Download or read book PROPERTIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SUSTAINABLE ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE COMPOSITES OF CARBONIZED PULP FIBERS AND RECYCLED POLYAMIDE 12 written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Electrically conductive composites are polymer composites filled with electrically conductive filler. Electrically conductive composites can be implemented in the development of lightweight electrically conductive components for the automotive industry. Traditional electrically conductive composites incorporate synthetic carbon-based fillers that have good properties but are very expensive and highly energy intensive, creating the need for a sustainable and cost-effective replacement. This study explores the effectiveness of biocarbon fibers developed from Douglas fir pulp fibers as a potential electrically conductive filler in recycled polyamide (PA) 12 composites. Biocarbon fibers were developed from pulp by carbonization of the feedstock at 1000° C in an inert nitrogen environment. These biocarbon fibers were incorporated in a recycled polyamide 12 matrix in varying concentrations and characterized for electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the incorporation of biocarbon fibers can improve the electrical properties drastically, as the electrical properties of composites filled with 35 wt.% biocarbon were - 0.33 S/cm, which is several orders higher compared to pure polymer conductivity of -14 S.cm. The thermal properties of composites also showed an improvement with an increase in maximum thermal degradation temperature from 407.26 °C to 442.74 °C at 35 wt.% filler concentration indicating improved thermal properties. The storage modulus values of the composites also increased from 1500 MPa to 3500 MPa on the incorporation of 35 wt.% biocarbon fibers. The modeling study of the biocarbon fiber-filled composites was built upon updating a previous carbon fiber-filled composites modeling study and improved the fit between the experimental and theoretical electrical conductivity curves yet leaving room for improvement. Upon comparing biocarbon fiber fillers with biocarbon powder fillers, it was observed that the former has better electrical properties as biocarbon fiber-filled composites reported an electrical conductivity value of -0.33 S/cm while biocarbon powder-filled composites reported electrical conductivity values -2. 541 S/cm. This shows that biocarbon fibers with a higher aspect ratio have better electrical properties in composites. Finally, the lifecycle analysis of the recycled PA 12-biocarbon composites was carried out to determine the environmental impacts of the composites throughout their lifecycle. The emissions and environmental impacts were estimated using IPCC GWP 100 and TRACI USA 2008 method. The cumulative energy demand was estimated for the composites as well. The total emissions generated in the lifecycle of the composites were estimated to be 124 kg CO2 equivalents with the highest contributor being the use phase of the composites.
Download or read book Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Conducive Carbon Black Polyolefin Composites Mixed With Carbon Fiber written by A. Farshidfar and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electrical conductivity of polymers can be increased by the addition of conductive fillers, including forms of carbon fibers and carbon black. The resulting composites can be used in applications where metals have typically been the materials of choice. The advantages of using these materials include lighter weight, resistance to corrosion, and the ability to be readily adapted to the needs of a specific application. One of the most significant applications for conductive polymer composites are conductive carbon-polymer composite electrodes. As many properties such as conductivity, mechanical integrity, low permeability, electrochemical activity, and stability in the electrolytes are required of materials to be used as electrodes, so "material selection" plays a crucial role in fabricating these materials. In this work it was found that high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer(EPDM) blend ratio (70/30) has lower percolation threshold and volume resistivity than individually carbon black filled HDPE and EPDM due to "double percolation" effect. Carbon fibers were also added to the polymer-carbon black mixtures to enhance the conductivity and mechanical properties. The electrical conductivity of composites with different ratios of carbon black (CB) content to carbon fiber (CF) content was studied. The CB content is the main factor to determine the resistivity of the composites filled with CB and CF. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength of the conductive composites were evaluated. The results showed that incorporation of CB and CF in the composites will enhance tensile strength, but decrease elongation at break and impact strength of the composites. In mechanical properties, CF content has a greater effect than CB content. From the comparison of the resistivity and mechanical properties of the composites filled with CB and CF with that of the composites filled with CB only, it is concluded that using CF as a substitute for part of the CB in CB-filled composites can enhance electrical and mechanical properties.
Download or read book Electronic Properties of Composite Materials written by M. A. Leeds and published by Springer. This book was released on 1972-11 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composites are the fastest growing class of structural material. Consequently, electronic properties are often difficult to find. This report was prepared in order to present a compilation of reliable data on the electronic and electrical properties of composites. Composites provide an opportunity to tailor the properties to the application; a factor that allows designers an unlimited variety of new materials for new uses. It is this feature that has contributed to the rapid growth of composites. The electrical properties of a composite can be of vital importance in the use or application of the material in a system. The designer therefore, must be able to obtain the necessary electrical or electronic property data to guide him in the materials selection. It is the purpose of this report to assist the designer and engineer in fulfilling that requirement. Properties This report provides a compilation of the most commonly required electronic properties data of structural composites. Thermal properties often influence electrical design; consequently several of these properties are included. The specific properties tabulated are: Arc Resistance Thermal Conductivity Arc Tracking Resistance Linear Thermal Expansion Dielectric Constant Coefficient Dissipation Factor Electrical (Volume) Resistivity Electrical (Volume) Conductivity Other electrical and thermal properties are compiled as the data was made available.
Download or read book Electric Field Induced Micro structuring of Thermally Conductive Composites written by Omar Zahhaf and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Ph.D. research project provides a detailed investigation into the physical properties of Polydimethylsiloxane-Alumina (PDMS-Al2O3) composites, emphasizing the significant influence of dielectrophoretic structuring, and various key parameters in the resulting composite properties. The first component of the study systematically probes the intricate influence of dielectrophoretic parameters, matrix nature and viscosity, and alumina filler size on the thermal, dielectric, and mechanical properties of PDMS-Al2O3 composites. Through an in-depth examination of the impact of the electric field's amplitude and frequency, it is established that these parameters significantly modulate the composite structure, consequently affecting the composites' thermal and dielectric properties. The importance of the PDMS matrix's nature and viscosity on composite properties is also highlighted, with two distinct PDMS matrices studied for comparative analysis. Furthermore, the research underscores the effects of filler size through broadband dielectric spectroscopy, thermal conductivity measurements and mechanical characterization, elucidating the crucial role of this parameter. The second aspect of the study delves into the dielectrophoretic structuring of hybrid composites, emphasizing the role of filler size hybridization on composite properties. By comparing “monodisperse” with hybrid composites over a wide range of filler content, the study demonstrates the potential of size hybridization for significant improvements in thermal conductivity. The influence of the filler size ratio and size composition, identified as key factors in the physical properties of hybrid composites, are also investigated. The third component explores the hydrothermal synthesis of Al2O3 fibers and its influence on composite properties. By mapping the effects of synthesis parameters on the size distribution of Al2O3 fibers and conducting a detailed analysis of the filler aspect ratio, the research provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between fiber characteristics and the dielectric, thermal, and mechanical properties of PDMS-Al2O3 composites. Overall, this research significantly enhances the understanding of the roles of dielectrophoretic structuring, matrix nature, filler size, size hybridization, and filler aspect ratio in determining the physical properties of PDMS-Al2O3 composites. The study opens new avenues for formulating advanced composite materials with optimized performance and efficiency, balancing economic and environmental aspects.
Download or read book Green Composites written by Caroline Baillie and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-09 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is an increasing movement of scientists and engineers dedicated to minimising the environmental impact of polymer composite production. Life-cycle assessment is of paramount importance at every stage of a product's life, from initial synthesis through to final disposal and a sustainable society needs environmentally safe materials and processing methods. With an internationally recognised team of authors, Green composites examines polymer composite production and explains how environmental footprints can be diminished at every stage of the life-cycle. This book is an essential guide for agricultural crop producers, governmental agricultural departments, automotive companies, composite producers and material scientists all dedicated to the promotion and practice of eco-friendly materials and production methods.
Download or read book The Charging of Composites in the Space Environment written by Steven Andrew Czepiela and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep dielectric charging and subsequent electrostatic discharge in composite materials used on spacecraft have become greater concerns since composite materials are being used more extensively as main structural components. Deep dielectric charging occurs when high energy particles penetrate and deposit themselves in the insulating material of spacecraft components. These deposited particles induce an electric field in the material, which causes the particles to move and thus changes the electric field. The electric field continues to change until a steady state is reached between the incoming particles from the space environment and the particles moving away due to the electric field. An electrostatic discharge occurs when the electric field is greater than the dielectric strength of the composite material. The goal of the current investigation is to investigate deep dielectric charging in composite materials and ascertain what modifications have to be made to the composite properties to alleviate any breakdown issues. A 1-D model was created. The model is given the space environment calculated using the Environmental Workbench software, the composite material properties, and the electric field and voltage boundary conditions. The output from the model is the charge density, electric field, and voltage distributions as functions of the depth into the material and time. Analysis using the model show that there should be no deep dielectric charging problem with conductive composites such as carbon fiber / epoxy. With insulating materials such as glass fiber / epoxy, Kevlar, and polymers, there is also no concern of deep dielectric charging problems with average day-to-day particle fluxes. However, problems can arise during geomagnetic substorms and solar particle events where particle flux levels increase by several orders of magnitude, and thus increase the electric field in the material by several orders of magnitude. Therefore, the second part of this investigation was an experimental attempt to measure the continuum electrical properties of a carbon fiber / epoxy composite, and to create a composite with tailorable conductivity without affecting its mechanical properties. The measurement of the conductivity and dielectric strength of carbon fiber / epoxy composites showed that these properties are surface layer dominated and difficult to measure. In the second experimental task, the conductivity of a glass fiber / epoxy composite was increased by 3 orders of magnitude, dielectric constant was increased approximately by a factor of 16, with minimal change to the mechanical properties, by adding conductive carbon black to the epoxy.
Download or read book Plastic Waste and Recycling written by Trevor M. Letcher and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plastic Waste and Recycling: Environmental Impact, Societal Issues, Prevention, and Solutions begins with an introduction to the different types of plastic materials, their uses, and the concepts of reduce, reuse and recycle before examining plastic types, chemistry and degradation patterns that are organized by non-degradable plastic, degradable and biodegradable plastics, biopolymers and bioplastics. Other sections cover current challenges relating to plastic waste, explain the sources of waste and their routes into the environment, and provide systematic coverage of plastic waste treatment methods, including mechanical processing, monomerization, blast furnace feedstocks, gasification, thermal recycling, and conversion to fuel. This is an essential guide for anyone involved in plastic waste or recycling, including researchers and advanced students across plastics engineering, polymer science, polymer chemistry, environmental science, and sustainable materials. Presents actionable solutions for reducing plastic waste, with a focus on the concepts of collection, re-use, recycling and replacement Considers major societal and environmental issues, providing the reader with a broader understanding and supporting effective implementation Includes detailed case studies from across the globe, offering unique insights into different solutions and approaches
Download or read book Biochar for Environmental Management written by Johannes Lehmann and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-05-16 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochar is the carbon-rich product when biomass (such as wood, manure or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its stability in soil and superior nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process. This book is the first to synthesize the expanding research literature on this topic. The book's interdisciplinary approach, which covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics and policy, is a vital tool at this stage of biochar technology development. This comprehensive overview of current knowledge will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in a wide range of disciplines.
Download or read book Sustainable Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites written by Inamuddin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-01 with total page 1424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents emerging economical and environmentally friendly polymer composites that are free of the side effects observed in traditional composites. It focuses on eco-friendly composite materials using granulated cork, a by-product of the cork industry; cellulose pulp from the recycling of paper residues; hemp fibers; and a range of other environmentally friendly materials procured from various sources. The book presents the manufacturing methods, properties and characterization techniques of these eco-friendly composites. The respective chapters address classical and recent aspects of eco-friendly polymer composites and their chemistry, along with practical applications in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, automotive and other sectors. Topics addressed include the fundamentals, processing, properties, practicality, drawbacks and advantages of eco-friendly polymer composites. Featuring contributions by experts in the field with a variety of backgrounds and specialties, the book will appeal to researchers and students in the fields of materials science and environmental science. Moreover, it fills the gap between research work in the laboratory and practical applications in related industries.
Download or read book Eco Friendly Adhesives for Wood and Natural Fiber Composites written by Mohammad Jawaid and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of eco-friendly resins and their composite materials covering their synthesis, sources, structures and properties for different industrial applications to support the ongoing research and development in eco-friendly and renewable commercial products. It provides comparative discussions on the properties of eco-friendly resins with other polymer composites. It is a useful reference on bio-based eco-friendly polymer resins, wood-based composites, natural fibers and biomass materials for the polymer scientists, engineers and material scientists.
Download or read book Non soil Biochar Applications written by Dimitrios Kalderis and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochar is a carbon rich solid material resulting from the pyrolysis of biomass under oxygen-free and low temperature conditions. Although most research is directed towards the application of biochar to soils, there are several other biochar properties that render it a suitable candidate for non-soil applications. A growing number of studies have tested biochar as a composite in building materials, as a hazardous substance adsorbent in drinking water and wastewater, and as a component in filters for indoor air quality and storm water management. The potential to utilize biochar for various applications depends on its properties. For example, biochar with high electrical conductivity, porosity and stability at lower temperatures is preferred as electrodes material in microbial fuel cells. Biochar containing relatively high structural bound oxygen groups is preferred in direct carbon fuel cells. On the other hand, biochars with increased particle strength, hydrophobicity and high surface area are suitable candidates for the development of reusable catalysts for chemical reactions. These new high-value applications are still in their infancy, and further research and development is needed to reach commercialization. Optimum reaction conditions for producing biochar are not always the same and reproducibility is often not satisfactory, even when the same biomass is used and the same production conditions are present. This book on non-soil biochar applications aims to highlight the diversity of biochar as a multi-functional material and introduce some new and emerging applications to the wider scientific community. It will act as a reference document to all groups and individuals working or interested in biochar research and will be a valuable contribution to existing published literature.
Download or read book Natural Fibre Composites written by Alma THULE and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2014-02-13 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of natural fibres as reinforcements in composites has grown in importance in recent years. Natural Fibre Composites summarises the wealth of significant recent research in this area. Chapters in part one introduce and explore the structure, properties, processing, and applications of natural fibre reinforcements, including those made from wood and cellulosic fibres. Part two describes and illustrates the processing of natural fibre composites. Chapters discuss ethical practices in the processing of green composites, manufacturing methods and compression and injection molding techniques for natural fibre composites, and thermoset matrix natural fibre-reinforced composites. Part three highlights and interprets the testing and properties of natural fibre composites including, non-destructive and high strain rate testing. The performance of natural fibre composites is examined under dynamic loading, the response of natural fibre composites to impact damage is appraised, and the response of natural fibre composites in a marine environment is assessed. Natural Fibre Composites is a technical guide for professionals requiring an understanding of natural fibre composite materials. It offers reviews, applications and evaluations of the subject for researchers and engineers. Introduces and explores the structure, properties, processing, and applications of natural fibre reinforcements, including those made from wood and cellulosic fibres Highlights and interprets the testing and properties of natural fibre composites, including non-destructive and high strain rate testing Examines performance of natural fibre composites under dynamic loading, the response of natural fibre composites to impact damage, and the response of natural fibre composites in a marine environment
Download or read book Sustainable Fibres and Textiles written by Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-05-29 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Fibres and Textiles provides a whole-lifecycle approach to the subject of sustainable textiles, from fiber production, through manufacturing and low-energy care and recycling. The scientific, industrial, regulatory and social aspects of this lifecycle are explored by an expert author team who bring global perspectives to this important subject. The first part of the book provides detailed coverage of the sustainable production of textiles, with chapters devoted to each of the main fiber types, including new biosynthetic fibers, such as textiles produced from Polylactic Acid (PLA). The second part examines sustainable production methods, focusing on low carbon production technologies and sustainable, low-pollution methods of processing and dyeing fabrics. The final sections explore the benefits of textiles designed to enable low-energy fabric care via both finishes used to treat the fabric and better care labelling. Re-use and recycling options are also covered, as are ethical aspects, such as fair trade fabrics. Presents an integrated understanding of sustainability through the whole supply-chain – from agriculture, through manufacturing and fabric care, to recycling Teachers users how to make optimal choices of fiber and manufacturing technologies to achieve the sustainable production of high-quality apparel and other textile products Provides a wider understanding of emerging regulatory frameworks that will shape the future of sustainable textiles
Download or read book Agricultural Biomass Based Potential Materials written by Khalid Rehman Hakeem and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural biomass is abundant worldwide and it can be considered as alternative source of renewable and sustainable materials which can be used as potential materials for different applications. Despite this enormous production of agricultural biomass, only a small fraction of the total biomass is utilized for different applications. Industry must be prepared to take advantage of the situation and utilize the available biomass in the best possible manner. Agricultural biomass such as natural fibres has been successfully investigated as a great potential to be used as a renewable and sustainable materials for the production of composite materials. Natural fibres offer excellent specific properties and have potential as outstanding reinforcing fillers in the matrix and can be used as an alternative material for biocomposites, hybrid composites, pulp, and paper industries. Natural fibre based polymer composites made of jute, oil palm, flex, hemp, kenaf have a low market cost, attractive with respect to global sustainability and find increasing commercial use in different applications. Agricultural biomass based composites find applications in a number of fields viz., automotive industry and construction industry. Future research on agricultural biomass-natural fibre based composites should not only be limited to its automotive applications but can be explored for its application in aircraft components, construction industry, rural housing and biomedical applications. In this book we will cover the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, and biodegradability properties of agricultural biomass based composite materials and its different potential applications. The main goal of this volume is to familiarize researchers, scientists and engineers with the unique research opportunities and potentials of agricultural biomass based materials. Up-to-date information on alternative biomass utilization Academic and industry leaders discuss unique properties of biomass based composite materials Direct application of agricultural biomass materials as sustainable and renewable alternatives
Download or read book High Performance and Specialty Fibers written by Japan The Society of Fiber Science and Techno and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-16 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the key technologies and characteristics of the modern man-made specialty fibers mainly developed in Japan. Since the production of many low-cost man-made fibers shifted to China and other Asian countries, Japanese companies have focused on production of high-quality, high-performance super fibers as well as highly functionalized fibers so-called ‘Shin-gosen’. ZylonTM and DyneemaTM manufactured by Toyobo, TechnoraTM produced by Teijin, and VectranTM developed by Kuraray are those examples of super fibers. Carbon fibers ToraycaTM from Toray have occupied the most advanced high-performance application area. Various types of polyester fibers having design-shaped cross-sections and special fiber morphologies and those showing specific physico-chemical properties have also been developed to acquire a high-value textile market of the world. This book describes how these high-tech fibers have been developed and what aspects are the most important in each fiber based on its structure-property relationship. Famous specialists both in industry and academia are responsible for the contents, explaining the design concepts and the special technologies for the production of these special fibers. For university teachers and students, this volume is an excellent textbook that elucidates the basic concepts of modern fibers. At the same time, researchers, both in academia and industry, will find a comprehensive overview of recent man-made fibers. This publication, presenting the most easily understandable general survey of specialty man-made fibers to date, is dedicated to the 70th-anniversary of the Society of Fiber Science and Technology, Japan.
Download or read book Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety written by Ahmed Abdelhafez and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-07-22 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced from the pyrolysis of organic materials from agricultural and forestry biomass at a relatively low temperature in the absence of oxygen. As such, it has potential for solving many agricultural and environmental problems.This book is divided into five sections: “Introduction,” “Production and Legislation of Biochar,” “Applications of Biochar for Soil Fertility Improvement,” “Role of Biochar for Soil Remediation and Ameliorating Salinity Effects” and “Applications of Biochar for Water Treatment.” Chapters address topics such as the pros and cons of biochar, its production, and its role in remediating and treating contaminated soils and water.
Download or read book Composite Materials written by Kamal K. Kar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composite materials are used as substitutions of metals/traditional materials in aerospace, automotive, civil, mechanical and other industries. The present book collects the current knowledge and recent developments in the characterization and application of composite materials. To this purpose the volume describes the outstanding properties of this class of advanced material which recommend it for various industrial applications.
