Download or read book Process Intensification of Biodiesel Production from Algae Using Foam Flotation Column written by Salihu Danlami Musa and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Process Intensification Technologies for Biodiesel Production written by Anton Alexandru Kiss and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-03-15 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is among the first to address the novel process intensification technologies for biodiesel production, in particular the integrated reactive separations. It provides a comprehensive overview illustrated with many industrially relevant examples of novel reactive separation processes used in the production of biodiesel (e.g. fatty acid alkyl esters): reactive distillation, reactive absorption, reactive extraction, membrane reactors, and centrifugal contact separators. Readers will also learn about the working principles, design and control of integrated processes, while also getting a relevant and modern overview of the process intensification opportunities for biodiesel synthesis. Biodiesel is a biodegradable and renewable fuel that currently enjoys much attention. In spite of the recent advances, the existing biodiesel processes still suffer from problems associated with the use of homogeneous catalysts (e.g. salt waste streams) and the key limitations imposed by the chemical reaction equilibrium, thus leading to severe economic and environmental penalties. The integration of reaction and separation into one operating unit overcomes equilibrium limitations and provides key benefits such as low capital investment and operating costs. Many of these processes can be further enhanced by heat-integration and powered by heterogeneous catalysts, to eliminate all conventional catalyst related operations, using the raw materials efficiently and the reaction volume, while offering high conversion and selectivity, and significant energy savings. The targeted audience of this book includes both academia (students and researchers) and industry (project leaders, technology managers, researchers, biodiesel producers, and equipment suppliers).
Download or read book Process Intensification Technologies for Biodiesel Production written by A. a Kiss and published by . This book was released on 2014-04-30 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biofuels from Algae written by Kuan-Yeow Show and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-08-08 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive effort is being made globally to develop various biofuels as an inexhaustible and renewable energy source. Biofuels are viewed as promising alternatives to conventional fossil fuels because they have the potential to eliminate major environmental problems such as global warming and climate change created by fossil fuels. Among the still-developing biofuel technologies, biodiesel production from algae offers a good prospect for large-scale practical use, considering the fact that algae are capable of producing much more yield than other biofuels such as corn and soybean crops. Although research on algae-based biofuel is still in its developing stage, extensive work on laboratory- and pilot-scale algae-harvesting systems with promising prospects has been reported. This chapter presents a discussion of the literature review of recent advances in algal biomass harvesting. The chapter focuses on stability and separability of algae and algae-harvesting methods. Challenges and prospects of algae harvesting are also outlined. The review aims to provide useful information for future development of efficient and commercially viable algal biodiesel production.
Download or read book Process Intensification in Biodiesel Production written by Rugma Satheesh and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biodiesel Production Using Reactive Distillation Column Based on Intensification Processes written by António André Chivanga Barros and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environment concerns related to the use of fossil fuels are reflected in proposals for new conversion technologies to produce biofuels from biomass. The biofuels produced in this context have the same characteristics as petroleum derivatives, however, with reduced greenhouse gas emissions and with no sulfur in their molecular structures. In this context, a reactive distillation (RD) column was designed, constructed, installed, and operated using process intensification principles. It was applied in the production of biodiesel, using residual frying oil as the raw material, by the transesterification reaction, in a continuous regime. The process started with alcohol in excess in the reboiler, located in the bottom of the RD, which was heated through the combustion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to produce ethanol vapor, which was recirculated in the column until stabilization. In this stage, the reagents were inserted into the feed tanks. Thus, the tank valves were opened for each reactant. The reaction products were recovered during the experiment from the bottom of the column and they were distilled to obtain two phases, biodiesel and glycerol. The results obtained from this study show that the use of an RD column can produce biodiesel in a continuous regime.
Download or read book Development and Intensification of a Foam Flotation System in Harvesting Microalgae for Biofuel written by Muayad Abed Shihab Al-karawi and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book 3rd Generation Biofuels written by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 1170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3rd Generation Biofuels: Disruptive Technologies to Enable Commercial Production is a comprehensive volume on all aspects of algal biofuels, offering the latest advances on commercial implementation. In addition to the fundamentals, the book discusses all applied aspects of 3rd generation biofuels production, including design approaches, unit operations of the upstream and downstream biomass processing, and every potential microalgae-based energy product, including microbial fuel cells. Policy, economic, environmental, and regulatory issues are addressed in a dedicated section. Finally, the book presents pilot and demonstration-scale projects for 3rd generation biofuels production in the format of a white paper. Each chapter reviews the state of the art, discusses the disruptive technological approaches that will potentially enable large-scale production, and concludes with specific recommendations on how to achieve commercial competitiveness. The book provides readers with an invaluable reference for researchers, graduates, and practitioners working in the areas of renewable energy, bioenergy and alternative fuels, and biotechnology. Offers a sequential framework for the design of process plants using 3rd generation feedstock Presents dedicated sections on case studies at pilot and demonstration scales as well as on policy, economic, and environmental issues Provides a global perspective on biofuels production, with more than 40 contributions from world-renouned experts
Download or read book Enzymatic Biodiesel Synthesis Using Novel Process Intensification Principles written by Miftahul Ilmi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toward Sustainable Process Development for Biodiesel Production written by Edith Martinez-Guerra and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resource-efficient technologies are essential for economically viable biodiesel production. This work focuses on conversion of microalgal lipids and vegetable oils into fatty acid alkyl esters or biodiesel. Transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) and extractive-transesterification of wet microalgal biomass were investigated using microwave and ultrasound irradiations through several process parametric evaluation studies to elucidate the effects of different alcohols and catalyst types (homogeneous and heterogeneous), reaction time, and reaction temperatures. First, a brief overview of process steps involved in microalgal biodiesel production and associated energy consumption and research needs were discussed. Next, energy analysis of microalgal biocrude production via extractive-transesterification under microwave and ultrasound irradiations (individually) was performed. Then, the synergistic effect of microwave and ultrasound irradiations on extractivetransesterification of microalgal lipids was evaluated through a process optimization study using response surface methodology to determine the best process conditions. For this study, a maximum biocrude conversion of 51.2% was obtained when 20 g of algal paste was treated with 30 mL methanol, 1 wt.% catalyst, 7 min reaction time, and 140 W for MW and US (280 W total). Further, biocrude yield kinetics study revealed that the activation energy for this reaction was around 17, 298 J mol-1 K-1. A series of experimental studies were conducted to understand the roles and effects of various process related conditions including the power output and power density of microwave and ultrasound irradiations in biodiesel production. The two nonconventional heating techniques were compared for their process intensification effects. Ultrasound was applied either in continuous or pulse mode. Pulse sonication was found to be more suitable for simple transesterification reaction of WCO with a 98% biodiesel yield in 2.5 min (9:1 methanol to oil ratio, 1.25% catalyst, and 150 W power output) over 82% yield for continuous sonication under the same conditions. Followed by this, a detailed study was conducted to determine optimum pulse (ON and OFF time) sonication conditions. A 99% conversion yield was obtained for a pulse ON-OFF combination of 7s- 2s. Additionally, the effect of different alcohols (ethanol, methanol, and ethanol-methanol mixtures) using pulse sonication was evaluated.
Download or read book Biodiesel Production Using Algal Technology written by Tamilarasan Suganya and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel Production Using Algal Technology discusses obtaining clean and green biodiesel from marine macro and microalgae. The book covers the history (and disadvantages) of petrodiesel, the emerging role of cleaner fuel technologies, biodiesel production methods, conventional biodiesel sources, and novel biodiesel sources such as macro- and microalgae. The book also covers processing of algal biomass, and products such as biogas and bioethanol produced from used algal biomass. This book is focused on the production of biodiesel from macro-algae and is an ideal source of data for biodiesel production methods and processing macroalgae for renewable energy production. Describes sources and technologies of biodiesel, a green fuel source Best source of data for biodiesel production methods involving macroalgae
Download or read book Process Intensification in Base Catalyzed Biodiesel Production written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel is considered a means to diversify our supply of transportation fuel, addressing the goal of reducing our dependence on oil. Recent interest has resulted in biodiesel manufacture becoming more widely undertaken by commercial enterprises that are interested in minimizing the cost of feedstock materials and waste production, as well as maximizing the efficiency of production. Various means to accelerate batch processing have been investigated. Oak Ridge National Laboratory has experience in developing process intensification methods for nuclear separations, and this paper will discuss how technologies developed for very different applications have been modified for continuous reaction/separation of biodiesel. In collaboration with an industrial partner, this work addresses the aspect of base-catalyzed biodiesel production that limits it to a slow batch process. In particular, we have found that interfacial mass transfer and phase separation control the transesterification process and have developed a continuous two-phase reactor for online production of a methyl ester and glycerol. Enhancing the mass transfer has additional benefits such as being able to use an alcohol-to-oil phase ratio closer to stoichiometric than in conventional processing, hence minimizing the amount of solvent that has to be recycled and reducing post-processing clean up costs. Various technical issues associated with the application of process intensification technology will be discussed, including scale-up from the laboratory to a pilot-scale undertaking.
Download or read book Sustainable Pretreatment upgrading of High Free Fatty Acid Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production written by Majid Hosseini (Engineer) and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rationales of this research work were to investigate sustainable and environmentally friendly pretreatment processes that could be potentially viable in biodiesel production from cheaper feedstocks, also to examine less expensive harvesting techniques for collection of microalga Ochromonas danica (O. danica). To develop such sustainable pretreatment processes, the feasibility of upgrading waste cooking oil (WCO) using microalga O. danica was investigated. Two WCO samples with initial acid values (AV) of 10.7 and 3.9 (mg KOH/g) were examined. The AV of remaining oils was decreased by 2.8 and 2.4 mg KOH/g oil respectively. The fuel qualities of biodiesel made under the optimal conditions satisfied the standards of ASTM D6751. However, the yield and fuel properties (including the heating value) were better for the biodiesel prepared from the alga- treated WCO. Also evaluated in this study were two potentially less expensive flotation methods for harvesting the O. danica cells, one by micro-air bubbles and the other by droplets of WCO. According to the Taguchi method, the optimal condition for WCO-based flotation, in the test set-up used in this study, was 20 min for mixing duration, 20 min for flotation time, 420 rpm for mixing speed, and 10 (v/v)% of oil-to-sample ratio. Under this condition, over 80% of cells could be harvested with the floated oil layer. Oil residues remained in the processed water. Further water treatment might be necessary. Air flotation showed to be more effective. Performance, in terms of cell recovery and concentrating ratio, was best with stationary-phase cultures and at lower pH of 3.0-4.5. With proper increase of air flow rate along the flotation process, the recovery was consistently 90+% and could reach 98+% for samples of higher initial cell concentrations (> 1 x 108 cells/ml). As cells were responsible for foaming, the initial sample-to-column volume ratio should be lowered with increasing initial cell concentration (C0), so as to balance the foam generation (good for high recovery) with draining (good for high concentrating ratio). We also investigated the potential of a process based on complexation of the FFA in oil with aqueous solutions of multivalent cations. When maintained at 70° C for 4-6 h, oil-water mixture successfully separated into two phases with an inter-phase below the oil layer. The complexed-FFA was largely moved into the inter-phase and the aqueous phase while the oil layer with reduced FFA could be separated. Using CaCl2 as the complexing agent, the AV of the two selected oil samples in this study, having initial AV of 8.6 and 15.4 (mg KOH/g oil), were reduced to 3.2 ± 0.3 and 4.4 ± 0.2 (mg KOH/g oil) respectively. The FFA removal from oil would naturally lead to decrease (loss) of oil weight. The average oil loss (w/w) was 14 ± 1.4 % and 18 ± 2.2 % respectively, for the above two oil samples. When FeCl3 was used for complexation, the AV was reduced to 4.8 ± 0.1 and 6.5 ± 0.34 (mg KOH/g oil), and the average oil loss (w/w) was 10 ± 2 % and 14 ± 3 % correspondingly. The study results support the possibility of an integrated process of (1) removing FFA by complexation, (2) treatment of the FFA-containing water with the phagotrophic alga, and (3) harvesting the oil-laden algal cells with air flotation, as a potentially economic and environment-friendly process to upgrade the high FFA WCO for biodiesel production.
Download or read book Comprehensive Study of Biodiesel Continuous Flow Synthesis written by Aso Abdul Kkareem Hassan and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Energy has become an indispensable factor in preserving economic growth since the commencement of the industrial revolution. In recent years, biodiesel has gained acceptance as a notable alternative to the widely used petroleum-derived diesel fuel because it is biodegradable, non-toxic, and generates fewer exhaust pollutants. Recently, biodiesel studies have focused on the development of process intensification technologies to resolve some technical challenges facing biodiesel production, such as long residence times and catalyst sensitivity. These intensification technologies enhance process mass/heat transfer to achieve a continuous, scalable process that can be easily transported to utilize locally available feed stocks. Five phases have been followed to design and build a continuous, scalable process. In the first phase, the esterification and trans-esterification reactions of waste cooking oil (WCO) with high free fatty acids (FFA) were investigated. This investigation examined the potential benefits of combining the trans-esterification method with microwave technology. In the second phase, an intensive study has been made to design and build a prototype laboratory-scale set up of non-catalyzed supercritical alcohol. A prototype reactor setup was designed and used for continuous biodiesel production in the temperature and pressure range of 240 - 400 °C and 70 - 400 bar, respectively. Third, CO2 was used as a co-solvent to make the supercritical process conditions milder. Fourth, a trace amount of the catalyst and the co-solvent have been used to increase the process yield. Fifth, the two-step sub/supercritical water and ethanol processes for non- catalytic biodiesel production were investigated. The process kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were also studied and calculated"--Abstract, page iv.
Download or read book Intensification of Biodiesel Production Via a Reactive Coupling Approach written by Luma Shihab Ahmed Al-Saadi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mass Balance Modeling and Life Cycle Assessment of Microalgae derived Biodiesel Production written by Juhong Yuan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels produced from agricultural starch, sugar and oil crops such as corn, sugarcane, and palm, or first-generation biofuels, are produced at commercial scales worldwide. Though most biofuels are produced with the intent to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel dependency, these first-generation biofuels have increasingly been shown to be problematic; achieving little to no reduction in GHG emissions compared to their fossil fuel counterparts, competing with food and feed crops, and causing direct and indirect land use change. Second generation biofuel feedstocks, such as microalgae, are hoped to reduce or eliminate the drawbacks of first-generation feedstocks. This dissertation investigates the environmental impacts of biodiesel production from microalgae, with the main focus on primary energy requirements and life cycle GHG emissions. The dissertation includes a critical review of existing studies; a mass balance model of a simulated microalgae biodiesel production system; a detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) of the production system with a variety of technology options for each step of the production process; and a scenario analysis with alternative utilization scenarios for the primary co-product from the system, lipid-extracted algal biomass residual. In addition to assessing and informing technology choices and strategies for environmentally preferable pathways among current algal biodiesel technologies, this research also addresses an important methodological issue in LCA, co-product allocation, and proposes some possible solutions to reduce the uncertainty caused by this issue. Results of the critical review show that significant variation exists among existing LCA studies of algal biodiesel production, which arises from inconsistency in both parameter assumptions and methodological choices. Even after a meta-analysis was conducted, which corrected for some differences in scope and key assumptions, the reviewed studies show a large range in life cycle primary energy and GHG emissions; 0.2 to 8.6 MJ per MJ of algal biodiesel, and -30 to 320 g of CO2e per MJ of algal biodiesel. This range is so large that very little can be concluded regarding the potential for algal biodiesel to meet the goals of second-generation biofuels, and provides the motivation for development an independent and original model for algal biodiesel production. A mass balance model for an integrated algal oil and biogas system was developed to understand nutrient, water and carbon flows and identify recycling opportunities. The model showed that recycling growth media and recovering nutrients from residual algal biomass through anaerobic digestion can reduce the total demand for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) by 66% and 35%, respectively. Freshwater and carbon dioxide requirements can also be reduced significantly under these conditions. The mass balance model provided the basis for developing a LCA model capable of incorporating multiple technology options and identifying preferable pathways. The LCA found the best performing scenario consists of normal nitrogen cultivation conditions (as opposed to nitrogen deficient conditions which can increase algal lipid content, but decrease overall productivity), a combination of bioflocculation and dissolved air flotation for harvesting algal cells from cultivation media, centrifugation for dewatering of separated algae, oil extraction from wet biomass using hexane solvent, transesterification of algal oil to biodiesel, and anaerobic digestion of biomass residual with the liquid digestate returning to cultivation ponds. This pathway results in a life cycle energy requirement and GHG emissions of 1.08 MJ and 73 g CO2-equivalent per MJ of biodiesel, with cultivation and oil extraction dominating energy use and emissions. This result suggests that current technologies can neither achieve a positive net energy return for algal biodiesel, nor achieve substantial reductions in CO2e emissions compared to petroleum diesel. A comparison between different scenarios for using the major co-product from algae biodiesel production, lipid-extracted algal biomass residual, suggests that utilizing the co-product within the production system for nutrient and energy recovery is preferable than utilizing it outside as animal feed from a life cycle perspective. A number of possible ways to allocate the environmental burdens between co-products were tested. Among them, system expansion and economic allocation return favorable results compared value-based allocation methods; however, there are still unsolved issues when applying system expansion, for example, current practices do not consider future market values in the context of a consequential LCA. This dissertation shows that the near-term performance of biodiesel derived from microalgae does not achieve the significant reductions in fossil energy dependence and GHG emissions hoped for from second-generation feedstocks. Furthermore, there is substantial uncertainty in technology performance and other key modeling parameters that could influence these findings. However, some promising, but still uncertain technologies, such as hydrothermal gasification, have the potential to achieve greater reduction in life cycle GHG emissions and energy consumption.
Download or read book Handbook of Microalgae Based Processes and Products written by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-07-23 with total page 938 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Microalgae-based Processes and Products provides a complete overview of all aspects involved in the production and utilization of microalgae resources at commercial scale. Divided into four parts (fundamentals, microalgae-based processes, microalgae-based products, and engineering approaches applied to microalgal processes and products), the book explores the microbiology and metabolic aspects of microalgae, microalgal production systems, wastewater treatment based in microalgae, CO2 capture using microalgae, microalgae harvesting techniques, and extraction and purification of biomolecules from microalgae. It covers the largest number of microalgal products of commercial relevance, including biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen, single-cell protein, single-cell oil, biofertilizers, pigments, polyunsaturated fatty acids, bioactive proteins, peptides and amino acids, bioactive polysaccharides, sterols, bioplastics, UV-screening compounds, and volatile organic compounds. Moreover, it presents and discusses the available engineering tools applied to microalgae biotechnology, such as process integration, process intensification, and techno-economic analysis applied to microalgal processes and products, microalgal biorefineries, life cycle assessment, and exergy analysis of microalgae-based processes and products. The coverage of a broad range of potential microalgae processes and products in a single volume makes this handbook an indispensable reference for engineering researchers in academia and industry in the fields of bioenergy, sustainable development, and high-value compounds from biomass, as well as graduate students exploring those areas. Engineering professionals in bio-based industries will also find valuable information here when planning or implementing the use of microalgal technologies. Covers theoretical background information and results of recent research. Discusses all commercially relevant microalgae-based processes and products. Explores the main emerging engineering tools applied to microalgae processes, including techno-economic analysis, process integration, process intensification, life cycle assessment, and exergy analyses.
