Download or read book Product Quality Productive Efficiency and International Technology Diffusion written by Aart Kraay and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What mechanisms most frequently transmit foreign technologies to developing country firms? Do these foreign technologies affect both productive efficiency and product quality in the recipient firms? Under what circumstances do firms pursue activities that give them access to foreign knowledge? To address these questions, the authors develop a new methodology and apply the framework to plant-level panel data from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco. Their results point to several basic messages. First, by imposing enough structure on the production function and the demand system, it is possible to measure product quality and marginal costs at the plant level and to relate the evolution of these variables to firms' activity histories. Doing so, the authors find strong firm-level persistence in both quality and marginal costs. But in most industry or country panels that they study, past international activities help little in predicting current performance once past realizations on quality and marginal cost are controlled for. That is, activities do not typically Granger-cause performance. Interestingly, in the minority of cases where significant associations emerge, international activities appear to move costs and product quality in the same direction. So the net effect on profits in these cases is not immediately apparent. Second, several basic patterns emerge with respect to the determinants of international activities. Most fundamentally, activities are highly persistent, even after unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for. That suggests that firms incur sunk threshold costs when they initiate or cease activities, so temporary policy or macroeconomic shocks may have long-run effects on the patterns of activities observed in a particular country or industry. Also, activities tend to go together, so that studies that relate firms' performance to one international activity and ignore the others may generate misleading conclusions. But the bundling of activities seems to mainly reflect unobserved plant characteristics, such as managerial philosophy, contacts, product niche, and location. Once these are controlled for, there is little evidence that engaging in one international activity increases the probability that a firm will engage in others in the future.
Download or read book Product Quality Productive Efficiency and International Technology Diffusion written by Aart Kraay and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco, firms' past exposure to foreign knowledge through exports, imported imputs, and foreign direct investment does not help to predict current product quality or productive efficiency.
Download or read book Global Integration and Technology Transfer written by Bernard M. Hoekman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006-04-27 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of international technology diffusion (ITD) for economic development can hardly be overstated. Both the acquisition of technology and its diffusion foster productivity growth. Developing countries have long sought to use both national policies and international agreements to stimulate ITD. The 'correct' policy intervention, if any, depends critically upon the channels through which technology diffuses internationally and the quantitative effects of the various diffusion processes on efficiency and productivity growth. Neither is well understood. New technologies may be embodied in goods and transferred through imports of new varieties of differentiated products or capital goods and equipment, they may be obtained through exposure to foreign buyers or foreign investors or they may be acquired through arms-length trade in intellectual property, e.g., licensing contracts. 'Global Integration and Technology Transfer' uses cross-country and firm level panel data sets to analyze how specific activities exporting, importing, FDI, joint ventures impact on productivity performance.
Download or read book The World Bank Research Program 2001 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication is a compilation of reports on research projects initiated, under way, or completed in fiscal year 2001 (July 1, 2000 through June 30, 2001). The abstracts cover 150 research projects from the World Bank and grouped under 11 major headings including poverty and social development, health and population, education, labor and employment, environment, infrastructure and urban development, and agriculture and rural development. The abstracts detail the questions addressed, the analytical methods used, the findings to date and their policy implications. Each abstract identifies the expected completion date of each project, the research team, and reports or publications produced.
Download or read book Lessons from NAFTA written by Luis Serven and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2004-11-15 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzing the experience of Mexico under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 'Lessons from NAFTA' aims to provide guidance to Latin American and Caribbean countries considering free trade agreements with the United States. The authors conclude that the treaty raised external trade and foreign investment inflows and had a modest effect on Mexico's average income per person. It is likely that the treaty also helped achieve a modest reduction in poverty and an improvement in job quality. This book will be of interest to scholars and policymakers interested in international trade and development.
Download or read book Global Productivity written by Alistair Dieppe and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-06-09 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic struck the global economy after a decade that featured a broad-based slowdown in productivity growth. Global Productivity: Trends, Drivers, and Policies presents the first comprehensive analysis of the evolution and drivers of productivity growth, examines the effects of COVID-19 on productivity, and discusses a wide range of policies needed to rekindle productivity growth. The book also provides a far-reaching data set of multiple measures of productivity for up to 164 advanced economies and emerging market and developing economies, and it introduces a new sectoral database of productivity. The World Bank has created an extraordinary book on productivity, covering a large group of countries and using a wide variety of data sources. There is an emphasis on emerging and developing economies, whereas the prior literature has concentrated on developed economies. The book seeks to understand growth patterns and quantify the role of (among other things) the reallocation of factors, technological change, and the impact of natural disasters, including the COVID-19 pandemic. This book is must-reading for specialists in emerging economies but also provides deep insights for anyone interested in economic growth and productivity. Martin Neil Baily Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution Former Chair, U.S. President’s Council of Economic Advisers This is an important book at a critical time. As the book notes, global productivity growth had already been slowing prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and collapses with the pandemic. If we want an effective recovery, we have to understand what was driving these long-run trends. The book presents a novel global approach to examining the levels, growth rates, and drivers of productivity growth. For anyone wanting to understand or influence productivity growth, this is an essential read. Nicholas Bloom William D. Eberle Professor of Economics, Stanford University The COVID-19 pandemic hit a global economy that was already struggling with an adverse pre-existing condition—slow productivity growth. This extraordinarily valuable and timely book brings considerable new evidence that shows the broad-based, long-standing nature of the slowdown. It is comprehensive, with an exceptional focus on emerging market and developing economies. Importantly, it shows how severe disasters (of which COVID-19 is just the latest) typically harm productivity. There are no silver bullets, but the book suggests sensible strategies to improve growth prospects. John Fernald Schroders Chaired Professor of European Competitiveness and Reform and Professor of Economics, INSEAD
Download or read book The Global Governance of Knowledge Creation and Diffusion written by Helge Hveem and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-02-27 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is an increasing scientific and political sensibility for questions regarding the "governance of a knowledge society" and the societal benefits and problems of a "knowledge economy". The Global Governance of Knowledge provides a survey and analysis of international agreements and institutions, global and regional, which regulate the creation and dissemination of knowledge. The volume utilises case studies and a comparative country / thematic approach to prove a comprehensive survey of the regulation and governance of knowledge flow, research and innovation. By identifying activities creating new knowledge, such as education and migration, it demonstrates how knowledge regulation and diffusion works in practice and policy. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of globalization, international relations and policy regulation.
Download or read book Global Economic Prospects January 2020 written by World Bank Group and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-01-27 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global growth is projected to be slightly faster in 2020 than the post-crisis low registered last year. While growth could be stronger if reduced trade tensions lead to a sustained reduction in uncertainty, the balance of risks to the outlook is to the downside. Growth in emerging market and developing economies is also expected to remain subdued, continuing a decade of disappointing outcomes. A steep and widespread productivity growth slowdown has been underway in these economies since the global financial crisis, despite the largest, fastest, and most broad-based accumulation of debt since the 1970s. In addition, many emerging market and developing economies, including low-income countries, face the challenge of phasing out price controls that impose heavy fiscal cost and dampen investment. These circumstances add urgency to the need to implement measures to rebuild macroeconomic policy space and to undertake reforms to rekindle productivity growth. These efforts need to be supplemented by policies to promote inclusive and sustainable long-term growth and accelerate poverty alleviation. Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing countries, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). The January edition includes in-depth analyses of topical policy challenges faced by these economies, whereas the June edition contains shorter analytical pieces.
Download or read book Trade Foreign Exchange and Energy Policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran written by Jesper Bo Jensen and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reflecting the large initial distortions, trade, exchange rate, and energy reforms could generate large welfare gains for the Islamic Republic of Iran. If combined with direct income payments to all households (not just the poor), the poor would benefit enormously. The authors show that well intentioned policies of commodity subsidies for the poor can have perverse effects.
Download or read book Household Enterprises in Vietnam written by Wim P. M. Vijverberg and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two-fifths of the household enterprises that operated in Vietnam in 1993 were still in business in 1998, after five years of rapid economic growth. Constrained by lack of education, credit, and effective demand in poor areas, and squeezed by the lure of wage labor in rich areas, household enterprises are most prominent when agriculture is declining in importance but before the formal sector becomes established.
Download or read book International Technology Diffusion written by Wolfgang Keller and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I discuss the concept and empirical importance of international technology diffusion from the point of view of recent work on endogenous technological change. In this literature, technology is viewed as technological knowledge. I first review the major concepts, and how international technology diffusion relates to other factors affecting economic growth in open economies. The following main section of the paper provides a review of recent empirical results on (i) basic results in international technology diffusion; (ii) the importance of specific channels of diffusion, in particular trade and foreign direct investment; (iii) the spatial distribution of technological knowledge, and (iv) other issues.
Download or read book What Determines the Quality of Institions written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Child Labor in Transition in Vietnam written by Eric V. Edmonds and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bank Lending to Small Businesses in Latin America written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do foreign banks lend less to small and medium enterprises than domestic banks in Developing countries? Analysis of data from four countries in Latin America suggests that although small foreign banks lend less than small domestic banks, the difference for large banks is considerably less.
Download or read book Capacity Building in Economics Education and Research in Transition Economies written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of the institutional capacity to create and evaluate economic policies remains a critical need - and constraint - in most transition economies if they are to complete the successful passage to fully functioning market economies. To take an active role in the transition process, economic policymakers, business leaders, government officials, and others need a thorough grounding in market-based economics. This requires strengthening economics education and providing support for qualified economists to teach economics at all levels and to carry out high-quality research and policy analysis.
Download or read book The positive Effect of Macroeconomic Crises on the Schooling and Employment Decisions of Children in a Middle income Country written by Norbert Rüdiger Schady and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under some conditions macroeconomic crises can have a positive effect on the accumulation of human capital because they reduce the opportunity cost of schooling. This has profound implications for the design of appropriate social protection policies.
Download or read book Immunization in Developing Countries written by Varun Gauri and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2013 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors use cross-national social, political, economic, and institutional data to explain why some countries have stronger immunization programs than others, as measured by diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and measles vaccine coverage rates and the adoption of the hepatitis B vaccine. After reveiwing the existing literature on demand- and supply-side side factors that affect immunization programs, the authors find that the elements that most affect immunization programs in low- and middle-income countries involve broad changes in the global policy environment and contact with international agencies. Democracies tend to have lower coverage rates than autocracies, perhaps because bureaucratic elites have an affinity for immunization programs and are granted more autonomy in autocracies, althought this effect is not visible in low-income countries. The authors also find that the quality of a nation's institutions and its level of development are strongly related to immunization rate coverage and vaccine adoption, and that coverage rates are in general more a function of supply-side than demand effects. there is no evidence that epidemics or polio eradication campaigns affect immunization rates one way or another, or that average immunization rates increase following outbreaks of diphtheria, pertussis, or measles.
