Download or read book Python Testing with Selenium written by Sujay Raghavendra and published by Apress. This book was released on 2021-01-28 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Implement different testing techniques using Selenium WebDriver with the Python programming language. This quick reference provides simple functional test cases with a syntax-based approach for Selenium WebDriver. You’ll begin by reviewing the basics of Selenium WebDriver and its architectural design history and then move on to the configuration and installation of Selenium library for different web browsers, including the basic commands needed to start test scripts in various browsers. You’ll review action commands of keyboard and mouse for testing user interactions in a web page and see how hyperlinks are tested. The book also examines various web elements using eight different locators provided by Selenium to help you choose the one best suited to your needs. All Python scripts are ready to test real examples, all of which are explained thoroughly with problem statements. You’ll use different Python design patterns to automate test scripts that can be incorporated with Selenium. In the end, Python Testing with Selenium will provide you with the expertise to write your own test cases in future. What You’ll Learn Install and configure Selenium WebDriver with Python for different web-browsers Review basic commands of Selenium Locate web elements Work with UI based web elements Assert web elements and handle exceptions Write test scripts in Page Object Model Write test cases with Unittest framework Who This Book Is For Python developers/testers who want to test their web applications

Download or read book Learning Selenium Testing Tools with Python written by Unmesh Gundecha and published by . This book was released on 2014-12-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you are a quality testing professional, or a software or web application developer looking to create automation test scripts for your web applications, with an interest in Python, then this is the perfect guide for you. Python developers who need to do Selenium testing need not learn Java, as they can directly use Selenium for testing with this book.

Download or read book Python Testing with Selenium written by Sujay Raghavendra and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Implement different testing techniques using Selenium WebDriver with the Python programming language. This quick reference provides simple functional test cases with a syntax-based approach for Selenium WebDriver. You'll begin by reviewing the basics of Selenium WebDriver and its architectural design history and then move on to the configuration and installation of Selenium library for different web browsers, including the basic commands needed to start test scripts in various browsers. You'll review action commands of keyboard and mouse for testing user interactions in a web page and see how hyperlinks are tested. The book also examines various web elements using eight different locators provided by Selenium to help you choose the one best suited to your needs. All Python scripts are ready to test real examples, all of which are explained thoroughly with problem statements. You'll use different Python design patterns to automate test scripts that can be incorporated with Selenium. In the end, Python Testing with Selenium will provide you with the expertise to write your own test cases in future. What You'll Learn Install and configure Selenium WebDriver with Python for different web-browsers Review basic commands of Selenium Locate web elements Work with UI based web elements Assert web elements and handle exceptions Write test scripts in Page Object Model Write test cases with Unittest framework Who This Book Is For Python developers/testers who want to test their web applications.

Download or read book Test Driven Development with Python written by Harry Percival and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2017-08-02 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By taking you through the development of a real web application from beginning to end, the second edition of this hands-on guide demonstrates the practical advantages of test-driven development (TDD) with Python. You’ll learn how to write and run tests before building each part of your app, and then develop the minimum amount of code required to pass those tests. The result? Clean code that works. In the process, you’ll learn the basics of Django, Selenium, Git, jQuery, and Mock, along with current web development techniques. If you’re ready to take your Python skills to the next level, this book—updated for Python 3.6—clearly demonstrates how TDD encourages simple designs and inspires confidence. Dive into the TDD workflow, including the unit test/code cycle and refactoring Use unit tests for classes and functions, and functional tests for user interactions within the browser Learn when and how to use mock objects, and the pros and cons of isolated vs. integrated tests Test and automate your deployments with a staging server Apply tests to the third-party plugins you integrate into your site Run tests automatically by using a Continuous Integration environment Use TDD to build a REST API with a front-end Ajax interface

Download or read book Selenium Testing Tools Cookbook written by Unmesh Gundecha and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2012-11-23 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a cookbook packed with code examples and step-by-step instructions to ease your learning curve. This book is intended for software quality assurance/testing professionals, software project managers, or software developers with prior experience in using Selenium and Java for testing web-based applications. This book also provides examples for C#, Python, and Ruby users.

Download or read book Science of Selenium written by Kalilur Rahman and published by BPB Publications. This book was released on 2019-12-10 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Step-by-step guide to understand key concepts for Selenium Automation using examples to shine in your interview for test automation roles DESCRIPTION Software Engineering has taken massive strides with a multitude of technology innovations. With several changes being introduced Ð development of products and their integration into the market Ð understanding of mobile devices and user interface channels across a plethora of platforms is getting complex day by day. In addition, since the process or procedures of software testing for products and applications can become an act of boiling the ocean, the role of test automation is crucial while dealing with such challenges. This book aims to equip you with just enough knowledge of Selenium in conjunction with concepts you need to master to succeed in the role of Selenium Automation Engineer. It is the most widely used test automation tool and a much sought-after automated testing suite, by automation engineers who are equipped with technical expertise and analytical skills, for web applications across different browsers and platforms.ÊÊ The book starts with a brief introduction to the world of automation and why it is important, succinctly covering the history of Selenium and the capabilities it offers. In this book, you will learn how to do simple Selenium-based automation with examples and understand the progressive complexity of some key features. Before diving deep into advanced concepts such as Page Object Models, Test Automation Framework and Cross Browser testing, you will grasp comprehensive knowledge of several concepts related to Java, Python, JavaScript and Ruby programming languages. In addition, concepts on Selenium Web Driver, Grid and use of Selenium Locators, IDEs and tools to build complex test automation framework are also explained with practical examples. Each chapter has a set of key concepts and questions that one may face during interviews.Ê KEY FEATURES Acquire Selenium skills to do independent test automation projects Learn the basics of Selenium Web Driver for test automation using Selenium Understand Page Object Model, including how and when they're used in test automation Understand the approach for building a test automation framework Build Selenium test automation scripts using various languages Ð Java, Python, JavaScript/Node JS and Ruby Learn how to report and integrate with CI tools for test automationÊ Get some professional tips for handing interviews and test automation approach Implement cross-browser testing scenarios using Selenium Grid and commercial tools and services WHAT WILL YOU LEARN By the end of the book, you will find several examples to help ignite your understanding and usage of Selenium across a myriad of languages and frameworks. With this, youÕll be able to put your knowledge to practice and solve real-life test automation challenges such as testing a web site, mobile application and leveraging tools available for fast-tracking your test automation approach. You can also choose to practice additional examples provided in the code bundle of the book to master the concepts and techniques explained in this book. WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR The book is intended for anyone looking to make a career in test automation using Selenium, all aspiring manual testers who want to learn the most powerful test automation framework Ð Selenium and associated programming languages Ð or working professionals who want to switch their career to testing. While no prior knowledge of Selenium, test automation or related technologies is assumed, it will be helpful to have some programming experience to understand the concepts explained in this book.Ê Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Test Automation 2. Introduction to SeleniumÊ 3. Understanding Selenium Architecture 4. Understanding Selenium Tools 5. Understanding Web UIÊ 6. Web UI Automation with Selenium Using Java & Python 7. Selenium Coding with Other Languages Ð Ruby & JavaScript 8. Building a Test Automation Framework with Selenium 9. Advanced Features of Selenium Using Java & Python 10. Cross-Browser Test Automation 11. Tips and Tricks for Test Automation 12. Interview Tips

Download or read book Selenium with Python A Beginner s Guide written by Sharma Pallavi R and published by BPB Publications. This book was released on 2019-11-04 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Step by step directions to get started with Selenium using Python as a programming languageKey features Get introduced to the world of Selenium Understand the concept of locators in Selenium Learn how to write scripts using Selenium WebDriver in Python Learn the concepts of synchronization Learn how to handle different HTML elements like form, table, alert, frame, and dropdown Learn about design patterns like the page object model, data-driven tests, and adding assertionsDescriptionSelenium is the most popular open source test automation tool available in the market. In the last decade, its usage has dramatically increased in the IT sector across all types of organizations. The reason for its popularity is mainly because it supports multiple programming languages, test executions on multiple browsers and operating systems. In this book, we will learn about the different components of Selenium. We will discuss the concepts of WebDriver and learn how to apply test automation concepts with it to automate the testing of our application. We will learn the process of recognizing the test objects on the screen and writing Selenium commands using Python as a programming languageWe will also discuss how to use design patterns like the page object mode and data-driven testing to ensure building a robust test framework, which is modular and scalable in nature. What will you learnThe objective is to introduce the world of Selenium to a manual tester who knows Python as a programming language. You will learn to demystify the concept of identifying test objects and writing Selenium commands to create robust test scripts. This book will help learn to automate different HTML elements, which we come across in the web applications we need to test. You will understand how to build a good test suite by learning the concept of design patterns like the page object model and data-driven tests to ensure maintainability of code. Who this book is for This book is for people who have experience in manual testing and knowledge in Python as a programming language. This book will also be helpful for a developer who knows Python as a programming language and is looking for test automation as a career option. Table of contents1. Selenium - Important Conceptual Background2. Selenium IDE3. Locators in Selenium4. Installation and Setup5. Selenium WebDriver6. Unit Test Creation n Python7. Synchronizing Tests8. Parameterization of Tests9. Handling Different Web Elements10. Working with Frames11. Concept of the Page Object Model12. Implementing Selenium Grid About the authorPallavi has an overall professional experience of 14 years. She has worked in varied roles as a product/project manager in the presales team and marketing team for solutions on test automation tools.She holds two provisional patents along with other contributors for her work on building tool agnostic test automation framework solutions. Currently, she is acting as a test automation coach, writer, speakerand owner at 5 Elements Learning where she collaborates and works with test automation enthusiasts across the globe. As an avid learner, she likes to keep herself updated to the latest trends andTechnologies. She is a firm believer in a larger good and likes to live by example.She volunteers her time for the organization eVidyaloka where she acts as a centre administrator. She is a lifetime member for the Jabarkhet forest reserve and People for Animals.Her Website: http://5elementslearning.comHer LinkedIn Profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/pallavirsharma/

Download or read book Learning Selenium Testing Tools with Python written by Unmesh Gundecha and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-02-13 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide on automated web testing with Selenium using Python About This Book Write and automate tests for your applications with Selenium Explore the Selenium WebDriver API for easy implementations of small to complex operations on browsers and web applications Packed with easy and practical examples that get you started with Selenium WebDriver Who This Book Is For If you are a quality testing professional, or a software or web application developer looking to create automation test scripts for your web applications, with an interest in Python, then this is the perfect guide for you. Python developers who need to do Selenium testing need not learn Java, as they can directly use Selenium for testing with this book. In Detail Selenium WebDriver is a popular automated testing tool for web applications. Python is one of the top programming languages and when used with Selenium it can automate and test web applications. Using Python's unittest module, you can write test cases in Selenium. Over the years, Selenium has become a very powerful testing platform and many organizations are adopting Selenium WebDriver for creating automated user interface tests. The book's main aim is to cover the fundamentals related to Python Selenium testing. You will learn how the Selenium WebDriver Python API can be integrated with CI and Build tools to allow tests to be run while building applications. This book will guide you through using the Selenium WebDriver Python client library as well as other tools from the Selenium project. Towards the end of this book, you'll get to grips with Selenium Grid, which is used for running tests in parallel using nodes for cross-browser testing. It will also give you a basic overview of the concepts, while helping you improve your practical testing skills with Python and Selenium.

Download or read book Selenium with Python written by Anand Hooda and published by . This book was released on 2020-06-06 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers all major topics related to Automation Testing with Python. This book cover the following Frameworks with Selenium Python:1.Unit Framework2.Keyword Driven Framework: Robot Framework3.Data-Driven Framework4.POM with Cucumber BDD

Download or read book Python Testing with Pytest written by Brian Okken and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do less work when testing your Python code, but be just as expressive, just as elegant, and just as readable. The pytest testing framework helps you write tests quickly and keep them readable and maintainable - with no boilerplate code. Using a robust yet simple fixture model, it's just as easy to write small tests with pytest as it is to scale up to complex functional testing for applications, packages, and libraries. This book shows you how. For Python-based projects, pytest is the undeniable choice to test your code if you're looking for a full-featured, API-independent, flexible, and extensible testing framework. With a full-bodied fixture model that is unmatched in any other tool, the pytest framework gives you powerful features such as assert rewriting and plug-in capability - with no boilerplate code. With simple step-by-step instructions and sample code, this book gets you up to speed quickly on this easy-to-learn and robust tool. Write short, maintainable tests that elegantly express what you're testing. Add powerful testing features and still speed up test times by distributing tests across multiple processors and running tests in parallel. Use the built-in assert statements to reduce false test failures by separating setup and test failures. Test error conditions and corner cases with expected exception testing, and use one test to run many test cases with parameterized testing. Extend pytest with plugins, connect it to continuous integration systems, and use it in tandem with tox, mock, coverage, unittest, and doctest. Write simple, maintainable tests that elegantly express what you're testing and why. What You Need: The examples in this book are written using Python 3.6 and pytest 3.0. However, pytest 3.0 supports Python 2.6, 2.7, and Python 3.3-3.6.

Download or read book Learn Selenium written by Unmesh Gundecha and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2019-07-18 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn end-to-end automation testing techniques for web and mobile browsers using Selenium WebDriver, AppiumDriver, Java, and TestNG Key FeaturesExplore the Selenium grid architecture and build your own grid for browser and mobile devicesUse ExtentReports for processing results and SauceLabs for cloud-based test servicesUnlock the full potential of Selenium to test your web applications.Book Description Selenium WebDriver 3.x is an open source API for testing both browser and mobile applications. With the help of this book, you can build a solid foundation and can easily perform end-to-end testing on web and mobile browsers.You'll begin by being introduced to the Selenium Page Object Model for software development. You'll architect your own framework with a scalable driver class, Java utility classes, and support for third-party tools and plugins. You'll design and build a Selenium grid from scratch to enable the framework to scale and support different browsers, mobile devices, and platforms.You'll strategize and handle a rich web UI using the advanced WebDriver API and learn techniques to handle real-time challenges in WebDriver. You'll perform different types of testing, such as cross-browser testing, load testing, and mobile testing. Finally, you will also be introduced to data-driven testing, using TestNG to create your own automation framework.By the end of this Learning Path, you'll be able to design your own automation testing framework and perform data-driven testing with Selenium WebDriver. This Learning Path includes content from the following Packt products: Selenium WebDriver 3 Practical Guide - Second Edition by Unmesh GundechaSelenium Framework Design in Data-Driven Testing by Carl CocchiaroWhat you will learnUse different mobile and desktop browser platforms with Selenium 3Use the Actions API for performing various keyboard and mouse actionsDesign the Selenium Driver Class for local, remote, and third-party grid supportBuild page object classes with the Selenium Page Object ModelDevelop data-driven test classes using the TestNG frameworkEncapsulate data using the JSON protocolBuild a Selenium Grid for RemoteWebDriver testingBuild and use utility classes in synchronization, file I/O, reporting and test listener classesWho this book is for This Learning Path is ideal for software quality assurance/testing professionals, software project managers, or software developers interested in using Selenium for testing their applications. Professionals responsible for designing and building enterprise-based testing frameworks will also find this Learning Path useful. Prior programming experience in Java are TestNG is necessary.

Download or read book Tiny Python Projects written by Ken Youens-Clark and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2020-07-21 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ”Tiny Python Projects is a gentle and amusing introduction to Python that will firm up key programming concepts while also making you giggle.”—Amanda Debler, Schaeffler Key Features Learn new programming concepts through 21-bitesize programs Build an insult generator, a Tic-Tac-Toe AI, a talk-like-a-pirate program, and more Discover testing techniques that will make you a better programmer Code-along with free accompanying videos on YouTube Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About The Book The 21 fun-but-powerful activities in Tiny Python Projects teach Python fundamentals through puzzles and games. You’ll be engaged and entertained with every exercise, as you learn about text manipulation, basic algorithms, and lists and dictionaries, and other foundational programming skills. Gain confidence and experience while you create each satisfying project. Instead of going quickly through a wide range of concepts, this book concentrates on the most useful skills, like text manipulation, data structures, collections, and program logic with projects that include a password creator, a word rhymer, and a Shakespearean insult generator. Author Ken Youens-Clark also teaches you good programming practice, including writing tests for your code as you go. What You Will Learn Write command-line Python programs Manipulate Python data structures Use and control randomness Write and run tests for programs and functions Download testing suites for each project This Book Is Written For For readers familiar with the basics of Python programming. About The Author Ken Youens-Clark is a Senior Scientific Programmer at the University of Arizona. He has an MS in Biosystems Engineering and has been programming for over 20 years. Table of Contents 1 How to write and test a Python program 2 The crow’s nest: Working with strings 3 Going on a picnic: Working with lists 4 Jump the Five: Working with dictionaries 5 Howler: Working with files and STDOUT 6 Words count: Reading files and STDIN, iterating lists, formatting strings 7 Gashlycrumb: Looking items up in a dictionary 8 Apples and Bananas: Find and replace 9 Dial-a-Curse: Generating random insults from lists of words 10 Telephone: Randomly mutating strings 11 Bottles of Beer Song: Writing and testing functions 12 Ransom: Randomly capitalizing text 13 Twelve Days of Christmas: Algorithm design 14 Rhymer: Using regular expressions to create rhyming words 15 The Kentucky Friar: More regular expressions 16 The Scrambler: Randomly reordering the middles of words 17 Mad Libs: Using regular expressions 18 Gematria: Numeric encoding of text using ASCII values 19 Workout of the Day: Parsing CSV files, creating text table output 20 Password strength: Generating a secure and memorable password 21 Tic-Tac-Toe: Exploring state 22 Tic-Tac-Toe redux: An interactive version with type hints

Download or read book Selenium and Appium with Python written by Yogashiva Mathivanan and published by BPB Publications. This book was released on 2023-05-16 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn how to run automated tests on web and mobile apps efficiently KEY FEATURES ● Get started with automation testing using Python, Selenium, and Appium. ● Learn how to create a test automation framework from scratch. ● Learn how to perform web and mobile app testing using Selenium and Appium, respectively. DESCRIPTION Appium and Selenium are popular open-source frameworks widely used for test automation in the software industry. Python, on the other hand, is a versatile and powerful programming language known for its simplicity and readability. Combining Appium and Selenium with Python offers numerous advantages for test automation, including a simplified testing process, faster test execution, and increased efficiency in test script development. Written by a Test Automation Architect, this book aims to enhance your knowledge of Selenium and Appium automation tools. The book will help you learn how to leverage Python for test automation development, gaining skills to automate various types of elements, actions, gestures, and more in web and mobile applications, including Android and IOS. Furthermore, the book will help you create a robust and maintainable test automation framework from scratch. Lastly, the book will teach you how to utilize Selenium Grid with Docker to run and distribute tests across multiple machines, enabling you to maximize efficiency and productivity in test automation. By the end of the book, you will be able to build effective and scalable automated testing solutions using Python. WHAT YOU WILL LEARN ● Learn how to automate web testing with Selenium and Python. ● Learn how to automate Mobile testing with appium and Python. ● Learn how to handle exceptions and synchronization for web and mobile apps. ● Learn how to automate Hybrid apps using Selenium and Appium. ● Learn how to integrate Selenium Grid with Docker. WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR This book is for Software Quality Assurance, including Test Automation Engineers, Product Owners, and Developers who are looking to enhance their test automation skills. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Testing Process and Role of Automation 2. Python Programming - Setup and Core Concepts 3. Selenium for Web Automation 4. Appium for Mobile Automation 5. Locators and Handling Web Elements 6. Appium: Locators and Gestures 7. Synchronization, Exception Handling and Assertions 8. Hybrid Application Automation & Launching Multiple Apps 9. Selenium Automation Framework – Part 1 10. Selenium Automation Framework – Part 2 11. Mobile Automation Framework 12. Dockerized Selenium Grid 13. Bonus Chapter – Python Interview Questions

Download or read book Python Testing Cookbook written by Greg L. Turnquist and published by Packt Publishing. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fix everyday testing problems in Python with the help of this solution-based guide Key Features Use powerful tools such as doctest and unittest to make testing convenient Apply automation testing to an existing legacy system that isn't test oriented A practical guide to ease testing in Python using real-world examples Book Description Automated testing is the best way to increase efficiency while reducing the defects of software testing. It helps find bugs in code easily and at an early stage so that they can be tackled efficiently. This book delves into essential testing concepts used in Python to help you build robust and maintainable code. Python Testing Cookbook begins with a brief introduction to Python's unit testing framework to help you write automated test cases. You will learn how to write suitable test sets for your software and run automated test suites with Nose. You will then work with the unittest.mock library, which allows you to replace the parts of your system that are being tested with mock objects and make assertions about how they have been used. You will also see how to apply Test-driven Development (TDD) and Behavior-driven Development (BDD) and how to eliminate issues caused by TDD. The book explains how to integrate automated tests using Continuous Integration and perform smoke/load testing. It also covers best practices and will help you solve persistent testing issues in Python. The book concludes by helping you understand how doctest works and how Selenium can be used to test code efficiently. What you will learn Run test cases from the command line with increased verbosity Write a Nose extension to pick tests based on regular expressions Create testable documentation using doctest Use Selenium to test the Web User Interface Write a testable story with Voidspace Mock and Nose Configure TeamCity to run Python tests on commit Update project-level scripts to provide coverage reports Who this book is for If you're a Python developer who wants to take testing to the next level and would like to expand your testing skills, this book is for you. It is assumed that you have some Python programming knowledge.

Download or read book Selenium with Python Simplified For Beginners Simple Concise Easy Guide to Automation Testing Using Python and Selenium WebDriver written by S Basu and published by . This book was released on 2020-12-21 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a beginner's guide to automation testing using Python and Selenium WebDriver. I have explained all the topics in a simple, concise and easy language with thorough examples, codes and have tried my best to make the learning process fun, informative and interesting at the same time. If you want to gain an in-depth understanding, it is quite a simple book for the job. In addition, it is a good way to get started with learning Selenium with Python

Download or read book Selenium Webdriver Recipes in Python written by Zhimin Zhan and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-04-30 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A quick problem-solving guide to automated testing web applications with Selenium WebDriver in Python. It contains hundreds of solutions to real-world problems, with clear explanations and ready-to-run Selenium test scripts that you can use in your own projects.

Download or read book Test Driven Development written by Kent Beck and published by Addison-Wesley Professional. This book was released on 2022-03-25 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quite simply, test-driven development is meant to eliminate fear in application development. While some fear is healthy (often viewed as a conscience that tells programmers to "be careful!"), the author believes that byproducts of fear include tentative, grumpy, and uncommunicative programmers who are unable to absorb constructive criticism. When programming teams buy into TDD, they immediately see positive results. They eliminate the fear involved in their jobs, and are better equipped to tackle the difficult challenges that face them. TDD eliminates tentative traits, it teaches programmers to communicate, and it encourages team members to seek out criticism However, even the author admits that grumpiness must be worked out individually! In short, the premise behind TDD is that code should be continually tested and refactored. Kent Beck teaches programmers by example, so they can painlessly and dramatically increase the quality of their work.