Download or read book Radiological Dose Assessment Related to Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Generated by the Petroleum Industry written by K. Smith and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A preliminary radiological dose assessment of equipment decontamination, subsurface disposal, landspreading, equipment smelting, and equipment burial was conducted to address concerns regarding the presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in production waste streams. The assessment estimated maximum individual dose equivalents for workers and the general public. Sensitivity analyses of certain input parameters also were conducted. On the basis of this assessment, it is concluded that (1) regulations requiring workers to wear respiratory protection during equipment cleaning operations are likely to result in lower worker doses, (2) underground injection and downhole encapsulation of NORM wastes present a negligible risk to the general public, and (3) potential doses to workers and the general public related to smelting NORM contaminated equipment can be controlled by limiting the contamination level of the initial feed. It is recommended that (1) NORM wastes be further characterized to improve studies of potential radiological doses; (2) states be encouraged to permit subsurface disposal of NORM more readily, provided further assessments support this study's results; (3) further assessment of landspreading NORM wastes be conducted; and (4) the political, economic, sociological, and nonradiological issues related to smelting NORM contaminated equipment be studied to fully examine the feasibility of this disposal option.

Download or read book Dose Assessment for Management Alternatives for NORM contaminated Equipment Within the Petroleum Industry written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contamination of drilling and production equipment by naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) is a growing concern for the petroleum industry and regulators. Large volumes of NORM-contaminated scrap metal are generated by the industry each year. The contamination generally occurs as surface contamination on the interior of water-handling equipment. The source of this contamination is accumulation of by-product wastes, in the form of scale and sludge contaminated with NORM that are generated by extraction processes. The primary radionuclides of concern in petroleum industry NORM-wastes are radium-226 (Ra-226), and radium-228 (Ra-228). These isotopes are members of the uranium-238 and thorium-232 decay series, respectively. The uranium and thorium isotopes, which are naturally present in the subsurface formations from which hydrocarbons are extracted, are largely immobile and remain in the subsurface. The more soluble radium can become mobilized in the formation water and be transported to the surface in the produced water waste stream. The radium either remains in solution or precipitates in scale or sludge deposits, depending on water salinity and on temperature and pressure phase changes. NORM-containing scale consists of radium that has coprecipitated with barium, calcium, or strontium sulfates, and sludge typically consists of radium-containing silicates and carbonates. This assessment is limited to the evaluation of potential radiological doses from management options that specifically involve recycle and reuse of contaminated metal. Doses from disposal of contaminated equipment are not addressed. Radiological doses were estimated for workers and the general public for equipment decontamination and smelting. Results of this assessment can be used to examine policy issues concerning the regulation and management of NORM-contaminated wastes generated by the petroleum industry.

Download or read book Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials written by Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-02-08 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Naturally occurring radionuclides are found throughout the earth's crust, and they form part of the natural background of radiation to which all humans are exposed. Many human activities-such as mining and milling of ores, extraction of petroleum products, use of groundwater for domestic purposes, and living in houses-alter the natural background of radiation either by moving naturally occurring radionuclides from inaccessible locations to locations where humans are present or by concentrating the radionuclides in the exposure environment. Such alterations of the natural environment can increase, sometimes substantially, radiation exposures of the public. Exposures of the public to naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that result from human activities that alter the natural environment can be subjected to regulatory control, at least to some degree. The regulation of public exposures to such technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other regulatory and advisory organizations is the subject of this study by the National Research Council's Committee on the Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials.

Download or read book Nuclear Radioactive Materials in the Oil and Gas Industry written by Khalid Alnabhani and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-08-29 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear Radioactive Materials in the Oil and Gas Industry comprehensively discusses the TENORMs generated from various types of oil and gas processes and their associated adverse human health effects, effective TENORM waste management strategies, and the quantitative risk analysis. The book thoroughly investigates current knowledge, addressing the three main gaps identified in available studies: 1) Exposure to radioactivity, 2) High volume waste as a source of radiation exposure, and 3) A lack of uniform, international safety regulations. This book offers researchers, scientists and graduate and undergraduate students a comprehensive and well-researched reference that covers fundamental concepts, problem identification and solutions development. It is an ideal, comprehensive guideline for professionals involved in the oil and gas and nuclear industries who are concerned about radiological issues. Demystifies NORM and TENORM concepts and redefines TENORM from technical and nuclear scientific perspectives Addresses statistically representative data of quantitative risk assessment and dynamic accident modeling Stresses the need for legislation and consistency of safety standards relating to radiological risks posed by TENORM on health and the environment

Download or read book Overview of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material from the Contemporary Oil and Gas Industry written by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Scientific Committee 5-2 Staff and published by National Council of Teachers of English. This book was released on 2020-04 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Overview of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material from the Contemporary Oil and Gas Industry written by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and published by . This book was released on 2020-04 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Management of Norm Residues written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by International Atomic Energy Agency. This book was released on 2013-07-01 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bulletin on Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM in Oil Gas Production written by American Petroleum Institute. Production Dept and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication is the new edition of the International Basic Safety Standards. The edition is co-sponsored by seven other international organizations European Commission (EC/Euratom), FAO, ILO, OECD/NEA, PAHO, UNEP and WHO. It replaces the interim edition that was published in November 2011 and the previous edition of the International Basic Safety Standards which was published in 1996. It has been extensively revised and updated to take account of the latest finding of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, and the latest recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The publication details the requirements for the protection of people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources. All circumstances of radiation exposure are considered.

Download or read book A Radiological Evaluation of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material NORM Associated with the Production of Crude Petroleum written by Melvin Bryant Hebert and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sources Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2016 Report written by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2017-04-25 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. Scientific findings underpin radiation risk evaluation and international protection standards. This report comprises a report with two underpinning scientific annexes. The first annex recapitulates and clarifies the philosophy of science as well as the scientific knowledge for attributing observed health effects in individuals and populations to radiation exposure, and distinguishes between that and inferring risk to individuals and populations from an exposure. The second annex reviews the latest thinking and approaches to quantifying the uncertainties in assessments of risk from radiation exposure, and illustrates these approaches with application to examples that are highly pertinent to radiation protection.

Download or read book Advances in Petrochemicals written by Vivek Patel and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2015-09-30 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The petrochemical industry is an important area in our pursuits for economic growth, employment generation, and basic needs. It is a huge field that encompasses many commercial petrochemical and polymer-enabled products. The book is designed to help the reader, particularly students and researchers of petroleum science and engineering, to understand synthesis, processing, mechanics, and simulation of the petroleum processes. The selection of topics addressed and the examples, tables, and graphs used to illustrate them are governed, to a large extent, by the fact that this book is aimed primarily at petroleum science and engineering technologists. Undoubtedly, this book contains must read materials for students, engineers, and researchers working in the area of petrochemicals and petroleum and provides valuable insights into the related synthesis, processing, mechanisms, and simulation. This book is concise, self-explanatory, informative, and cost-effective.

Download or read book Bulletin on Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM in Oil Gas Production written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM in Oil and Gas Industry Equipment and Wastes written by United States. Department of Energy and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by IAEA. This book was released on 2007 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of waste characterization and control procedures and equipment as a direct response to ever-increasing requirements for quality and reliability of information on waste characteristics. Failure in control procedures at any step can have important, adverse consequences and may result in producing waste packages which are not compliant with the waste acceptance criteria for disposal, thereby adversely impacting the repository. The information and guidance included in this publication corresponds to recent achievements and reflects the optimum approaches, thereby reducing the potential for error and enhancing the quality of the end product. -- Publisher's description.

Download or read book Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook of Advanced Approaches Towards Pollution Prevention and Control written by Rehab O Abdel Rahman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Advanced Approaches towards Pollution Prevention and Control, Volume Two: Legislative Measures and Sustainability for Pollution Prevention and Control condenses all relevant information on pollution prevention and control in a single source. This handbook (Volume Two of Two) covers the principals of pollution prevention and control technologies, recent advances in pollution prevention, control technologies and their sustainability, modernization in pollution prevention and control technologies for future and next generation of pollution prevention and control technologies. The book is an indispensable resource for researchers and academic staff in chemical and process engineering, safety engineering, environmental engineering, biotechnology, and materials engineering. Provides in-depth information on the principles and advances in pollution prevention and control practices Discusses emerging technologies and processes for advanced pollution prevention and control Presents developments on the use of the assessment models as tools to support the research and applications of different technologies and processes Provides history, fundamentals, state-of-the-art, and future trends Edited by expert team of world-class editors