Download or read book Proliferation proof Uranium Plutonium and Thorium Uranium Fuel Cycles Safeguards and Non Proliferation written by Kessler, Guenter and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2017-02-20 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal and neutron physics analysis show that above certain concentrations of the isotope Pu-238 hypothetical nuclear explosive devices, made of reactor-grade plutonium, are technically not feasible. Future proliferation-proof fuel cycles are proposed which make use of methods of actinide tansmutation.Reactors operating in the thorium/uranium fuel cyce are loaded with
Download or read book Proliferation proof Uranium Plutonium and Thorium Uranium Fuel Cycles written by Günter Kessler and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-09 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal and neutron physics analysis show that above certain concentrations of the isotope Pu-238 hypothetical nuclear explosive devices, made of reactor-grade plutonium, are technically not feasible. Future proliferation-proof fuel cycles are proposed which make use of methods of actinide tansmutation.Reactors operating in the thorium/uranium fuel cyce are loaded with This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Download or read book Proliferation Proof Uranium Plutonium Fuel Cycles Safeguards and Non Proliferation written by Günther Kessler and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thorium Fuel Cycle written by Raymond G. Wymer and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 868 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thorium Fuel Cycle written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a critical review of the thorium fuel cycle: potential benefits and challenges in the thorium fuel cycle, mainly based on the latest developments at the front end of the fuel cycle, applying thorium fuel cycle options, and at the back end of the thorium fuel cycle.
Download or read book Thorium Fuel Cycle written by Fouad Sabry and published by One Billion Knowledgeable. This book was released on 2022-10-15 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What Is Thorium Fuel Cycle The fertile material in the thorium fuel cycle is an isotope of thorium called 232Th, and the thorium fuel cycle itself is a kind of nuclear fuel cycle. Within the reactor, 232Th is converted into the fissile artificial uranium isotope 233U, which is then used as the fuel for the nuclear reactor. Natural thorium, in contrast to natural uranium, only contains minute quantities of fissile material, which is insufficient to kick off a nuclear chain reaction. In order to kickstart the fuel cycle, either more fissile material or an other neutron source is required. 233U is created when 232Th, which is powered by thorium, absorbs neutrons in a reactor. This is analogous to the process that occurs in uranium breeder reactors, in which fertile 238U is subjected to neutron absorption in order to produce fissile 239Pu. The produced 233U either fissions in situ or is chemically removed from the old nuclear fuel and converted into new nuclear fuel, depending on the architecture of the reactor and the fuel cycle. Fissioning in situ is the more efficient method. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Thorium fuel cycle Chapter 2: Nuclear reactor Chapter 3: Radioactive waste Chapter 4: Fissile material Chapter 5: Nuclear fuel cycle Chapter 6: MOX fuel Chapter 7: Breeder reactor Chapter 8: Uranium-238 Chapter 9: Energy amplifier Chapter 10: Subcritical reactor Chapter 11: Integral fast reactor Chapter 12: Fertile material Chapter 13: Uranium-233 Chapter 14: Plutonium-239 Chapter 15: Isotopes of uranium Chapter 16: Isotopes of plutonium Chapter 17: Weapons-grade nuclear material Chapter 18: Uranium-236 Chapter 19: Burnup Chapter 20: Liquid fluoride thorium reactor Chapter 21: Nuclear transmutation (II) Answering the public top questions about thorium fuel cycle. (III) Real world examples for the usage of thorium fuel cycle in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of thorium fuel cycle' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of thorium fuel cycle.
Download or read book Proliferation resistant Nuclear Fuel Cycles Spiking of Plutonium with 238Pu written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The properties of plutonium containing unusually large proportions of the 238Pu isotope are considered in relation to resistance to nuclear proliferation. Several fuel cycle modifications for light-water reactors are evaluated. It is shown that the 238Pu isotopic concentration can be increased substantially from the approximately 1.5% in discharged fuel from reactors operating presently. Concentrations of 8 to 10% are readily achievable, and values approaching 20% may be practical. The increased 238Pu content is accomplished by increasing its production by recycling 236U (via recycle of uranium from spent fuel) and 237Np, and by decreasing production of isotopes heavier than mass 238 by substituting thorium for 238U. Impact on the fuel cycle appears to be no more severe than that from other proliferation-resistant concepts currently under consideration. The properties of such plutonium, particularly heat generation, may offer a viable deterrent to weapons use of the material by organizations without appropriate experience and technology, thereby substantially reducing the risk of nuclear proliferation.
Download or read book Nuclear Proliferation and Civilian Nuclear Power written by United States. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thorium and the Third Fuel written by Joseph M. Dukert and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nuclear Proliferation and Civilian Nuclear Power written by United States. Department of Energy and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Long Term Utilization of Uranium and Thorium written by Donald W. Kuhn and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Uranium Enrichment and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation written by Allan S. Krass and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-20 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1983, this book presents both the technical and political information necessary to evaluate the emerging threat to world security posed by recent advances in uranium enrichment technology. Uranium enrichment has played a relatively quiet but important role in the history of efforts by a number of nations to acquire nuclear weapons and by a number of others to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. For many years the uranium enrichment industry was dominated by a single method, gaseous diffusion, which was technically complex, extremely capital-intensive, and highly inefficient in its use of energy. As long as this remained true, only the richest and most technically advanced nations could afford to pursue the enrichment route to weapon acquisition. But during the 1970s this situation changed dramatically. Several new and far more accessible enrichment techniques were developed, stimulated largely by the anticipation of a rapidly growing demand for enrichment services by the world-wide nuclear power industry. This proliferation of new techniques, coupled with the subsequent contraction of the commercial market for enriched uranium, has created a situation in which uranium enrichment technology might well become the most important contributor to further nuclear weapon proliferation. Some of the issues addressed in this book are: A technical analysis of the most important enrichment techniques in a form that is relevant to analysis of proliferation risks; A detailed projection of the world demand for uranium enrichment services; A summary and critique of present institutional non-proliferation arrangements in the world enrichment industry, and An identification of the states most likely to pursue the enrichment route to acquisition of nuclear weapons.
Download or read book Barnwell Nuclear Fuels Plant Applicability Study written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A comparison of the environment health and safety characteristics of advanced thorium uranium and uranium plutonium fuel cycles written by Timothy Mason Ault and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The environment, health, and safety properties of thorium-uranium-based ( thorium ) fuel cycles are estimated and compared to those of analogous uranium-plutonium-based ( uranium ) fuel cycle options using a structured assessment methodology. Thorium resource recovery as a measure of environmental sustainability is described in terms of resource availability, chemical processing requirements, and radiological impacts. Results indicate that near-term thorium recovery will occur as a by-product of mining for other commodities, particularly titanium, and could satisfy even the most intensive nuclear demand for thorium six times over. Chemical flowsheet and radiological process analyses show greater, but not insurmountable, impacts for thorium recovery compared to uranium recovery. Four fuel cycle options are compared: a modified-open uranium option, a modified-open thorium option, a closed uranium option, and a closed thorium option. The options are compared on the bases of resource sustainability, waste management (both low- and high-level waste), and occupational radiological impacts. At steady-state, occupational doses somewhat favor the closed thorium option while low-level waste slightly favors the closed uranium option, although uncertainties are significant. The high-level waste properties favor the closed options (especially with thorium), but uranium options produce slightly less I-129 and may present less risk in a repository environment. Resource requirements are much lower for the closed options and are relatively similar between thorium and uranium. In addition to the steady-state results, several potential transition pathways are considered for closed uranium and thorium end-states. For dose, low-level waste, and fission products contributing to repository risk, the differences among transition impacts largely reflect the steady-state differences. However, the high-level waste properties show the opposite result in transition (strongly favoring uranium, whereas thorium is strongly favored at steady-state), since used present-day uranium fuel is disposed in transitions to purely thorium-based options. Resource consumption was the only metric was strongly influenced by specific transition pathways, favoring the most rapid transitions regardless of whether thorium or uranium was used.
Download or read book Thorium Fuel cycle Alternatives written by Thomas H. Pigford and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book OPTIMIZATION OF HETEROGENEOUS UTILIZATION OF THORIUM IN PWRS TO ENHANCE PROLIFERATION RESISTANCE AND REDUCE WASTE written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues affecting the implementation, public perception and acceptance of nuclear power include: proliferation, radioactive waste, safety, and economics. The thorium cycle directly addresses the proliferation and waste issues, but optimization studies of core design and fuel management are needed to ensure that it fits within acceptable safety and economic margins. Typical pressurized water reactors, although loaded with uranium fuel, produce 225 to 275 kg of plutonium per gigawatt-year of operation. Although the spent fuel is highly radioactive, it nevertheless offers a potential proliferation pathway because the plutonium is relatively easy to separate, amounts to many critical masses, and does not present any significant intrinsic barrier to weapon assembly. Uranium 233, on the other hand, produced by the irradiation of thorium, although it too can be used in weapons, may be ''denatured'' by the addition of natural, depleted or low enriched uranium. Furthermore, it appears that the chemical behavior of thoria or thoria-urania fuel makes it a more stable medium for the geological disposal of the spent fuel. It is therefore particularly well suited for a once-through fuel cycle. The use of thorium as a fertile material in nuclear fuel has been of interest since the dawn of nuclear power technology due to its abundance and to potential neutronic advantages. Early projects include homogeneous mixtures of thorium and uranium oxides in the BORAX-IV, Indian Point I, and Elk River reactors, as well as heterogeneous mixtures in the Shippingport seed-blanket reactor. However these projects were developed under considerably different circumstances than those which prevail at present. The earlier applications preceded the current proscription, for non-proliferation purposes, of the use of uranium enriched to more than 20 w/o in 235U, and has in practice generally prohibited the use of uranium highly enriched in 235U. They were designed when the expected burnup of light water fuel was on the order of 25 MWD/kgU--about half the present day value--and when it was expected that the spent fuel would be recycled to recover its fissile content.
Download or read book Performance Analysis Review of Thorium TRISO Coated Particles During Manufacture Irradiation and Accident Condition Heating Tests written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by IAEA Tecdoc. This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication is the outcome of an IAEA coordinated research project on near term and promising long term options for deployment of thorium based nuclear energy. It is based on the compilation and analysis of available results on thorium tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coated particle fuel performance in manufacturing during irradiation and accident condition heating tests. As a result, the project participants concluded that the performance statistics for the high enriched thoria urania TRISO fuel system are in perfect concert with those state of the art requirements for present day high temperature reactor concepts.
