Download or read book Protein Turnover and Lysosome Function written by Harold L. Segal and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 811 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protein Turnover and Lysosome Function comprises the proceedings of a symposium under the same title held at the State University of New York at Buffalo on August 21-26, 1977. The book discusses mechanisms of protein turnover, as well as the identification and characterization of intracellular proteases. The text also describes the internalization of macromolecules into the intracellular digestive system; the types of specificity entailed; and the fate of the membrane material involved in the vacuolization process. Biochemists, pathologists, cell biologists, molecular biologists, and physiologists will find the book invaluable.
Download or read book Lysosomes and Intracellular Protein Turnover written by Harold L. Segal and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Role of Lysosomes in Rat Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover written by Douglas W. Axelrod and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Intracellular Protein Degradation written by A.J. Rivett and published by Elsevier Science. This book was released on 1998-08-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together a set of reviews that provide a summary of our current knowledge of the proteolytic machinery and of the pathways of protein breakdown of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Intracellular protein degradation is much more than just a mechanism for the removal of incorrectly folded or damaged proteins. Since many short-lived proteins have important regulatory functions, proteolysis makes a significant contribution to many cellular processes including cell cycle regulation and transciptional control. In addition, limited proteolytic cleavage can provide a rapid and efficient mechanism of enzyme activation or inactivation in eukaryotic cells. In the first chapter, Maurizi provides an introduction to intracellular protein degradation, describes the structure and functions of bacterial ATP-dependent proteases, and explores the relationship between chaperone functions and protein degradation. Many of the principles also apply to eukaryotic cells, although the proteases involved are often not the same. Interestingly, homologues of one of the bacterial proteases, Ion protease, have been found in mitochondria in yeast and mammals, and homologues of proteasomes, which are found in all eukaryotic cells (see below), have been discovered in some eubacteria. Studies of proteolysis in yeast have contributed greatly to the elucidation of both lysosomal (vacuolar) and nonlysosomal proteolytic pathways in eukaryotic cells. Thumm and Wolf (chapter 2) describe studies that have elucidated the functions of proteasomes in nonlysosomal proteolysis and the contributions of lysosomal proteases to intracellular protein breakdown. Proteins can be selected for degradation by a variety of differen mechanisms. The ubiquitin system is one complex and highly regulated mechanism by which eukaryotic proteins are targetted for degradation by proteosomes. In chapter 3, Wilkinson reviews the components and functions of the ubiquitin system and considers some of the known substrates for this pathway which include cell cycle and transcriptional regulators. The structure and functions of proteosomes and their regulatory components are described in the two subsequent chapters by Tanaka and Tanahashi and by Dubiel and Rechsteiner. Proteasomes were the first known example of threonine proteases. They are multisubunit complexes that, in addition to being responsible for the turnover of most short-lived nuclear and cytoplasmic protein, are also involved in antigen processing for presentation by the MHC class I pathway. Recent studies reviewed by McCracken and colleagues (chapter 6) lead to the exciting conclusion that some ER-associated proteins are degraded by cytosolic proteasomes. Lysosomes are responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins and for the enhanced protein degradation observed under starvation conditions. In chapter 7 Knecht and colleagues review the lysosomal proteases and describe studies of the roles of lysosomes and the mechanisms for protein uptake into lysosomes. Methods of measuring the relative contribution of different proteolytic systems (e.g., ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, calcium-dependent proteases, lysosomes) to muscle protein degradation, and the conclusions from such studies, are reviewed by Attai and Taillinder in the following chapter. Finally, proteases play an important role in signaling apoptosis by catalyzing the limited cleavage of enzymes. Mason and Beyette review the role of the major players, caspases, which are both activated by and catalyze limite proteolysis, and also consider the involvement of other protoelytic enzymes in this pathway leading cell death.
Download or read book The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-09-15 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is a commonly held belief that athletes, particularly body builders, have greater requirements for dietary protein than sedentary individuals. However, the evidence in support of this contention is controversial. This book is the latest in a series of publications designed to inform both civilian and military scientists and personnel about issues related to nutrition and military service. Among the many other stressors they experience, soldiers face unique nutritional demands during combat. Of particular concern is the role that dietary protein might play in controlling muscle mass and strength, response to injury and infection, and cognitive performance. The first part of the book contains the committee's summary of the workshop, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The remainder of the book contains papers contributed by speakers at the workshop on such topics as, the effects of aging and hormones on regulation of muscle mass and function, alterations in protein metabolism due to the stress of injury or infection, the role of individual amino acids, the components of proteins, as neurotransmitters, hormones, and modulators of various physiological processes, and the efficacy and safety considerations associated with dietary supplements aimed at enhancing performance.
Download or read book Degradation of Proteins by Lysosomes written by Willem Huisman and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Protein Turnover written by J. C. Waterlow and published by CABI. This book was released on 2006 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is concerned with protein metabolism at the physiological, not the molecular level and particularly with studies on human beings. Protein turnover is a vital function, no less important than oxygen turnover, because of this over the last 20 years there has been an increase in the research on protein turnover in man, with parallel work on farm animals. Methods that have been used for measuring whole body protein turnover in man, the underlying problems and assumptions and the problems that have been encountered are discussed in this comprehensive book.
Download or read book Ubiquitin mediated Degradation Via UPS and Lysosome written by Qizhi Sun and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ubiquitination plays a fundamental role in determining protein fate. Once ubiquitinated, the cargo is directed to the proteasome for partial or complete degradation or lysosome for complete degradation. Failing to eliminate these cargos results in the accumulation of toxic proteins that contribute to neurodegenerative and immunological diseases, cancer and other human maladies. Thus, identifying proteins subject to ubiquitin-mediated degradation and characterizing the mechanisms governing these processes underscores their importance to human health. The calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is one such protein that is required for brain development. However, mutations that cause CASK to accumulate are correlated to X-linked mental retardation and autism spectrum disorder in humans. I have investigated CASK protein turnover and found that the protein is constantly degraded. This degradation, however, is only partial suggesting that the peptides generated have functions distinct from the full-length polypeptide. Subsequent analyses revealed that these peptides form as a result of CASK being first phosphorylated and then ubiquitinated prior to its limited degradation in the proteasome. During these investigations I identified poly ADP-ribosyl transferase-like 2 (PARP-2) as a protein also degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PARP-2 degradation occurs when cells are grown in the presence of serum and Ro52 was identified as a candidate E3 ubiquitin ligase required for ubiquitination. Interestingly, when cells are serum-starved, PARP-2 was sequestered to an SDS-insoluble fraction by a yet-to-be identified mechanism. Finally, further investigations with Ro52 revealed that when ectopically expressed, cells develop large circular structures, which I identified to be autophagosomes, the intermediate organelles in autophagy that selectively target ubiquitinated cargo for lysosomal degradation. The RING finger domain of Ro52 and its E3 ligase activity are, however, not required for this process and the deletion of the RING domain does not affect the inclusion and targeting of ubiquitinated proteins to the autophagosomes. Together, these results from studying two disparate proteins, CASK and PARP-2, not only highlight the selective ability of ubiquitination to specify the limited or complete degradation of proteins, but also shed new light on Ro52 as an adaptor involved in the autophagic turnover of proteins in the lysosome.
Download or read book Protein Turnover in Mammalian Tissues and in the Whole Body written by John Conrad Waterlow and published by North-Holland. This book was released on 1978 with total page 824 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Lysosomes written by Paul Saftig and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-03-20 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lysosomes are membrane-surrounded organelles which are present in all animal cells. The importance of this organelle is underlined by an increasing number of human diseases, which are associated with an impaired function of the lysosomal compartment. This book summarizes the current state-of-the art knowledge about this unique organelle. It addresses the biogenesis of this compartment, the transport of lysosomal proteins, the role of the lysosomal membrane in lysosomal stability and transport, the function of lysosomal proteases and hydrolases, lysosomal storage disorders, and new concepts on how to treat these diseases. In addition to these classical topics, new insights into lysosomal functions are covered by chapters dealing with specialized lysosomes involved in bone resorption and plasma membrane repair, the lysosomal transciptome, and proteome and the emerging role of lysosomes in special forms of autophagy. This book will provide readers with a comprehensive overview into how this fascinating organelle works and how research in the field is developing.
Download or read book Lysosomes written by Pooja Dhiman and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-08-30 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers current advances in disorders associated with lysosomal function along with techniques to study its function. All chapters are complete in themselves but united under a common research study topic. This publication aims at providing a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors on lysosomal diseases and opens new possible research paths.
Download or read book Essentials of Glycobiology written by Ajit Varki and published by CSHL Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sugar chains (glycans) are often attached to proteins and lipids and have multiple roles in the organization and function of all organisms. "Essentials of Glycobiology" describes their biogenesis and function and offers a useful gateway to the understanding of glycans.
Download or read book Long lived Proteins in Human Aging and Disease written by Roger J. W. Truscott and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-19 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative overview on an emerging topic in the molecular life sciences covers all aspects of the aging of (long-lived) proteins. It describes the molecular mechanisms of aging on the protein level, in particular the most common side chain modifications and includes analytical methods to study protein half-life and the accumulation of modifications. Finally, the impact of protein aging on several age-related disases in humans is dissected, and their role in limiting human lifespan is discussed.
Download or read book The dynamic state of body constituents written by Rudolf Schoenheimer and published by . This book was released on 1949 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Membrane Biogenesis written by Jos A.F. Op den Kamp and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many individual aspects of the dynamics and assembly of biological membranes have been studied in great detail. Cell biological approaches, advanced genetics, biophysics and biochemistry have greatly contributed to an increase in our knowledge in this field.lt is obvious however, that the three major membrane constituents - lipids, proteins and carbohydrates- are studied, in most cases separately and that a coherent overview of the various aspects of membrane biogenesis is not readily available. The NATO Advanced Study Institute on "New Perspectives in the Dynamics of Assembly of Biomembranes" intended to provide such an overview: it was set up to teach students and specialists the achievements obtained in the various research areas and to try and integrate the numerous aspects of membrane assembly into a coherent framework. The articles in here reflect this. Statting with detailed contributions on phospholipid structure, dynamics, organization and biogenesis, an up to date overview of the basic, lipidic backbone of biomembranes is given. Extensive progress is made in the research on membrane protein biosynthesis. In particular the post- and co-translational modification processes of proteins, the mechanisms of protein translocation and the sorting mechanisms which are necessary to direct proteins to their final, intra - or extracellular destination have been characterized in detail. Modern genetic approaches were indispensable in this research area: gene cloning, hybrid protein construction, site directed mutagenesis and sequencing techniques elucidated many functional aspects of specific nucleic acid and amino acid sequences.
Download or read book Macromolecular Protein Complexes III Structure and Function written by J. Robin Harris and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-30 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers important topics such as the dynamic structure and function of the 26S proteasome, the DNA replication machine: structure and dynamic function and the structural organization and protein–protein interactions in the human adenovirus capsid, to mention but a few. The 18 chapters included here, written by experts in their specific field, are at the forefront of scientific knowledge. The impressive integration of structural data from X-ray crystallography with that from cryo-electron microscopy is apparent throughout the book. In addition, functional aspects are also given a high priority. Chapter 1 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
