Download or read book Masculinity and Femininity written by Janet T. Spence and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2014-11-06 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many societies assign sharply distinguished roles to men and women. Personality differences, as well as physical differences, between men and women are used to justify these different sex roles, and women are seen as more emotionally and interpersonally sensitive than men, while men are said to be more competent, achievement oriented, and assertive than women. A widely held view is that not only do men and women differ but that possession of "masculine" characteristics precludes possession of "feminine" characteristics. This bipolar conception has led to the definition of masculinity and femininity as opposites. Acceptance of this idea has caused social scientists and laypersons to consider men and women who possess cross-sex personality characteristics as less emotionally healthy and socially adjusted than those with sex-appropriate traits. Previous research by the authors and others, done almost exclusively with college students, has shown, however, that masculinity and femininity do not relate negatively to each other, thus supporting a dualistic rather than a bipolar conception of these two psychological dimensions. Spence and Helmreich present data showing that the dualistic conception holds for a large number of groups, varying widely in age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, and patterns of interest, whose psychological masculinity and femininity were measured with an objective instrument, the Personality Attributes Questionnaire, devised by the authors. Many individuals are shown to be appropriately sex-typed; that is, men tend to be high in masculinity and low in femininity and women the reverse. However, a substantial number of men and women are androgynous—high in both masculine and feminine characteristics—while some are not high in either. Importantly, the authors find that androgynous individuals display more self-esteem, social competence, and achievement orientation than individuals who are strong in either masculinity or femininity or are not strong in either. One of the major contributions of the work is the development of a new, multifaceted measure of achievement motivation (the Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire), which can be used successfully to predict behavior in both males and females and is related to masculinity and femininity in both sexes. In addition to investigating the correlates of masculinity and femininity, the authors attempt to isolate parental factors that contribute to the development of these characteristics and achievement motivation. The book includes analyses of data from students on their perception of their parents, which enable the authors to examine the influence of parental masculinity and femininity and parental behaviors and child-rearing attitudes on the development of masculinity and femininity and achievement motivation characteristics in their children. The important implications of these findings for theories of sex roles, personality development, and achievement motivation are examined.

Download or read book Psychology and Gender written by Theo B. Sonderegger and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 1985-01-01 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender, an important concept in psychology, is brought into sharp focus in the 1984 Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, which presents important new findings in eight papers, four dealing with sex differences and four with gender as a variable.ø The papers on sex differences with Ann Anastasi's "Reciprocal Relations between Cognitive and Affective Development?with Implications for Sex Differences," in which the author relates aptitudes aboutøthe sex appropriateness of behaviors to attitudes and task performance. The effects of prenatal sex hormones on gender identity and gender-roleøbehavior are the subject of the next paper, "Gender Differences: A Biosocial Perspective" by Anke A. Ehrhardt. In "Gender Identity and Its Implications for the Concepts of Masculinity and Femininity,"øJanet T. Spence proposes a new theoretical approach to the meanings of "femininity" and "masculinity."ø"Sex Differences in Achievement Patterns" are Jacquelynne Eccles's concern in her paper. Gender is now studied as a variable in all areas of psychology, several of which are represented in the next four papers. The concept is viewed in the light of attribution theory by Virginia E. O'Leary and Ranald D. Hansen inø"Sex as an Attributional Fact."øSandra Lipsitz Bem, in "Androgeny and Gender Schema Theory: A Conceptual and Empirical Integration," reviews her studies of gender-schematic processing and offers strategies for parents who wish to raise gender-schematic children in a gender-schematic society. Joan C. Martin'sø"Perinatal Psychoactive Drug Use: Effects on Gender, Development, and Function in Offspring"øfocuses on the sex-ratio effects of nicotine, alcohol, and barbiturates on the offspring of rats to whom those drugs were administered during their pregnancy. Differential effects on women and men of cultural attitudes about obesity are the subject ofø"Women and Weight: A Normative Discontent" by Judith Rodin, Lisa Silberstein, and Ruth Striegel-Moore. An introduction by Theo B. Sonderegger, professor of psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, places the papers in the context of research on sex differences and gender as a variable.

Download or read book Emotional Intelligence in Everyday Life written by Joseph Ciarrochi and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-10-14 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the release of the very successful first edition in 2001, the field of emotional intelligence has grown in sophistication and importance. Many new and talented researchers have come into the field and techniques in EI measurement have dramatically increased so that we now know much more about the distinctiveness and utility of the different EI measures. There has also been a dramatic upswing in research that looks at how to teach EI in schools, organizations, and families. In this second edition, leaders in the field present the most up-to-date research on the assessment and use of the emotional intelligence construct. Importantly, this edition expands on the previous by providing greater coverage of emotional intelligence interventions. As with the first edition, this second edition is both scientifically rigorous, yet highly readable and accessible to a non-specialist audience. It will therefore be of value to researchers and practitioners in many disciplines beyond social psychology, including areas of basic research, cognition and emotion, organizational selection, organizational training, education, clinical psychology, and development psychology.

Download or read book Resources in Women s Educational Equity written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literature cited in AGRICOLA, Dissertations abstracts international, ERIC, ABI/INFORM, MEDLARS, NTIS, Psychological abstracts, and Sociological abstracts. Selection focuses on education, legal aspects, career aspects, sex differences, lifestyle, and health. Common format (bibliographical information, descriptors, and abstracts) and ERIC subject terms used throughout. Contains order information. Subject, author indexes.

Download or read book Gender differences and disparities in socialization contexts How do they matter for healthy relationships wellbeing and achievement related outcomes written by Caterina Fiorilli and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-01-05 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gender Roles written by Carole A. Beere and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 1990-03-20 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beere has produced a new edition of her Women and Women's Issues: A Handbook of Tests and Measurements. Based largely on a search of the PsychLIT and ERIC databases from January 1978 to December 1988, the volume includes information on 211 tests and measures pertaining to gender roles and attitudes towards gender. . . . Particularly useful are chapter reviews of the literature in which the author reviews the quality of available research. Recommended for college and university libraries. Choice This handbook stems, in part, from the author's previously published Women and Women's Issues. Realizing that a book published in 1979 could no longer provide researchers with the up-to-date information they require regarding measures to use in research, Beere set out to revise and update her work. In the process, she soon discovered that the measures identified through her search of the literature produced since her first book was published far exceeds the number that can be realistically described in a single handbook. Thus, she has undertaken a two-volume guide, the first of which, Gender Roles, describes only those measures pertaining to gender roles and attitudes toward gender-related issues. Gender roles are broadly defined to include adults' and children's gender roles, gender stereotypes, marital roles, parental roles, employee roles, and multiple roles. A total of 211 measures are included. In addition to 67 scales still in use that were described in her earlier book, Beere includes scales that are relevant, have evidence of their reliability and/or validity, and are used in more than one published article or ERIC document. If a scale does not satisfy these criteria, but its development is the focus of an article or ERIC document, it is included, as are scales that are unusual or pertain to a topic that would otherwise receive inadequate coverage in this handbook. The scale descriptions follow a standard format that includes the following information: title; author or authors as listed in the earliest publication mentioning the scale; earliest date that the scale is mentioned in a publication; profile of variable being measured; type of instrument; description; sample items; previous and appropriate subjects; scoring information; a description of the development of the measure; information regarding reliability and validity; and a listing of published studies that use the measure. This important new handbook promises to make several important contributions to gender-related research. It will make it easier for researchers to locate quality instruments appropriate for their research, discourage the proliferation of substandard or redundant measures, set some minimal standards for measures used in gender role research, and encourage more research regarding gender roles. All social science libraries will want to find a place for it in their reference collections.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Social Psychology written by Roy F. Baumeister and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2007-08-29 with total page 1249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains entries arranged alphabetically from A to I that provide information on ideas and concepts in the field of social psychology.

Download or read book Sexual Behavior written by Nathaniel McConaghy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many issues remain unresolved in sexuality. In some cases this is because the infor mation is not available to resolve them. In others it is, but the available conclusions the information supports block its acceptance, because they conflict with the posi tions of dominant groups in the politics of sexuality. Possibly the most obvious example is the determination of many theorists to ignore the evidence that while men rarely report being sexually assaulted, when questioned in community surveys, they make up a third of the victims, and a quarter of the perpetrators of sexual assault are women. These findings are incompatible with the feminist theory that sexual assault is not a sexual act, but normal male behavior motivated politically, to maintain men's dominance of women. Most research supporting the theory investigated women only as victims and men only as aggressors. Some feminists have dismissed the need for any research to support their beliefs on the ground that such research is "busy work" establishing what women already know. One belief considered not to require re search is that heterosexual pornography made for a male audience increases the prevalence of rape by encouraging rape-supportive attitudes of male aggression and female submission. No criticism has been directed at the soft-core pornography of "Mills and Boon" stories written for women that promote similar attitudes.

Download or read book Psychopathology in Women written by Margarita Sáenz-Herrero and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-15 with total page 868 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines sex and gender differences in the causes and expression of medical conditions, including mental health disorders. Sex differences are variations attributable to individual reproductive organs and the XX or XY chromosomal complement. Gender differences are variations that result from biological sex as well as individual self-representation which include psychological, behavioural, and social consequences of an individual’s perceived gender. Gender is still a neglected field in psychopathology, and gender differences is often incorrectly used as a synonym of sex differences. A reconsideration of the definition of gender, as the term that subsumes masculinity and femininity, could shed some light on this misperception and could have an effect in the study of health and disease. This second edition of Psychopathology clarifies the anthropological, cultural and social aspects of gender and their impact on mental health disorders. It focuses on gender perspective as a paradigm not only in psychopathology but also in mental health disorders. As such it promotes open mindedness in the definition and perception of symptoms, as well as assumptions about those symptoms, and raises awareness of mental health.

Download or read book The Dictionary of Personality and Social Psychology written by Rom Harré and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 1986 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Dictionary of Personality and Social Psychologycontains nearly 300 articles covering the many different theories of personality development and organization and the various topics and approaches that make up social psychology. There are articles on Freudian and other psychoanalytic theories of personality, on the trait and type theories of Eysenck and Cattell, and on treatments of the concept of the self. The question of whether people do have consistent personalities is also covered, and the approaches of role theorists and cognitive and learning theorists are discussed. There is a long article on questionnaires, and others dealing with statistics and methodology. Discussions of major aspects of social behavior and cognition, such as attitudes, attribution, and social influence, and the contributions of important theorists and researchers such as Goffman, Lewin, Durkheim, and Adorno are dealt with in separate articles. The Dictionary of Personality and Social Psychologyis one of four dictionaries based on the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology, published by The MIT Press in 1983 and cited by American Libraries as an "outstanding reference source" that "speaks to the specialist and nonspecialist alike." They update existing articles while offering many new entries. Rom Narre is a Lecturer in the Philosophy of Science at Oxford University and an Adjunct Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the State University of New York at Binghamton. Roger Lamb is a research worker in the Department of Social Psychology at Oxford University.

Download or read book Psychology of Gender Identity written by Janice W. Lee and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2005 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender encompasses biological sex but extends beyond it to the socially prescribed roles deemed appropriate for each sex by the culture in which we live. The gender roles we each carry out are highly individualistic, built on our biological and physical traits, appearance and personality, life experiences such as childhood, career and education, and history of sexual and romantic interactions. Each element influences perceptions and expectations. Gender-related experiences influence and shape the ways we think about others and ourselves including self-image, behaviour, mood, social advancement and coping strategies. This new book brings together leading international research devoted to this subject.

Download or read book Resources in education written by and published by . This book was released on 1987-09 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Women s Lives written by Sue Llewelyn and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-11-20 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What are the patterns dominating women’s lives today? What are the issues which confront women in their relationships, their work, and their families? From adolescence and adult partnerships, through motherhood, to growing old Women’s Lives, originally published in 1990, explores themes which are central to women’s experience, focusing on areas such as growing up, women on their own, sexuality, bringing up children, and family relationships. Sue Llewelyn and Kate Osborne argue that a multi-faceted approach is needed to understand a woman’s life, taking in not only her personal psychology but also the social context in which she lives. The authors are both clinical psychologists with an interest in psychotherapy, and they draw on their own direct experience of working with women in distress, as well as on feminist writing, novels, and autobiographies to illustrate their arguments. Each chapter presents a detailed case history, highlighting an important aspect of women’s lives, and demonstrates the increased understanding to be gained from a combined approach using social psychology, feminist ideas, and psychodynamic insights. Designed for a wide readership, including psychologists, doctors, social workers, counsellors, and nurses, Women’s Lives will also be of great value to people on women’s studies courses and to those seeking a greater understanding of themselves or others.

Download or read book The Career Development Quarterly written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Men in Transition written by Kenneth Solomon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every year the few hundred members of the Committees, Task Forces, and Councils of the American Psychiatric Association meet in Washington, D.C. to conduct their business. They deliberate on a wide variety of issues encompassed in the activities of each group. The psychiatrists constituting this mixed and somewhat elite group include some of the better-known and promising people in the profession, which makes the plenary session and cocktail party good occasions to meet old friends and to make new ones. Several years ago one of us (N.B.L.) attended this gathering as a member of a soon-to-be defunct group, the Committee Liaison with the American College of Physicians, and met Ann Chappell, a member of the Task Force on Women. We were soon joined by Richard Grant. Ann impressed us with the work her group was doing on issues surrounding the Women's Movement as it relates to patients and the changing roles of the early 1970s. She was struck by the fact that although some women had been very active in this endeavor, nobody in Ameri can psychiatry was addressing issues which are arising in men as a result of the changing roles of women in society. Dick and Norm were moved by what she said and decided that they would make an effort to gather together people interested in the issue of the changing roles of males in society at the oncoming meeting of the American Psychiatric Association.

Download or read book Gender and Psychopathology written by Ihsan Al-Issa and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-02 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender and Psychopathology is a comprehensive review of the connection between gender and psychopathology. The text is divided into five parts. Part I covers the introduction to the central themes discussed such as the connection between gender and patterns of psychopathology, personality disorders, concepts of mental health, and models related to gender. Part II deals with the developmental perspective of gender and psychopathology and includes topics such as the relationship between gender and the psychopathology of both the adult and child. Part III talks about topics related to gender and major psychopathology such as gender and depression, schizophrenia, and phobia. Part IV covers personality disorders in relation to gender, which includes drinking and alcohol abuse, drug use and abuse, and crime. Part V discusses gender and mind-body problems such as sexual problems and psychophysiological disorders. The book is recommended for both graduate and advanced undergraduate students who are taking up women's studies, abnormal psychology, or counseling.

Download or read book Social Psychology the Second Edition written by Roger Brown and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 1986 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Second Edition succeeds in showing that social psychology has a potent contribution to make to understanding human behavior. Drawing on landmark experiments, real-life cases, and his own valuable insights, Brown analyzes a wide range of subjects including obedience and rebellion, altruism, group decision processes, the psycholegal questions of eyewitness testimony, jury size and decision rule, the psychosexual question of androgyny, the sources of ethnic conflict, and much more.