Download or read book Structural Transformation in Employment and Productivity written by Ms.Louise Fox and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides the most complete analysis of the structural transformation among low- and low-middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa to date.
Download or read book Productive Employment in Africa written by Reginald Herbold Green and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Productive Employment in Africa an Overview of the Challenges written by Reginald Herbold Green and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The changing structure of Africa s economies written by Diao, Xinshen and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2017-01-13 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, some counties in Africa south of the Sahara (SSA) have experienced growth in their economies and improvements in living standards. Although there is some debate, it is clear that the share of the population living below the poverty line fell significantly over the past decade and a half; there has been a general decline in infant mortality rates and increased access to education; in some of the fastest-growing economies, average growth rates have been positive for the first time in decades; and since the early 1990s, real consumption in SSA has grown between 3.4 and 3.7 percent per year. The reasons behind this so-called “African growth miracle” are not well understood, and to our knowledge, this paper is the first to connect these improvements in living standards to important occupational changes. Using data from the Groningen Growth and Development Center’s Africa Sector Database and the Demographic and Health Surveys, we show that much of SSA’s recent growth and poverty reduction has been associated with a substantive decline in the share of the labor force engaged in agriculture. This decline is most pronounced for rural females over the age of 25 who have a primary education. This has been accompanied by a systematic increase in the productivity of the labor force, as it has moved from low productivity agriculture to higher productivity services and manufacturing. We also show that although the employment share in manufacturing is not expanding rapidly, in most of the low-income SSA countries, the employment share in manufacturing has not peaked and is still expanding, albeit from very low levels. Although these patterns are encouraging, more work is needed to understand the implications of these shifts in employment shares for future growth and development in SSA.
Download or read book Industries Without Smokestacks written by Richard S. Newfarmer and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study prepared by the United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)
Download or read book Real Wage Labor Productivity and Employment Trends in South Africa written by Nir Klein and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2012-04-01 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper looks at the dynamics of employment in South Africa and examines the factors that contributed to the job-shedding observed during the recent financial crisis. The paper finds that the rapid growth of the real wage, which outpaced the labor productivity growth in most sectors, played an important role in suppressing employment creation. The paper also finds that while there is a co-integrating link between the real wage and labor productivity, the deviations from equilibrium are persistent and thus contribute to a weak link between real wage growth and labor productivity growth in the short term. This finding is also supported by a cross-country analysis, which shows that in South Africa the link between the real wage and labor productivity is substantially weaker than in other emerging markets, even after controlling for labor market tightness indicators.
Download or read book Boosting Productivity in Sub Saharan Africa written by Cesar Calderon and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-12-17 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa region has been plagued by a series of shocks—wars, political instability, natural disasters, epidemics, terms-of-trade deterioration, and sudden stops in capital inflows—that have had lingering effects on productivity and growth. Within the overall productivity gap of the region are substantial differences across the sectors of economic activity and production units. Boosting Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Policies and Institutions to Promote Efficiency documents the productivity trends in Sub-Saharan Africa in three different dimensions, assessing productivity at the aggregate level, the sectoral level, and the establishment level. It characterizes the evolution of productivity in the region relative to other countries and regions, as well as country groups in Africa, classified by their degree of natural resource abundance and condition of fragility. The volume suggests that the persistence of the productivity gap in Africa vis-à -vis the technological frontier can be attributed to the slow accumulation of physical and human capital relative to the region’s growing population, as well as the poor allocation of these resources. These allocative inefficiencies are the outcome of policies and institutions that introduce distortions in the decision-making process of individuals. Hence, the volume assesses the implications of production decisions across agricultural farms and manufacturing firms. It presents evidence on aggregate productivity from the perspective of production units, using recent household surveys for farmers and firm-level surveys for select countries, as well as frontier estimation techniques. It documents the extent of severe resource misallocation across agricultural and manufacturing production units. These distortions decelerate the growth of the production units, disincentivize their adoption of productivity-enhancing technologies, and reduce the ability of their peers to learn new techniques. Boosting Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa highlights the adoption of digital technologies to reduce some of these market frictions. Mobile money has increased financial inclusion in several countries, and digital financial technologies have given individuals access to savings instruments and loan products. Enhancing access to credit can help individuals invest in schooling and overcome the costs of formality. The volume discusses further avenues of research that may provide additional insights on the productivity dynamics across countries in the region, and it identifies the different channels of policy transmission to enhance productivity. The empirical work presented can help to guide the design of policy in the region.
Download or read book Industries without Smokestacks written by Richard Newfarmer and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-03 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By 2030 more than three quarters of the world's absolute poor are projected to live in Africa. Accelerating economic growth is key to rising incomes on the continent, and central to this challenge is establishing activities that are capable of employing large numbers of unskilled workers, that can raise productivity through innovation, and that can power growth through exports. Such structural transformation is a key driver of growth, and between 1950-1996 about half of the economic catch-up by developing countries (led by East Asia) was due to rising productivity in manufacturing combined with growing agricultural output. Africa, however, has lagged behind. In 2014, the average share of manufacturing in GDP in sub-Saharan Africa hovered around 10 per cent, unchanged from the 1970s, leading some observers to be pessimistic about Africa's potential to catch the wave of sustained rapid growth and rising incomes. Industries Without Smokestacks: Industrialization in Africa Reconsidered challenges this view. It argues that other activities sharing the characteristics of manufacturing- including tourism, ICT, and other services as well as food processing and horticulture- are beginning to play a role analogous to that played by manufacturing in East Asia. This reflects not only changes in the global organization of industries since the early era of rapid East Asian growth, but also advantages unique to Africa. These 'industries without smokestacks' offer new opportunities for Africa to grow in coming decades.
Download or read book Digital developments and employment written by Wilma Viviers and published by AOSIS. This book was released on 2024-07-31 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is broad consensus in the literature that job creation and productive employment are critical for building a vibrant, inclusive economy. The digital era has the potential to expand employment by creating new professional pathways and market opportunities, particularly in Africa, which has high levels of unemployment and considerable room for enhanced economic activity. However, advancing digital technologies also pose risks and concerns – notably that machines will increasingly take over the jobs of humans. The effects of digital developments on employment therefore warrant thorough investigation. This book delves into the effects of digital developments on employment in Africa, using both qualitative and quantitative research methods. An important premise in the book is that employment is a leading determinant of inclusive growth, which has become a policy imperative across the continent. Despite a wide range of views on digital developments and employment, there is no well-established, empirically determined relationship between these two phenomena in Africa, which makes policy-making difficult. The book addresses this research gap, giving specific attention to the fact that African countries are far from homogeneous, evidenced by their highly diverse economic activities and varying levels of development. The book is essential reading for scholars in the development economics discipline who have an interest in policy studies and in gaining a holistic appreciation of the employment effects of digital developments in Africa. Such insights will go a long way towards shaping countries’ economic and digital policies and putting the continent onto a steadier path towards its digital future.
Download or read book Productive Employment in Africa an Overview of the Challenge written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Youth Employment in Sub Saharan Africa written by Deon Filmer and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2014-01-24 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The series is sponsored by the Agence Francaise de Developpement and the World Bank."
Download or read book Wages and Employment in Africa written by Dipak Mazumdar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title was first published in 2002: Analyzing labour market trends in sub-Saharan Africa since 1970, this volume employs data collected from the International Labor Organization (ILO), United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) and World Bank (the RPED surveys). It examines the economics of the labour market against the presistent decline in real wages over some 20 years in some of these countries. Setting the African story against the background of wage-employment trends in other regions of the world, the author proceeds to examine the impact of this decline on the rural-urban earnings gap. The consequences of the declining wage levels on the lifetime earnings of workers and on trends in labour productivity are then discussed, followed by an analysis of the employment and wage structure in African manufacturing firms.
Download or read book Economic transformation in Africa from the bottom up Evidence from Tanzania written by Diao, Xinshen and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2017-02-03 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At roughly 4 percent per year, labor productivity in Tanzania has grown more rapidly over the past 14 years than at any other time in recent history. Employment growth has also been strong, keeping up with population growth at roughly 2.5 percent per year; the bulk of employment growth (90 percent) has been in the nonagricultural sector. However, the vast majority of this nonagricultural employment growth has occurred in informal sector. Using Tanzania’s first nationally representative survey of micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises, this paper shows that firms in the informal sector contributed roughly half a percentage point to economywide labor productivity growth in Tanzania between 2002 and 2012. However, virtually all of the labor productivity growth contributed by informal firms came from a small subset of firms called the “in-between firms.” This paper considers attributes of the in-between firms that could be used for targeting financial and business services to firms with the potential to grow. This paper finds two salient characteristics of in-between firms that might lend themselves to targeting—their owners are more likely to keep written accounts and more likely to keep their savings in formal bank accounts.
Download or read book Africa s Got Work to Do written by Ms.Louise Fox and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Estimates of the current and future structure of employment in sub-Saharan Africa (2005–20) are obtained based on household survey estimates for 28 countries and an elasticity-type model that relates employment to economic growth and demographic outcomes. Agriculture still employs the majority of the labor force although workers are shifting slowly out of the sector. Sub-Saharan Africa’s projected rapid labor force growth, combined with a low baseline level of private sector wage employment, means that even if sub-Saharan Africa realizes another decade of strong growth, the share of labor force employed in private firms is not expected to rise substantially. Governments need to undertake measures to attract private enterprises that provide wage employment, but they also need to focus on improving productivity in the traditional and informal sectors as these will continue to absorb the majority of the labor force.
Download or read book Reversing the Decline of Output and Productive Employment in Rural Sub Saharan Africa written by Azizur Rahman Khan and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Social Determinants of Labour Productivity in West Africa written by Austin N. Isamah and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a survey of assembly line workers in three large enterprises in Abidjan, Accra and Lagos.
Download or read book Labour Use and Productivity and Technological Change in African Small Holder Agriculture written by Marcel Fafchamps and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ILO pub-WEP pub-JASPA pub. Report on agricultural employment, labour utilization, labour productivity and use of agricultural technology on small farms in English speaking Africa - describes cropping patterns, land tenure, labour market, etc.; reports on family size, division of labour, underemployment, agricultural incomes, household consumption and time budget allocation; summarises the effects of animal traction, tractorisation, use of fertilizers, etc.; discusses agricultural policies. Bibliography, statistical tables.
