Download or read book Masculinity and Femininity written by Janet T. Spence and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2014-11-06 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many societies assign sharply distinguished roles to men and women. Personality differences, as well as physical differences, between men and women are used to justify these different sex roles, and women are seen as more emotionally and interpersonally sensitive than men, while men are said to be more competent, achievement oriented, and assertive than women. A widely held view is that not only do men and women differ but that possession of "masculine" characteristics precludes possession of "feminine" characteristics. This bipolar conception has led to the definition of masculinity and femininity as opposites. Acceptance of this idea has caused social scientists and laypersons to consider men and women who possess cross-sex personality characteristics as less emotionally healthy and socially adjusted than those with sex-appropriate traits. Previous research by the authors and others, done almost exclusively with college students, has shown, however, that masculinity and femininity do not relate negatively to each other, thus supporting a dualistic rather than a bipolar conception of these two psychological dimensions. Spence and Helmreich present data showing that the dualistic conception holds for a large number of groups, varying widely in age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, and patterns of interest, whose psychological masculinity and femininity were measured with an objective instrument, the Personality Attributes Questionnaire, devised by the authors. Many individuals are shown to be appropriately sex-typed; that is, men tend to be high in masculinity and low in femininity and women the reverse. However, a substantial number of men and women are androgynous—high in both masculine and feminine characteristics—while some are not high in either. Importantly, the authors find that androgynous individuals display more self-esteem, social competence, and achievement orientation than individuals who are strong in either masculinity or femininity or are not strong in either. One of the major contributions of the work is the development of a new, multifaceted measure of achievement motivation (the Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire), which can be used successfully to predict behavior in both males and females and is related to masculinity and femininity in both sexes. In addition to investigating the correlates of masculinity and femininity, the authors attempt to isolate parental factors that contribute to the development of these characteristics and achievement motivation. The book includes analyses of data from students on their perception of their parents, which enable the authors to examine the influence of parental masculinity and femininity and parental behaviors and child-rearing attitudes on the development of masculinity and femininity and achievement motivation characteristics in their children. The important implications of these findings for theories of sex roles, personality development, and achievement motivation are examined.
Download or read book Men in Transition written by Kenneth Solomon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every year the few hundred members of the Committees, Task Forces, and Councils of the American Psychiatric Association meet in Washington, D.C. to conduct their business. They deliberate on a wide variety of issues encompassed in the activities of each group. The psychiatrists constituting this mixed and somewhat elite group include some of the better-known and promising people in the profession, which makes the plenary session and cocktail party good occasions to meet old friends and to make new ones. Several years ago one of us (N.B.L.) attended this gathering as a member of a soon-to-be defunct group, the Committee Liaison with the American College of Physicians, and met Ann Chappell, a member of the Task Force on Women. We were soon joined by Richard Grant. Ann impressed us with the work her group was doing on issues surrounding the Women's Movement as it relates to patients and the changing roles of the early 1970s. She was struck by the fact that although some women had been very active in this endeavor, nobody in Ameri can psychiatry was addressing issues which are arising in men as a result of the changing roles of women in society. Dick and Norm were moved by what she said and decided that they would make an effort to gather together people interested in the issue of the changing roles of males in society at the oncoming meeting of the American Psychiatric Association.
Download or read book The Gender Gap in Psychotherapy written by E.H. Carmen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of readings is designed to clarify the relationship between social structures and psychological processes. Our awareness of the need for such a book derives from our extensive experiences in teaching a for mal course for mental health professionals on gender and psychother apy. The material in this anthology emphasizes the clinical implications of the new research and knowledge that has changed our understanding of the psychological development of women and men. Throughout the book, we present ideas that challenge conventional explanations of psy chological distress in women and men and suggest alternative concep tualizations of these processes. As will be evident, our work is informed by and contributes to the growing field of knowledge produced by feminist scholars over the last decade. That this book on gender has more to say about women reflects the existence of a substantial body of research that reconceptualizes women's psychology. The corresponding research on men is still in its formative stages, due in part to the later development of a men's move ment. Although many of the chapters focus on women, we have attempted in our discussion to consider the implications for men. We believe that the fundamental processes explored in this book are relevant to the understanding of both women and men.
Download or read book Toward a Recognition of Androgyny written by Carolyn G. Heilbrun and published by W. W. Norton. This book was released on 1993 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A frank, passionate plea for us to move away from sexual polarization and the prison of gender toward a world in which individual roles and modes of personal behavior can be freely chosen. . . . An interesting, lively and valuable general introduction to a new way of perceiving our Western cultural tradition, with emphasis upon English literature." --Joyce Carol Oates, New York Times Book Review
Download or read book The Lanahan Readings in the Psychology of Women written by Tomi-Ann Roberts and published by Lanahan Publishers, Incorporated. This book was released on 1997 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Naval Research Reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Psychology and Gender written by Theo B. Sonderegger and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 1985-01-01 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender, an important concept in psychology, is brought into sharp focus in the 1984 Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, which presents important new findings in eight papers, four dealing with sex differences and four with gender as a variable.ø The papers on sex differences with Ann Anastasi's "Reciprocal Relations between Cognitive and Affective Development?with Implications for Sex Differences," in which the author relates aptitudes aboutøthe sex appropriateness of behaviors to attitudes and task performance. The effects of prenatal sex hormones on gender identity and gender-roleøbehavior are the subject of the next paper, "Gender Differences: A Biosocial Perspective" by Anke A. Ehrhardt. In "Gender Identity and Its Implications for the Concepts of Masculinity and Femininity,"øJanet T. Spence proposes a new theoretical approach to the meanings of "femininity" and "masculinity."ø"Sex Differences in Achievement Patterns" are Jacquelynne Eccles's concern in her paper. Gender is now studied as a variable in all areas of psychology, several of which are represented in the next four papers. The concept is viewed in the light of attribution theory by Virginia E. O'Leary and Ranald D. Hansen inø"Sex as an Attributional Fact."øSandra Lipsitz Bem, in "Androgeny and Gender Schema Theory: A Conceptual and Empirical Integration," reviews her studies of gender-schematic processing and offers strategies for parents who wish to raise gender-schematic children in a gender-schematic society. Joan C. Martin'sø"Perinatal Psychoactive Drug Use: Effects on Gender, Development, and Function in Offspring"øfocuses on the sex-ratio effects of nicotine, alcohol, and barbiturates on the offspring of rats to whom those drugs were administered during their pregnancy. Differential effects on women and men of cultural attitudes about obesity are the subject ofø"Women and Weight: A Normative Discontent" by Judith Rodin, Lisa Silberstein, and Ruth Striegel-Moore. An introduction by Theo B. Sonderegger, professor of psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, places the papers in the context of research on sex differences and gender as a variable.
Download or read book Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes written by John P. Robinson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 769 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes: Volume 1 in Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes Series provides a comprehensive guide to the most promising and useful measures of important social science concepts. This book is divided into 12 chapters and begins with a description of the Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes Project's background and the major criteria for scale construction. The subsequent chapters review measures of "response set"; the scales dealing with the most general affective states, including life satisfaction and happiness; and the measured of self-esteem. These topics are followed by discussions of measures of social anxiety, which is conceived a major inhibitor of social interaction, as well as the negative states of depression and loneliness. Other chapters examine the separate dimensions of alienation, the predictive value of interpersonal trust and attitudes in studies of occupational choice and racial attitude change, and the attitude scales related to locus of control. The final chapters look into the measures related to authoritarianism, androgyny, and values. This book is of great value to social and political scientists, psychologists, nurses, social workers, non-academic professionals, and students.
Download or read book An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Development of Sex Role Identity and Sex Role Attitudes of Contemporary Black Women written by Victoria Jackson Binion and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Resources in Women s Educational Equity written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literature cited in AGRICOLA, Dissertations abstracts international, ERIC, ABI/INFORM, MEDLARS, NTIS, Psychological abstracts, and Sociological abstracts. Selection focuses on education, legal aspects, career aspects, sex differences, lifestyle, and health. Common format (bibliographical information, descriptors, and abstracts) and ERIC subject terms used throughout. Contains order information. Subject, author indexes.
Download or read book Psychological Androgyny Further Considerations written by Alexandra G. Kaplan and published by . This book was released on 1979-01-01 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Psychiatric Quarterly written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Measurement Design and Analysis written by Elazar J. Pedhazur and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-04-15 with total page 835 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In textbooks and courses in statistics, substantive and measurement issues are rarely, if at all, considered. Similarly, textbooks and courses in measurement virtually ignore design and analytic questions, and research design textbooks and courses pay little attention to analytic and measurement issues. This fragmentary approach fosters a lack of appreciation of the interrelations and interdependencies among the various aspects of the research endeavor. Pedhazur and Schmelkin's goal is to help readers become proficient in these aspects of research and their interrelationships, and to use that information in a more integrated manner. The authors offer extensive commentaries on inputs and outputs of computer programs in the context of the topics presented. Both the organization of the book and the style of presentation allow for much flexibility in choice, sequence, and degree of sophistication with which topics are dealt.
Download or read book Bookseller and the Stationery Trades Journal written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 860 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Choice written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 852 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book American Book Publishing Record written by and published by R. R. Bowker. This book was released on 1981 with total page 1286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Social Work Policy and Practice written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
