Download or read book Quantifying the Effect of a Freezethaw Cycle on Soil Erosion written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we quantitatively tested the hypothesis that soil freeze-thaw(FT) processes significantly increase the potential for upland hillslope erosion during runoff events that follow thaw. We selected a frost-susceptible silt to obtain an upper bound on FT effects, and completed three series of six experiments each to quantify differences in soil erodibility and rill development for bare soil following a single FT cycle. Each series represented a specific soil moisture range: 16-18%, 27-30%, and 37-40% by volume, with nominal flow rates of 0.4, 1.2, and 2.4 L/min and slopes of 8 and 15 . Each experiment used two identical soil bins, one a control (C) to remain unfrozen, the other to be frozen and thawed. Standard soil characterization tests did not detect significant differences between the FT and C bins. Experimental results were closely related to conditions of the experiment, imposing a requirement for minimum differences in soil weight, bulk density, and soil moisture through each series. We measured cross-sectional geometry of an imposed straight rectangular rill before each experiment, sediment load during, and rill cross sections after. Changes in cross section provided detailed measures of erosion at specific locations along the rill, while sediment load from time series runoff samples integrated the rill erosion. Several parameters, including average maximum rill width, average maximum rill depth, rill cross-section depth measures, and sediment load all followed similar trends. Each was greater in the FT than in the C, with values that generally increased with slope and flow. However, soil moisture was the only parameter that affected the FT/C relationship. For example, average sediment load grouped by soil moisture provided FT/C ratios of 2.4, 3.0, and 5.0 for low, mid, and high moisture, respectively. In contrast, a "dry" experiment at 4.4 soil moisture had FT/C of 1.02 for sediment load.
Download or read book Quantifying the Effects of Freeze thaw Processes on Riverbank Erosion in the White Clay Creek Watershed Pa written by Zachary Cannon and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Subaerial erosion of riverbank sediments in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States is of particular concern with regard to sediment supply and water quality. One process heretofore understudied in this region that may play a role in erosion is the freezing and thawing of riverbank sediments, a process that occurs repeatedly as a consequence of the region's temperate winters. Over the last two years, observations of needle, segregated, and pore-space ice on riverbanks of the White Clay Creek suggest that the region's silty and sandy soils are prone to riverbank erosion and sediment entrainment related to soil freeze-thaw processes. Prior studies have acknowledged that soil freeze-thaw likely contributes to riverbank erosion but without direct quantification. To better understand the climatic conditions driving these processes and to attempt to quantify their effect on sediment erosion, an array of techniques were employed, including measurement of near-surface temperature and soil water content, erosion pins, and close-range digital photogrammetry surveying to monitor change over days to weeks for two vertical riverbanks. Through the winters of 2017 to 2019, periods of rapid freezing followed by significant thawing of water-saturated banks were repeatedly observed. The applied photogrammetry surveying techniques allowed for topographic models with sufficient resolution to quantify centimeter-scale retreat and expansion over the course of freeze-thaw events, fluxes which were validated by traditional erosion pin surveying measurements. These observations help to quantify the heretofore underestimated importance of soil freeze-thaw processes to an overall sediment budget. Additionally, the techniques presented herein lay the groundwork for further study to examine the contribution of freeze-thaw cycling to overall bank erosion rates for the White Clay Creek.
Download or read book Frequency of freeze thaw cycles bulk density and saturation effects on soil surface shear and aggregate stability in resisting water erosion written by S. N. Asare and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Treatise on Geomorphology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-02-27 with total page 6392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The changing focus and approach of geomorphic research suggests that the time is opportune for a summary of the state of discipline. The number of peer-reviewed papers published in geomorphic journals has grown steadily for more than two decades and, more importantly, the diversity of authors with respect to geographic location and disciplinary background (geography, geology, ecology, civil engineering, computer science, geographic information science, and others) has expanded dramatically. As more good minds are drawn to geomorphology, and the breadth of the peer-reviewed literature grows, an effective summary of contemporary geomorphic knowledge becomes increasingly difficult. The fourteen volumes of this Treatise on Geomorphology will provide an important reference for users from undergraduate students looking for term paper topics, to graduate students starting a literature review for their thesis work, and professionals seeking a concise summary of a particular topic. Information on the historical development of diverse topics within geomorphology provides context for ongoing research; discussion of research strategies, equipment, and field methods, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations reflect the multiple approaches to understanding Earth’s surfaces; and summaries of outstanding research questions highlight future challenges and suggest productive new avenues for research. Our future ability to adapt to geomorphic changes in the critical zone very much hinges upon how well landform scientists comprehend the dynamics of Earth’s diverse surfaces. This Treatise on Geomorphology provides a useful synthesis of the state of the discipline, as well as highlighting productive research directions, that Educators and students/researchers will find useful. Geomorphology has advanced greatly in the last 10 years to become a very interdisciplinary field. Undergraduate students looking for term paper topics, to graduate students starting a literature review for their thesis work, and professionals seeking a concise summary of a particular topic will find the answers they need in this broad reference work which has been designed and written to accommodate their diverse backgrounds and levels of understanding Editor-in-Chief, Prof. J. F. Shroder of the University of Nebraska at Omaha, is past president of the QG&G section of the Geological Society of America and present Trustee of the GSA Foundation, while being well respected in the geomorphology research community and having won numerous awards in the field. A host of noted international geomorphologists have contributed state-of-the-art chapters to the work. Readers can be guaranteed that every chapter in this extensive work has been critically reviewed for consistency and accuracy by the World expert Volume Editors and by the Editor-in-Chief himself No other reference work exists in the area of Geomorphology that offers the breadth and depth of information contained in this 14-volume masterpiece. From the foundations and history of geomorphology through to geomorphological innovations and computer modelling, and the past and future states of landform science, no "stone" has been left unturned!
Download or read book Zeolites in Industrial Separation and Catalysis written by Santi Kulprathipanja and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-01-26 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first book to offer a practical overview of zeolites and their commercial applications provides a practical examination of zeolites in three capacities. Edited by a globally recognized and acclaimed leader in the field with contributions from major industry experts, this handbook and ready reference introduces such novel separators as zeolite membranes and mixed matrix membranes. The first part of the book discusses the history and chemistry of zeolites, while the second section focuses on separation processes. The third and final section treats zeolites in the field of catalysis. The three sections are unified by an examination of how the unique properties of zeolites allow them to function in different capacities as an adsorbent, a membrane and as a catalyst, while also discussing their impact within the industry.
Download or read book Advances in Agronomy written by Donald L. Sparks and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-03-02 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Agronomy continues to be recognized as a leading reference and a first-rate source for the latest research in agronomy. As always, the subjects covered are varied and exemplary of the myriad of subject matter dealt with by this long-running serial. Maintains the highest impact factor among serial publications in agriculture Presents timely reviews on important agronomy issues Enjoys a long-standing reputation for excellence in the field
Download or read book Roadside Revegetation written by David E. Steinfeld and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Native plants are a foundation of ecological function, affecting soil conservation, wildlife habitat, plant communities, invasive species, and water quality. Establishing locally-adapted, self-sustaining plant communities can also support transportation goals for safety and efficiency. Past obstacles to establishing native plant communities on roadsides have been technical, informational, and organizational. Effective strategies and practical techniques for revegetating the disturbed conditions with limited resources must be made available to practitioners. Multiple disciplines, ranging from engineering to soil science, ecology, botany, and wildlife science, must be able to work cooperatively, not in isolation. This report offers an integrated approach to facilitate the successful establishment of native plants along roadsides and other areas of disturbance associated with road modifications. It guides readers through a comprehensive process of: 1) initiating, 2) planning, 3) implementing, and 4) monitoring a roadside revegetating project with native plants.
Download or read book Effects of Freeze thaw Cycles and Incorporated Residue on Rill Erosion written by P.A. Frame and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quantifying the On site Impact of Soil Erosion written by Michael Stocking and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Overland Erosion Due to Freeze thaw Cycling written by Lawrence W. Gatto and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Introduction to Frozen Ground Engineering written by Orlando B. Andersland and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frozen Ground Engineering first introduces the reader to the frozen environment and the behavior of frozen soil as an engineering material. In subsequent chapters this information is used in the analysis and design of ground support systems, foundations, and embankments. These and other topics make this book suitable for use by civil engineering students in a one-semester course on frozen ground engineering at the senior or first-year-graduate level. Students are assumed to have a working knowledge of undergraduate mechanics (statics and mechanics of materials) and geotechnical engineering (usual two-course sequence). A knowledge of basic geology would be helpful but is not essential. This book will also be useful to advanced students in other disciplines and to engineers who desire an introduction to frozen ground engineering or references to selected technical publications in the field. BACKGROUND Frozen ground engineering has developed rapidly in the past several decades under the pressure of necessity. As practical problems involving frozen soils broadened in scope, the inadequacy of earlier methods for coping became increasingly apparent. The application of ground freezing to geotechnical projects throughout the world continues to grow as significant advances have been made in ground freezing technology. Freezing is a useful and versatile technique for temporary earth support, groundwater control in difficult soil or rock strata, and the formation of subsurface containment barriers suitable for use in groundwater remediation projects.
Download or read book Soil Freeze Thaw Effects on Bank Erosion and Stability Connecticut River Field Site Norfolk Vermont written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bank recession resulting from surficial erosion and mass failure is a consequence of hydraulic forces and geotechnical processes. One important set of geotechnical processes in regions where seasonal frost forms is soil freeze-thaw (FT) cycling and associated ground-ice growth and melt. In cold regions soil FT processes usually cause more bank recession annually than other processes. The magnitude of FT effects is variable, depending on soil type, water content, and freezing rate. The banks along the Connecticut River at Norwich, Vermont are unstable and receding in certain locations. A 40-m-long segment of unstable east-facing bank was selected for intensive monitoring along with nearby north- and south-facing bank locations. This technical note documents our field observations, measurements, and analysis encompassing three years of monitoring. Our data acquisition equipment, focusing on FT processes, was installed in November through December 2002, and data collection continued through July 2005. The primary purposes of the field program were to evaluate: 1) the depth and duration of soil FT, and the effect of orientation and soil moisture on these parameters, 2) the effects of FT on soil strength and erosional processes, 3) the timing and depth of any slope failures of the east-facing bank, and 4) the hypothesis of soil FT as a primary contributor to slope failure. Results indicate that bank orientation and soil moisture can have dramatic effects on the depth, extent, and duration of soil freezing. FT of the monitored banks generally affected the soil to a depth of 0.75 m below the surface. The shallow nature of the bank erosion at this site is consistent with FT weakening of near surface soils. Subsequent rainfall and runoff are then able to readily move these sediments down slope causing progressive bank recession.
Download or read book Landslide Hazards in Alpine Region Mechanics and Mitigation written by Yun Zheng and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-01 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Freeze thaw Cycles on Soil Respiration and Nitrogen Dynamics as In fluenced by Soil Structure Aggregate Size and Water Content written by Bangwei Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of soil structure and aggregation in influencing soil respiration and N dynamics in soils undergoing freeze-thaw cycles, as influenced by water content, is poorly known. Surface soil with a texture of sandy loam was collected from an agriculture field in Atlantic Canada. Two studies were undertaken. The first study determined the influence of soil structure (whole / crushed soil) and water content (35%, 60%, and 85% water-filled pore space) on soil respiration and nitrogen dynamics during freezing and thawing of the soil. The second study determined the role of different aggregate size fractions (0~0.25, 0.25~4, and 4~8 mm) on the freeze-thaw effect. The research found microbial metabolism is more limited by environmental conditions than by the substrate availability. Crushing altered structural characteristics and caused changes in substrate solubilization and / or microbial utilization of substrates during freezing and thawing. Furthermore, freezing and thawing did not influence the denitrification of the whole soil, but enhanced denitrification in soils where aggregates were crushed. At 60% WFPS, the interaction among aggregate crushing and freeze-thaw increased denitrification. Also, the impact of freeze-thaw was greater on soil respiration and N mineralization in medium size aggregates (0.25~4mm). Freezing and thawing improved de-nitrification in aggregates on all three size fractions. This project provided new information on the effects of freeze-thaw on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics as influenced by soil structure and water content. This information will be critical in assessing the impact of climate change in soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in temperate regions.
Download or read book Soil Freeze thaw Effects on Bank Erosion and Stability written by Lawrence W. Gatto and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Soil Freeze thaw Effects on Bank Erosion and Stability written by Michael G. Ferrick and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of a Freeze thaw Cycle on the Dry Bulk Density of a Soil written by Robert George Cessford and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary purpose of this investigation was to examine one aspect of the compaction problem, viz. the effect of a freeze-thaw cycle on the bulk density of a soil. Moisture content, temperature (freezing rate) and initial density were parameters considered in the project. A moisture-density meter was designed and built for the purpose of measuring bulk density and moisture content non-destructively. Analysis of variance and multiple regression techniques were used to analyze the data. The following results and conclusions were obtained: 1. Non-destructive measurement of soil bulk density and moisture content was achieved using a dual energy gamma transmission technique. 2. Significant density changes were caused by an interaction of the parameters temperature x initial density. 3. Density changes due to the levels of the factors considered in the experiment were small, indicating little loosening of compacted soil during a freeze-thaw cycle. 4. Prediction of density responses in the field would not be possible on the basis of results obtained in this experiment.
