Download or read book Reaction of Calcite and Dolomite with In Situ Gelled Acids Organic Acids and Environmentally Friendly Chelating Agent GLDA written by Ahmed Ibrahim Rabie and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Well stimulation is the treatment remedy when oil/gas productivity decreases to unacceptable economical limits. Well stimulation can be carried out through either "Matrix Acidizing" or fracturing with both "Hydraulic Fracturing" and "Acid Fracturing" techniques. "Matrix Acidizing" and "Acid Fracturing" applications involve injecting an acid to react with the formation and dissolve some of the minerals present and recover or increase the permeability. The permeability enhancement is achieved by creating conductive channels "wormholes" in case of "Matrix Acidizing" or creating uneven etching pattern in case of "Acid Fracturing" treatments. In both cases, and to design a treatment successfully, it is necessary to determine the distance that the live acid will be able to penetrate inside the formation, which in turn, determines the volume of the acid needed to carry out the treatment. This distance can be obtained through lab experiments, if formation cores are available, or estimated by modeling the treatment. The successful model will depend on several chemical and physical processes that take place including: the acid transport to the surface of the rock, the speed of the reaction of the acid with the rock, which is often referred to as "Reaction Rate", and the acid leak-off. The parameters describing these processes such as acid diffusion coefficient and reaction kinetics have to be determined experimentally to ensure accurate and reliable modeling. Hydrochloric acid and simple organic acids such as acetic and citric acids have been used extensively for stimulation treatments. The diffusion and reaction kinetics of these acids, in a straight form, were investigated thoroughly in literature. However, solely these acids are used in a simple form in the field. Acid systems such as gelled, crosslinked gelled, surfactant-based, foam-based, or emulsified acids are used to either retard the reaction rate or to enhance acid diversion. Literature review shows that additional work is needed to understand the reaction and report the diffusion and kinetics of these systems with carbonate. In addition, a new chelating agent (GLDA) was recently introduced as a stand-alone stimulating fluid. The kinetics and the mass transfer properties of this acid were not studied before. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the reaction of different acid systems with calcite and dolomite and report the mass transport and kinetic data experimentally. Lactic acid, a chelating agent (GLDA), and in-situ gelled HCl-formic acids were investigated in this study. In some cases, rheology measurements and core flood experiments were conducted. The data were combined with the reaction study to understand the behavior of these acids and examine their efficiency if injected in the formation. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148152
Download or read book A Comparative Study of Dolomite Dissolution in Simple Organic Acids and Chelating Agents written by Olusegun O Adenuga and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acid treatments have predominantly been conducted using HCl for its availability, high rock dissolving power and soluble reaction products. At high temperatures, rapid spending of the acid with carbonates prevents deeper penetration distance into the formations. Alternative fluids such as acetic and formic acid have lent themselves to retarded reaction rates, low corrosivity and reduced tendency to form acid/oil sludge in asphaltene-rich crudes but for high reaction rate problems. Chelating agents, with the added advantage of complexing with alkali-earth metals in carbonates to form water-soluble products that are thermally stable at high temperature, have been introduced as stimulation fluids. Glutamic acid diacetic acid (GLDA) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) are aminopolycarboxylic acids that were studied. To predict the spending of chelating agents relative to simple organic acids at temperatures between 150 and 250°F, the chemical kinetics of dolomite dissolution in these acid solutions were investigated over different reaction conditions in a rotating disk apparatus. Samples of the reacted acids from the reactor were collected and then analyzed with inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Analyses of the experimental data were carried out to determine kinetic parameters of the heterogeneous reactions needed for matrix stimulation of dolomitic reservoirs. Experimental results indicated that dolomite dissolution rates increased in all the acid solutions as the disk rotational speeds increased at 150, 200, and 250°F. The dissolution of dolomite in 0.886 M GLDA was found to be surface-reaction limited at lower temperatures and mass-transfer limited at highest temperature. GLDA with the lowest reaction rates and relative diffusion coefficient demonstrated retardation before spending with deeper penetration capability for productivity and injectivity improvement. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149415
Download or read book Formation Damage Due to Iron Precipitation in Acidizing Operations and Evaluating GLDA as a Chelating Agent written by Rohit Mittal and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iron control during acidizing plays a key role in the success of matrix treatment. Ferric ion precipitates in the formation once the acid is spent and the pH exceeds 1-2. Precipitation of iron (III) within the formation can cause formation damage. Chelating agents such as EDTA and NTA are usually added to acids to minimize iron precipitation. Drawbacks of these chelating agents include limited solubility in strong acids and poor environmental profile. Hydroxy EDTA was introduced because of its higher solubility in 15 wt% HCl. However, its solubility in 28 wt% HCl is low and it is not readily biodegradable. In this study we studied the formation damage caused by iron precipitation in acidizing operations and tested the chelate L-glutamic acid, N, N-diacetic acid (GLDA). This chelant is soluble in higher concentrations of HCl. It is readily biodegradable, and is an effective iron control agent. A study was conducted to study the concentration of iron at different pHs ranging from 1-4 without the presence of any chelating agent at room temperature. A similar study was conducted in the presence of a chelating agent. To simulate field conditions, coreflood tests were conducted on Indiana Limestone, Austin Chalk and Pink Desert. Tests were conducted with and without the chelant. Samples of core effluent were collected and iron and calcium concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA). The cores were scanned using X-ray before and after acid injection. Results indicated that precipitation of iron can cause serious reduction in core permeability. The chelate was found to be very effective in chelating iron upto 300 degrees F. No permeability reduction was noted when GLDA was added to the acid. Material balance calculations show that significant amount of the iron that was added to the injected acid was produced when GLDA was used. This chelant is effective, environmentally friendly and can used up to 300 degrees F.
Download or read book Le Tr sorier de France ou M moire contenant un pr cis historique de ce qui concerne cet office written by and published by . This book was released on 1780 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Interaction of Fatty Acids with Calcite written by Richard C. Campbell and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Isomorphism Between Calcite Dolomite written by Harry Ward Foote and published by . This book was released on 1914 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effects of Dilute Organic Acids on Calcite Dissolution at 22 C and 105 Pa Total Pressure written by DeMaio. Teresa A. and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effects Of Dilute Organic Acids On Calcite Dissolution At 22 Degrees And 10 5 PA Total Pressure written by Teresa A. DeMaio and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of dilute organic acids on calcite dissolution is important given the abundance of calcite and its importance in controlling surface and ground water geochemistry. The dissolution of calcite in the presence of three organic ligands, citrate, oxalate, and phthalate, has been investigated at 22° C and 10^5 Pa total pressure in a stirred, flow-through reactor. The input fluids were low salinity (I ranged from 0.001 to 0.02), Na-Ca-HCO3-CI solutions having an initial pH of 7.8. The dissolution rate of calcite in a ligand-free solution is essentially linear with respect to log undersaturation. In a purely inorganic solution, the dissolution rate equals 5.95 x 10·13 mol cm^-2 sec^-1 at log (IAP/K) of -1.25 and a surface area of 1890 cm^2/g. Concentrations of the ligands range from 10 to 5000 μm/1. Citrate at a concentration of 50 μm/1 appears to have no effect on calcite dissolution rates. Oxalate, at concentrations of 50 and 100 μm/l, decreases the rate of calcite dissolution. The dissolution rate of calcite in a solution containing 50 μM oxalate at log (IAP/K) -1.25 is approximately 2.60 x 10^-13 mol cm^-2 sec^-1. Phthalate decreases calcite dissolution at low concentrations, i.e., up to 50 μm/l. In some cases, the calcite dissolution rates were decreased to less than 10% of the rates found in the purely inorganic solution. For example, at a concentration of 50 μM phthalate, the calcite dissolution rate was approximately 0.49 x 10^-13 mol cm^-2 sec^-1. The decrease in calcite dissolution at low concentrations is believed due to the ligand complexing with surface dissolution sites. Higher concentrations of phthalate, 100 to 5000 μm/1, actually increase the rate of dissolution relative to changes due to simple IAP/K parameters. At a concentration of 100 μm/l phthalate, the calcite dissolution rate is 3.92 mol cm^-2 sec^-1 x 10^-13 at log (IAP/K) of -1.25. This increase in calcite dissolution is thought to be caused by the destabilization of surface sites. Calcite surfaces were examined by SEM at magnifications up to 4000x. Different organic ligands produce different etch and dissolution features.
Download or read book Biogeochemistry of Chelating Agents written by Bernd Nowack and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chelating agents are in widespread use in technical and industrial applications. They are used extensively to control metal speciation in the pulp and paper industry, in photographical processes, in cooling waters, the oil industry, and in the nuclear industry. Further, they are incorporated into industrial and household cleaners, personal care products, and foodstuffs. As a result of such extensive use, anthropogenic chelating agents are ubiquitous in the environment. Due to their strong interactions with metals they have received considerable attention due to the potential for adverse effects on ecosystems and health. The goal of this book is to bring together researchers from a variety of disciplines - chemistry, environmental chemistry, soil chemistry, microbiology, phytoremediation, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, industry (pulp and paper, textile, oil production) - to present different aspects of the unique chemical properties of these compounds. This book describes the biogeochemistry of these important compounds, from their structure and speciation, through their behavior in natural systems, to their use in enhanced phytoremediation and their removal through biodegradation.
Download or read book Acidizing Fundamentals written by Bert B. Williams and published by Society of Petroleum Engineers. This book was released on 1979-01-01 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Production Chemicals for the Oil and Gas Industry written by Malcolm A. Kelland and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-03-13 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text discusses a wide variety of production chemicals used by the oil and gas industry for down-hole and topside applications both onshore and offshore. It reviews all past and present classes of production chemicals, providing numerous difficult-to-obtain references. Unlike other texts that focus on how products perform in the field, this book focuses on the specific structures of chemicals that are known to deliver the required or desired performance. Where known, it also details the environmental aspects of the chemicals discussed and their success in the field.
Download or read book Oilfield Chemistry written by Caili Dai and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-18 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides comprehensive information on the youngest member of the petroleum sciences family: Oilfield Chemistry, proposes the chemical agents for addressing current problems, and explains the functions, mechanisms and synergistic effects of various chemical agents
Download or read book Chelating Agents and Metal Chelates written by F Dwyer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chelating Agents and Metal Chelates focuses on the structure and properties of metal chelates, as well as bond types, stereochemistry, and optical phenomena. The selection first offers information on historical background and fundamental concepts and the nature of metal-ligand bond. Discussions focus on the structure and stability of metal chelates, bond types and characteristic properties, classes of acceptor metal atoms, and metal-metal bonds in complex compounds. The text also touches on bidentate chelates, design and stereochemistry of multidentate chelating agents, and optical phenomena in metal chelates. The publication ponders on oxidation-reduction potentials as functions of donor atom and ligand and metal chelates of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and related substances. Topics include liquid junction potentials, reversibility, measurement of redox potentials, ethylenediaminetetraacetato chelate couples, and metal chelates of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The text also takes a look at metal chelates in biological systems and physical and coordination chemistry of tetrapyrrole pigments. The manuscript is a vital reference for senior students, research workers, biologists, and medical scientists interested in the chemistry of metal chelates.
Download or read book Production Enhancement with Acid Stimulation written by Leonard Kalfayan and published by Pennwell Books. This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this new second edition, author Leonard Kalfayan has updated his 2001 book on acid stimulation, one of the primary methods for improving productivity of oil, gas, injection, and disposal wells. A properly designed and executed acid job can improve cash flow. Kalfayan offers practical guidelines for acid treatment design by stressing a systematic approach to candidate selection, treatment design, as well as execution and evaluation for improvement in profits and productivity. The new edition includes discussions of modern acid systems and treatment methods with worldwide applications for both carbonate and sandstone formations; new concepts for simplifying and proliferating sandstone acid application; the latest in carbonate matrix and fracture acidizing; more on non-conventional acidizing concepts and acid systems; and more on geothermal well stimulation. As with his original book, readers can find practical, useful acidizing information and gain greater understanding and appreciate of its benefits.
Download or read book Rheology of Dispersions written by Tharwat F. Tadros and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-07-18 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A dispersion is a system of unmixable phases in which one phase is continuous and at least one is finely distributed. Examples are found in many industrial applications, including emulsions, suspensions, foams, and geld. The control of their flow characteristics - rheology - is essential in their preparation, long-term physical stability and application. Filling the need for a practical, up-to-date book connecting the stability/instability of the dispersion to its rheological behavior, this title aids in understanding the principles of rheology and the techniques that can be applied. From the contents: * General Introduction * Interparticle Interactions and Their Combination * Principles of Viscoelastic Behavior * Rheology of Suspensions * Rheology of Emulsions * Rheology of Modifiers, Thickeners, and Gels * Use of Rheological Measurements for Assessment and Prediction of the Long-Term Physical Stability of Formulations (Creaming and Sedimentation)
Download or read book Asphaltene Deposition written by Francisco M. Vargas and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-16 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As global consumption of fossil fuels such as oil increases, previously abundant sources have become depleted or plagued with obstructions. Asphaltene deposition is one of such obstructions which can significantly decrease the rate of oil production. This book offers concise yet thorough coverage of the complex problem of asphaltene precipitation and deposition in oil production. It covers fundamentals of chemistry, stabilization theories and mechanistic approaches of asphaltene behavior at high temperature and pressure. Asphaltene Deposition: Fundamentals, Prediction, Prevention, and Remediation explains techniques for experimental determination of asphaltene precipitation and deposition and different modeling tools available to forecast the occurrence and magnitude of asphaltene deposition in a given oil field. It discusses strategies for mitigation of asphaltene deposition using chemical inhibition and corresponding challenges, best practices for asphaltene remediation, current research, and case studies.
Download or read book Petroleum Production Systems written by Michael J. Economides and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2013 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by four leading experts, this edition thoroughly introduces today's modern principles of petroleum production systems development and operation, considering the combined behaviour of reservoirs, surface equipment, pipeline systems, and storage facilities. The authors address key issues including artificial lift, well diagnosis, matrix stimulation, hydraulic fracturing and sand control. They show how to optimise systems for diverse production schedules using queuing theory, as well as linear and dynamic programming. Throughout, they provide both best practices and rationales, fully illuminating the exploitation of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Updates include: Extensive new coverage of hydraulic fracturing, including high permeability fracturing New sand and water management techniques * An all-new chapter on Production Analysis New coverage of digital reservoirs and self-learning techniques New skin correlations and HW flow techniques
