Download or read book Quasi Fiscal Implications of Central Bank Crisis Interventions written by John Hooley and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2023-06-02 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We develop a stylized balance sheet framework to help identify ‘quasi-fiscal’ components of central bank crisis interventions and show how sources of fiscal risk are created from both the new claims and how they are funded. Combining central bank balance sheet data with survey evidence from intervention announcements, we document the risks to the public sector balance sheet from central banks’ interventions in response to the Covid-19 crisis, including non-conventional lending to the financial and non-financial sectors and large-scale purchases of government securities. Case study analysis indicates that management of fiscal risks from central bank crisis interventions varies greatly across countries, although several good practices can be identified.
Download or read book Quasi Fiscal Implications of Central Bank Crisis Interventions Case Studies written by John Hooley and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2023-06-02 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents case studies of central bank crisis interventions during the Covid-19 and the Global Financial Crises in four jurisdictions (Canada, Chile, the United Kingdom, and the United States). The paper serves as an Annex to the main IMF Working Paper WP/23/114 ‘Quasi-Fiscal Implications of Central Bank Crisis Interventions.’
Download or read book Exiting from Crisis Intervention Policies written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2010-04-02 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper identifies broad principles for exiting from extraordinary and unprecedented crisis-related intervention policies implemented by countries across the globe following the onset of the crisis in the summer of 2007. It responds to the requests of the IMFC and the Board to make Fund advice and views on exiting from crisis-related intervention measures more concrete. Drawing on previous and ongoing work by staff, it mostly focuses on medium and large advanced and emerging market economies, in which interventions have been more substantial.
Download or read book The Cost of Foreign Exchange Intervention written by Gustavo Adler and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-04-12 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The accumulation of large foreign asset positions by many central banks through sustained foreign exchange (FX) intervention has raised questions about its associated fiscal costs. This paper clarifies conceptual issues regarding how to measure these costs both from an ex-post and an ex-ante (relevant for decision making) perspective, and estimates both marginal and total costs for 73 countries over the period 2002-13. We find ex-ante marginal costs for the median emerging market economy (EME) in the inter-quartile range of 2-5.5 percent per year; while ex-ante total costs (of sustaining FX positions) in the range of 0.2-0.7 percent of GDP per year for light interveners and 0.3-1.2 percent of GDP per year for heavy interveners. These estimates indicate that fiscal costs of sustained FX intervention (via expanding central bank balance sheets) are not negligible.
Download or read book Central Bank Finances written by David Archer and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Unconventional Central Bank Measures for Emerging Economies written by Mr.Etienne B. Yehoue and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2009-10-01 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unconventional central bank measures are playing a key policy role for many advanced economies in the 2007-09 global crisis. Are they playing a similar role for emerging economies? Emerging economies have widely used unconventional foreign exchange and domestic short-term liquidity easing measures. Their use of credit easing and quantitative easing measures has been much more limited. Thus, unconventional measures are much less important for emerging economies compared to advanced economies in achieving broader macroeconomic objectives. The difference can be attributed to the relatively limited financial stress in emerging economies, their external vulnerabilities and their limited scope for quasifiscal activities.
Download or read book Central Bank Emergency Support to Securities Markets written by Darryl King and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-07-10 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper considers the central bank mandate with respect to financial stability and identifies the links to the functioning of securities markets. It argues that while emergency support to securities markets is an important part of the crisis management response, a high bar should be set for its use. Importantly, it should be used only as part of a comprehensive policy package. The paper considers what types of securities markets may be important for financial stability, what market conditions could trigger emergency support measures, and how programs can be designed to restore market functioning while minimizing moral hazard.
Download or read book EMDE Central Bank Interventions During COVID 19 to Support Market Functioning written by Mr. Kelly Eckhold and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2024-05-17 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines emerging market and developing economy (EMDE) central bank interventions to maintain financial stability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through empirical analysis and case study reviews, it identifies lessons for designing future programs to address challenges faced in EMDEs, including less-developed financial markets and lower levels of institutional credibility. The focus is on the functioning of the financial markets that are key to maintaining financial stability—money, securities, and FX funding markets. Several lessons emerge, including: (i) objectives should be well-specified and communicated to facilitate eventual exit; (ii) intervention triggers should prioritize liquidity metrics over prices; (iii) actions should be sufficiently large to address market dysfunction; (iv) the risks of fiscal dominance and moral hazard should be minimized; and (v) program design should incentivize self-liquidation by appropriate pricing or through short-term operations that quickly liquidate. While interventions may increase risks to central bank balance sheets, potentially challenging policy solvency and operational independence, a well-designed framework can significantly mitigate these risks.
Download or read book Financial Crises Explanations Types and Implications written by Mr.Stijn Claessens and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-01-30 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reviews the literature on financial crises focusing on three specific aspects. First, what are the main factors explaining financial crises? Since many theories on the sources of financial crises highlight the importance of sharp fluctuations in asset and credit markets, the paper briefly reviews theoretical and empirical studies on developments in these markets around financial crises. Second, what are the major types of financial crises? The paper focuses on the main theoretical and empirical explanations of four types of financial crises—currency crises, sudden stops, debt crises, and banking crises—and presents a survey of the literature that attempts to identify these episodes. Third, what are the real and financial sector implications of crises? The paper briefly reviews the short- and medium-run implications of crises for the real economy and financial sector. It concludes with a summary of the main lessons from the literature and future research directions.
Download or read book Coordination of Monetary and Fiscal Policies written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1998-03-01 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, monetary authorities have increasingly focused on implementing policies to ensure price stability and strengthen central bank independence. Simultaneously, in the fiscal area, market development has allowed public debt managers to focus more on cost minimization. This “divorce” of monetary and debt management functions in no way lessens the need for effective coordination of monetary and fiscal policy if overall economic performance is to be optimized and maintained in the long term. This paper analyzes these issues based on a review of the relevant literature and of country experiences from an institutional and operational perspective.
Download or read book Do Central Banks Need Capital written by Mr.Peter Stella and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1997-07-01 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Central banks may operate perfectly well without capital as conventionally defined. A large negative net worth, however, is likely to compromise central bank independence and interfere with its ability to attain policy objectives. If society values an independent central bank capable of effectively implementing monetary policy, recapitalization may become essential. Proper accounting practice in determining central bank profit or loss and rules governing the transfer of the central bank’s operating result to the treasury are also important. A variety of country-specific central bank practices are reviewed to support the argument.
Download or read book Fiscal Risks Sources Disclosure and Management written by International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2008-05-31 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A number of member countries have expressed interest in advice regarding disclosure and management of fiscal risks (defined as the possibility of deviations of fiscal outcomes from what was expected at the time of the budget or other forecast). This paper analyzes the main sources of fiscal risks and—building on an overview of existing practices in a wide range of countries—provides practical suggestions in this area, including a possible Statement of Fiscal Risks and a set of Guidelines for Fiscal Risk Disclosure and Management.
Download or read book Raising Rates with a Large Balance Sheet The Eurosystem s Net Income and Its Fiscal Implications written by Nazim Belhocine and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2023-07-07 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Eurosystem, having purposefully expanded its footprint in recent years, confronts a period of loss-making as rising policy rates lift the remuneration of bank reserves while assets churn more slowly. This paper projects the net income of the Eurosystem and its “top-five” national central banks over a ten-year horizon, finding that losses, while large, will be temporary and recoupable. The policy conclusions are fourfold. First, the temporary and recoupable nature of the loss-making obviates any need for capital contributions or indemnities from the state, instead allowing losses to be offset against future net income. Second, it must nonetheless be communicated that fiscal impacts will be material, with annual taxes and transfers of 0.1−0.2 percent of GDP giving way to potentially long interruptions in some cases. Third, more-conservative profit distribution policies in the future steady state could help mitigate the on-off pattern of dividends. Finally and most vitally, loss-making must remain orthogonal to monetary policy decision-making, as indeed it is at the ECB. Ultimately, credibility will rest on performance in delivering on the price stability mandate.
Download or read book Contemporary Finance written by Allan M. Malz and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-10-29 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A clear new finance textbook that explains essential models and practices, and how the financial world works now Contemporary Financial Markets and Institutions: Tools and Techniques to Manage Risk and Uncertainty is an ideal introduction to finance for professionals and students. It covers the basic finance theory required to understand the contemporary financial world and builds on it to present finance in a detailed yet comprehensible way. It explains markets and institutions, and the central bank and government policies that influence how they operate. The book begins with an overview of basic finance theory, including investments, asset return behavior, derivatives pricing, and credit risk. It discusses topics that have dominated markets in recent decades, such as extreme events, liquidity, currency and debt crises, and radical changes in monetary policy and regulation. The concepts are presented alongside examples, strange market episodes, and data from recent experience. Contemporary Financial Markets and Institutions covers advanced credit topics like securitization in a straightforward, succinct way, without advanced mathematics, but with detailed examples using real market data. It integrates financial and macroeconomic content seamlessly. The book is suitable for use by undergraduate and graduate students, and by practitioners of all backgrounds. Abundant pedagogical resources in the book and online facilitate pedagogy. Learn the basic concepts and models in finance, including investment, asset pricing, uncertainty and risk, monetary policy and the regulatory system Explore recent developments, from the expansion of central banks to the chaos in commercial banking to changes in financial technology, that are dominating markets worldwide Gain knowledge of risk types, models, and measurement methods, and the impact of regulation Prepare yourself for a successful career in finance, or update your existing knowledge base with this comprehensive reference guide Ideal as a sole or supplementary textbook for beginning and advanced finance courses, as well as for practitioners in finance-related fields, this book takes a unique, market-focused approach that will serve readers well in our turbulent and puzzling times.
Download or read book Australia written by International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2024-01-18 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Australia’s post-pandemic recovery remained strong. However, growth is weakening on the heels of tighter macroeconomic policies and financial conditions. While inflation has peaked, it remains persistently high. Labor market shows signs of easing, and the positive output gap is narrowing. Increased cost of living started to weigh on household consumption. The economy remains resilient in the near term but confronts a secular productivity slowdown. Financial stability risks remain contained although pockets of vulnerability exist and risks of spillovers from global financial conditions have increased since the last Article IV.
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys New Zealand 2024 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2024-05-06 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After a strong recovery from the pandemic, the New Zealand economy has slowed, with higher interest rates weighing on housing construction, and inflation undermining purchasing power and consumption. Monetary policy has tightened significantly since late 2021 and proved efficient at reining in inflation. Better control of government spending is needed to keep fiscal consolidation on track in the short run and restore fiscal space for ageing-related expenditures and the green transition in the long run. New Zealand also faces an investment gap in addressing the needs of a rapidly growing population. Improving competition policies and streamlining the regulatory environment would help revive productivity growth and lift living standards in the long run. As highlighted by the recent OECD PISA study, achievement in school education has declined markedly. Inequality remains high and attendance has dropped. There is an urgent need to improve the curriculum, reform teacher education and strengthen support to teachers and schools to deliver better education outcomes. Adapting to climate change will require maintaining high insurance coverage for climate-related losses as well as changes to land-use planning and a comprehensive long-run energy strategy. The green transition needs a more rigorous cost-benefit assessment of emission reduction options. Special features: Competition, School Education, Climate Change
Download or read book Financial Sector Crisis and Restructuring written by Carl-Johan Lindgren and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An IMF paper reviewing the policy responses of Indonesia, Korea and Thailand to the 1997 Asian crisis, comparing the actions of these three countries with those of Malaysia and the Philippines. Although all judgements are still tentative, important lessons can be learned from the experiences of the last two years.
