces new approaches to capturing CO2 from ambient air
Download or read book The American Journal of Science written by Mrs. Gambold and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-01-09 with total page 4238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials, Five Volume Set provides a comprehensive overview, covering research and development on all aspects of renewable, recyclable and sustainable materials. The use of renewable and sustainable materials in building construction, the automotive sector, energy, textiles and others can create markets for agricultural products and additional revenue streams for farmers, as well as significantly reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, manufacturing energy requirements, manufacturing costs and waste. This book provides researchers, students and professionals in materials science and engineering with tactics and information as they face increasingly complex challenges around the development, selection and use of construction and manufacturing materials. Covers a broad range of topics not available elsewhere in one resource Arranged thematically for ease of navigation Discusses key features on processing, use, application and the environmental benefits of renewable and sustainable materials Contains a special focus on sustainability that will lead to the reduction of carbon emissions and enhance protection of the natural environment with regard to sustainable materials
Download or read book Geochemistry written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
