Download or read book Quantifying the Influence of Winter Injury on the Carbon Sequestration of Red Spruce Trees in the Northeastern United States written by Alexandra Maya Kosiba and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because winter injury in 2003 was positively and significantly related to plot elevation, we also examined relative changes in red spruce growth for three elevation groups: low (765 m), mid (765-920 m) and high ( 920 m) elevation. Relative growth was below 2002 levels and significantly less for high compared to low elevation groups from 2003-2006, after which growth between these groups was indistinguishable through 2010. In 2007, and continuing through 2010, trees in mid elevation plots exhibited significantly higher growth relative to pre-winter injury levels. Eight years after the winter injury event, mid elevation plots had significantly higher mean cumulative growth than high elevation plots. As of 2010 trees in the high elevation plots continued to show a cumulative C loss -an enduring legacy of the 2003 winter injury event. While we found long-lasting reductions in growth following the 2003 winter injury event, we also discovered an unprecedented upsurge of growth in recent years, particularly in 2009 and 2010.
Download or read book Red Spruce Winter Injury in 2003 written by Brynne Lazarus and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) winter injury is caused by freezing damage that results in late winter reddening and early summer abscission of the most recent foliar age class. Abundant winter injury to the current-year (2002) foliage of red spruce became apparent in the northeastern United States in late winter, 2003. To assess the severity and extent of this damage, we measured foliar winter injury at 28 locations in Vermont and adjacent states and bud mortality at a subset of these sites. Ninety percent of all trees assessed showed some winter injury, and trees lost an average of 46% of a current-year foliage. An average of 32% of buds formed in 2002 were killed in association with winter injury. Both foliar and bud mortality increased with elevation and with crown dominance, and bud mortality increased with greater foliar injury. Foliar injury in 2003 at a plantation near Colebrook, NH, was more than five times typical levels for nine previous years of measurement and more than twice that measured for another high-injury year. Plantation data also indicated that bud mortality in 2003 was greater than previously documented and that repeated winter injury was associated with increased tree mortality. Comparisons of our data with past studies for two native spruce sites also indicated that damage in 2003 was greater than other recently reported high-injury years. Because heavy foliar and bud losses can severely disrupt the carbon economies of trees, the 2003 winter injury event could lead to further spruce decline and mortality, particularly among dominant trees at higher elevations. Understanding the spatial patterns of this injury across the landscape may help support or refute hypotheses regarding causation and highlight areas most at risk for spruce decline and mortality. Relationships between winter injury on dominant and codominant trees and plot elevation, latitude, longitude, slope, and aspect were investigated. Least squares regression showed that injury was greater on west-facing than east-facing plots, was more severe in the western part of the study region, and increased with elevation. Many third and fourth order interactions among the measured variables were also significant using this approach, suggesting the presence of complex spatial relationships. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was used to examine these relationships. This technique was designed to detect spatial nonstationarity (the variation of parameters over space), and to help distinguish effects that are global in scale from those that show localized patterns. The combined analyses detected the following set of spatial patterns: injury increased with elevation; injury increased from east to west across the study region; injury was greatest on steep slopes at high elevations and on shallower slopes at lower elevations; injury increased with degree to which plots faced west, except at the highest elevations, where injury was uniformly severe; and injury increased with degree to which plots faced south, except at the highest elevations in the northern part of the study region, where injury was uniformly severe. Because injury was greater in areas that historically received greater hydrogen ion inputs -- the western part of the study area, on west-facing slopes, and at higher elevations -- the observed pattern of injury supports the hypothesis that acidic deposition acts on a landscape scale to exacerbate winter injury to red spruce.
Download or read book Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States written by Mary B. Adams and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early 1980s there were several published reports of recent, unexplained increases in mortality of red spruce in the Adirondack Mountains and the northern Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States. These reports coincided with documentation of reductions in radial growth of several species of pine in the southeastern United States, and with the severe, rapid, and widespread decline of Norway spruce, silver fir, and some hardwoods in central Europe. In all of these instances, atmospheric deposition was hypothesized as the cause of the decline. (Throughout this volume, we use the term "decline" to refer to a loosely synchronized regional-scale deterioration of tree health which is brought about by a combination of stress factors. These may be biotic or abiotic in nature, and the combinations may differ from site to site. ) Heated public debate about the causes and possible cures for these forest declines ensued. Through the course of this debate, it became clear that information about forest health and air pollution effects on forests was inadequate to meet policymakers' needs. Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States addresses that gap for eastern spruce fir forests and represents the culmination of a great deal of research conducted in recent years. The focus is on red spruce because the decline of red spruce was both dramatic and inexplicable and because of the great amount of information gathered on red spruce.
Download or read book Climate Responses of Red Spruce Picea Rubens Sarg and Its Associated Forest Community Along Elevational Gradients in the Northeastern United States written by Brittany Verrico and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The composition of forest communities and the distributions of individual tree species are both strongly tied to climatic conditions through species-specific physiological tolerances to the abiotic environment. As a result, spatial and temporal variation in climate, both natural and anthropogenically induced, exert strong influence on tree species distributions and their adaptations to local conditions. In order for trees, which are sessile, to persist in a rapidly changing environment, genetic variation and/or phenotypic plasticity must be maintained to facilitate adaptive evolution. While strong local adaptation to current climate has been reported for trees sampled across broad spatial landscapes (e.g., latitude), few studies have investigated microgeographic adaptation, or adaptation occurring within the dispersal neighborhood, despite the common occurrence of tree populations distributed across steep fine-scale environmental gradients (e.g., elevation). Understanding the spatial scale of local adaptation and the capacity for adaptive evolution is a key issue under ongoing climate change, as many forest tree species become exposed to climate conditions outside of their current adaptive optima. In this dissertation, I used multidisciplinary approaches to investigate how climate shapes biodiversity across and within forest tree species. I utilized a long-term forest tree inventory dataset to examine how species composition along an elevational climate gradient in the northeastern United States has responded to anthropogenic environmental change. I found that complex species-specific responses have led to an overall reduction in beta diversity in recent years, yielding a more homogeneous community, with the combined effects of sulphate deposition and warming temperatures being the two main drivers of this change. To assess how intraspecific diversity responds to this elevational climate gradient, I focused on red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), a coniferous tree abundant in high elevation spruce-fir forests of Vermont and other cool, mountainous locales throughout eastern North America. Utilizing population genetic techniques, I found limited genetic structure in red spruce populations along elevational gradients, pointing to extensive gene flow. However, divergent selection between elevations has been strong enough to overcome high gene flow, allowing for local climatic adaptation in quantitative traits such as bud phenology and cold tolerance. Finally, I established a common garden study replicated along an elevational gradient of planting sites to test the spatial scale at which local adaptation to climate and phenotypic plasticity occurs and quantified genetic variation for these processes. Significant heritable genetic variation was found for both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in families collected from fine- and broad-spatial scales for bud phenology and growth-related traits. Using the transfer distance between family source and planting site climates to predict the response of functional traits, I found strong evidence of local adaptation to source climate shaping bud phenology traits among broad-scale families yet impacts of transfer distance on overall early-life fitness were weak at both spatial scales. The magnitude of performance and bud phenology plasticity was similar between spatial scales, and plasticity in phenology traits (from either scale) did not confer a performance advantage. Altogether, this work advances our understanding of how climate influences both the forest and the trees, at timescales spanning decades, and at spatial scales from hundreds of kilometers to the bottom versus the top of the same mountain. Understanding the drivers of forest community structure and the evolutionary mechanisms that trees can implement to counter the effects of a rapidly changing environment are imperative to help predict species responses to future climatic and environmental change.
Download or read book Canadian Journal of Forest Research written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Symptomatology Trend of Tree Condition of Red Spruce Balsam Fir written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States written by Christopher Eagar and published by . This book was released on 1992-06-25 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the recent decline of red spruce and the role of acid rain and associated air pollutants in this decline. The purpose of the book is to summarize a large body of recent research on this important environmental issue. The book is divided into 3 sections: Section I summarizes the features of spruce-fir forests in the Eastern U.S. and examines the ecology of the forests, their soils, and the atmospheric conditions experienced by these forests. Section II looks at experimental results from many air pollution studies and evaluates mechanisms of air pollution effects on red spruce trees. Section III synthesizes the current state of knowledge regarding the widespread red spruce decline in forests of the eastern United States.
Download or read book Measuring the Effects of Freezing Injury on Red Spruce PICEA RUBENS SARG Needles written by Daniel K. Manter and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Red Spruce written by Louis Sutliffe Murphy and published by . This book was released on 1917 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evaluating the Influence of Disturbance and Climate on Red Spruce Picea Rubens Sarg Community Dynamics at Its Southern Range Margin written by Relena Rose Ribbons and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Picea rubens(red spruce) populations experienced a synchronous rangewide decline in growth and vigor starting in the 1960's, which was likely caused by climate change or environmental disturbances (e.g., acid deposition); However, it is yet unknown if populations continue to decline or have recovered. In the context of global warming, red spruce is a species of concern because it is at its southern continuous range margin in Massachusetts. This study uses tree-ring data coupled with population data from permanent plots to quantify the status of red spruce in Massachusetts. Tree cores were extracted from red spruce and used to examine radial growth rates, determine a growth-climate relationship, and document disturbance events. Red spruce at these plots ranged from 90 to 184 years old, and comprised 15 to 29 m2/ha-1 basal area. Over the past 50 years, red spruce has decreased in density, basal area, and relative importance while red maple, yellow birch, and American beech have increased. Red spruce saplings persisted in some plots, but the sapling layer was comprised mostly of American beech or red maple. However, red spruce seedlings were common at red spruce dominant plots indicating that if favorable conditions occur, it could return to its more dominant position in the canopy. Dendroclimatological analyses show that red spruce is sensitive to both temperature and precipitation. Most sites are correlated with temperature, while only two forests were correlated to precipitation. The general temperature response of the red spruce studied was positively correlated with winter temperatures while the general precipitation response was negatively correlated with precipitation. Temporal analysis of the climate-growth response indicates that red spruce here have not had a temporally-stable, climate-growth relationship. Prior to 1960, radial growth was positively correlated with temperatures from November of the previous growing season to January of the current year. After 1960, all sites showed a shift in growth responses consistent with increased summer temperature stress; narrowed tree rings were formed during warm temperatures in July and August. Precipitation remained relatively constant over the past century, while temperatures have increased up to 2°C across the study area. Of the two precipitation-sensitive forests, one forest shifted from being positively correlated with current January precipitation to negatively correlated with previous October precipitation while the second forest showed a strong positive relationship with August precipitation. Because the radial growth of red spruce here are mostly constrained by temperatures, there has been negative growth response to regional warming and precipitation has been stable, I suggest the change in climate response is potentially due to warming and a physiological threshold response to increasing temperatures. Interestingly, disturbance frequency and intensity have increased over the same time period, which could be either a trigger or a response to the shift in the growth-climate relationship.
Download or read book Analyses of Great Smoky Mountain Red Spruce Tree Ring Data written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Last Stand of the Red Spruce written by Robert A. Mello and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the effect of air pollution on forests, explains why the government should take action to stop or reduce acid rain, and assesses the extent of the threat to American forests.
Download or read book Decline and Mortality of Red Spruce in West Virginia Classic Reprint written by Manfred E. Mielke and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-01-09 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Decline and Mortality of Red Spruce in West Virginia Both anthropogenic and natural causes have been implicated in the recent decline of red spruce; however, to date no clear cause and effect relationship has been established. Although documentation of actual amounts of deposition of anthropogenic substances in the eastern United States is sparse, indications are that the mountains of West Virginia receive, on a weighted average, inputs of sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides, acid precipitation and ozone that are among the highest in the eastern United States (husar Therefore, if red Spruce or other forest trees are injured by any of these substances, injury should be evident in West Virginia. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book Evaluating the Potential of Red Spruce Picea Rubens to Persist Under Climate Change Using Historic Provenance Trials written by Wushuang Li and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Red spruce (Picea rubens) is an important species in northeastern North America. Climate change impacts on this species are expected to vary regionally. We use two historic provenance trials to evaluate red spruce's capacity to persist under climate change by analyzing measurements of tree height and diameter in relation to differences between provenance origin climate and test site climate. Within the range of climate differentials, warming did not appear to negatively impact red spruce performance, but cooling did affect performance by reducing height and diameter. Warmer temperatures increased tree size, especially for northern provenances, suggesting red spruce at the northern extent of its range is cold suppressed. Furthermore, changes in frost free period and mean annual temperature significantly impacted tree size. Temperature-related climatic factors had stronger effects than moisture-related factors. Our tests of climatic effects on more southerly provenances were limited by lack of sites south of red spruce's range
Download or read book Decline and Mortality of Red Spruce in West Virginia written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biologic Markers of Air Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-01-01 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is not much question that plants are sensitive to air pollution, nor is there doubt that air pollution is affecting forests and agriculture worldwide. In this book, specific criteria and evaluated approaches to diagnose the effects of air pollution on trees and forests are examined.
Download or read book Root Vitality and Decline of Red Spruce written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
