Download or read book Principles Of Taxation written by Dr. V. Gaurishankar and published by . This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the book Escaping the Minotaur's Labyrinth: Principles of Taxation, Dr Gaurishanker has dealt with the basic principles of taxation and addressed its underlying concepts with a view to dispel the fog that leads most legal professionals to regard tax law as an exclusive domain reserved for a few specialists. This book is the fruit of his characteristic unwavering and unflinching march towards his set objective of giving his fellow professionals a tool which would enable them to understand, appreciate and thus contribute in enriching his pet subject. The metaphor of the Minotaur - half bull, half human monster of Greek mythology - is a telling comparison to the bewildering maze of the labyrinth of the taxation laws. The monster lived in a labyrinth and demanded a sacrifice of seven youths and seven maids every year. The book presents in a simple way and demystifies the substantive and procedural aspects of the administration of laws relating to Income Tax. Dr Gaurishanker, in a figurative sense, is verily the Theseus who in the Greek mythology ultimately kills the monster Minotaur.

Download or read book Principles of Indian Income Tax written by A. Venkataraman and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Taxmann s Principles of Taxation Laws Amended updated student oriented book to interpret explain illustrate the provisions of the Income Tax Act along with Case Laws Finance Act 2023 written by Dr. Neha Pathakji and published by Taxmann Publications Private Limited. This book was released on 2023-08-19 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a comprehensive & authentic textbook on 'Taxation Laws' as amended by the Finance Act 2023. This book aims to represent an impressive and judicious blending of the provisions of Income Tax & judicial decisions. The text is interspersed with interpretations, explanations & illustrations to help the reader assimilate the provisions better. This book aims to fulfil the requirement of students for LL.B., LL.M. & other professional courses The Present Publication is the 2023 Edition and has been amended by the Finance Act 2023 and updated till April 2023. This book is authored by Neha Pathakji, with the following noteworthy features: • [Conceptual Foundation & Interpretation] of the Income-tax Law o Each Chapter Starts with an Introduction that outlines the foundational concepts • [Detailed Discussion on Legal Aspects of Income-tax Act Provisions] to appreciate tax controversies and disputes from a law perspective • [Landmark Rulings & Lucid Examples of Case Laws] has been incorporated into this book • [Lucid & Straightforward Style of Presentation] The provisions of the law are presented in a lucid and straightforward style • [Flow Charts] are provided in this book for ease in understanding complex provisions • [Zero-Error] The book follows the six-sigma approach to achieve the benchmark of 'zero-error' The detailed contents of the book are as follows: • Introduction to the Income-tax Act and Basic Concepts • Concept of Income • Interpretation of Taxing Statutes • Income Exempt from Tax • Residential Status of Scope of Total Income • Income from Salary • Income from House Property • Profits and Gains of Business or Profession • Capital Gains • Income from Other Sources • Income of Other Persons Included in Assessee's Total Income • Aggregation of Income, Set-off and Carry Forward of Losses • Deductions from Gross Total Income • Agriculture Income and Tax Liability • Charitable Trusts and Religious Institutions • Dividend • Double Taxation Relief • Assessment of Individual • Liability in Special Cases • Income-tax Authorities • Procedure for Assessment • Interest, Penalties, Offences and Prosecution • Appeals and Revisions • Advance Rulings • Deduction of Tax at Source • Advance Payment of Tax • Collection and Recovery of Tax • Refunds • Tax Implications of Business Re-organisation • Tax Planning, Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance

Download or read book Principles and Practice of Income tax in India written by R. K. Ganguli and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Taxation History Theory Law and Administration written by Parthasarathi Shome and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-09 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tax practitioners are unfamiliar with tax theory. Tax economists remain unfamiliar with tax law and tax administration. Most textbooks relate mainly to the US, UK or European experiences. Students in emerging economies remain unfamiliar with their own taxation history. This textbook fills those gaps. It covers the concept of taxes in regards to their rationale, principles, design, and common errors. It addresses distortions in consumer choices and production decisions caused by tax and redressals. The main principles of taxation—efficiency, equity, stabilization, revenue productivity, administrative feasibility, international neutrality—are presented and discussed. The efficiency principle requires the minimisation of distortions in the market caused by tax. Equity in taxation is another principle that is maintained through progressivity in the tax structure. Similarly, other principles have their own ramifications that are also addressed. A country’s constitutional specification of tax assignment to different levels of government—central, state, municipal—are elaborated. The UK is more centralised than the US and India. India has amended its constitution to introduce a goods and services tax (GST) covering both central and state governments. Drafting of tax law is crucial for clarity and this aspect is addressed. Furthermore, the author illustrates different types of taxes such as individual income tax, corporate income tax, wealth tax, retail sales/value added/goods and services tax, selective excises, property tax, minimum taxes such as the minimum alternate tax (MAT), cash-flow tax, financial transactions tax, fringe benefits tax, customs duties and export taxes, environment tax and global carbon tax, and user charges. An emerging concern regarding the inadequacy of international taxation of multinational corporations is covered in some detail. Structural aspects of tax administration are given particular attention.

Download or read book Problems and Solutions in Income Tax including Short Questions written by Dr. H. C. Mehrotra, Dr. S. P. Goyal and published by Sahitya Bhawan Publications. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The salient features of the present edition are: All the Problems and Solutions have been thoroughly revised in the light of up-to-date amendments in Income tax Law and Rules for Assessment Year 2020-21. Almost all numerical questions given at the end of the chapters of the authors’ other publications on Income-tax (viz., Income-tax Law and Accounts, Aaykar Vidhan evam Lekhe, Law and Practice of Income-tax) have been solved in this book and the number printed within brackets at the end of the questions in other publications is the problem number of this book. The selection and sequence of the questions are well planned and systematic so as to cover all ticklish points within a reasonable number of questions. Wherever needed, detailed explanatory notes have been given at the end of solutions. Candidates preparing for C.A., Company Secretaries, Cost and Works Accountants, and Income-tax Departmental Examinations, will, particularly, find the book very useful. It will also be useful for candidates preparing for B.Com. and M.Com. Examinations of various Indian Universities.

Download or read book Principles and Methods of Taxation written by George Armitage-Smith and published by . This book was released on 1921 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Taxmann s Interpretation of Taxing Statutes Treatise to Understand Legislative Intent Interpretation Strategies Covering Rules Literal Golden Mischief Approaches Plain Purposive written by Dr. K.N. Chaturvedi and published by Taxmann Publications Private Limited. This book was released on 2024-04-02 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book enables the reader to understand the complex world of statutory interpretation, especially in the context of taxation laws. This book analyses the intricate relationship between legislation and its interpretation by the judiciary, underscoring the critical role that statutory law plays in contemporary society. It highlights the challenges judges face in deciphering the often opaque language used in statutes. The book stresses the importance of understanding legislative intent and the various approaches to interpretation, such as the literal rule, golden rule, and mischief rule, while also introducing the reader to more modern methodologies like the plain meaning approach and purposive approach. This book is tailored for a broad audience, including tax practitioners, lawyers, judges, academicians, and policymakers. Its comprehensive coverage of both foundational principles and contemporary developments in tax law interpretation makes it an invaluable resource for those engaged in the legal, academic, and practical aspects of taxation. The Present Publication is the 2nd Edition, authored by Dr. K.N. Chaturvedi, with the following noteworthy features: • [Highlights of the 2nd Edition] are as follows: o [Updates] Discusses the developments in tax policy and interpretation since 2008, including the implementation of the GST regime in India and global tax law alignments like GAAR and MLI o [Judicial Decisions] Discusses recent Supreme Court decisions on key aspects of the Income-tax Act, 1961, and analyses the judicial stance on tax exemptions and deductions o [New Content] Introduces chapters on Tax exemptions and DTAA, updates on customs tariff classifications, and discussions on the simplification and rationalization of direct taxes o [Legislative Changes] Notes the enactment of the Provisional Collection of Taxes Act, 2023, which updates the 1931 Act, reflecting ongoing legislative evolution • [Judicial Scrutiny and the Art of Drafting] It presents examples from judicial pronouncements that critique legislative drafting, illustrating this with case laws, and discusses the resulting judicial efforts to interpret ambiguous statutes • [Legislative Language and Public Understanding] The debate on whether laws should be written in plain English is addressed, with opinions suggesting that simplifying legal language may not necessarily benefit the general public due to the complexities of legal interpretation and context • [Evolving Principles of Judicial Interpretation] The book notes a shift from traditional rules of statutory interpretation (literal, golden, and mischief rules) towards more nuanced approaches like plain meaning, contextual, and purposive interpretations, reflecting a broader and more flexible understanding of legislative texts • [Comparative Analysis of Statutory Interpretation] This book discusses interpretation practices across common law countries (the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, the United States, and India), highlighting differences and commonalities in approaches • [Structural Overview of Tax Law] Early chapters provide an in-depth look at India's tax system, the constitutional framework of taxation, the legislative process for tax statutes, and the structural anatomy of an Act, laying a foundation for understanding statutory interpretation in the context of taxation The detailed contents of the book are as follows: • Tax System in India o The book begins with an exploration of the principles of rule of law and governance as they relate to taxation o It discusses the complexities of statutory interpretation, specifically within the realm of taxation laws o An in-depth look at the various tax systems in India, including service tax, income tax, and other significant taxes o Attention is given to state taxes and the introduction of new tax laws, illustrating the evolving nature of tax legislation • Constitutional Provisions Relating to Taxation o Delivers a foundational understanding of what constitutes a tax and the necessity of legal authority for its levy and collection o Examines constitutional remedies in tax matters and differentiates between tax, fee, and cess o Details the distribution of legislative powers between Parliament and State Legislature, including competence to tax and specific taxes like income tax, sales tax, and excise duty on liquor o Addresses the interpretation of legislative entries, the concept of pith and substance, and the limits of taxing power, including instances where statutes have been held constitutional or unconstitutional • Various Stages of Law-Making and Their Relevance as an Aid to Interpretation o Offers insight into the law-making process, the relationship between policy and drafting, and the introduction and types of bills o Discusses the significance of presidential recommendations, accompanying documents for taxation bills, and various memorandums and notes that provide clarity to legislative intent o Explores how statutory interpretation is influenced by law commission reports, taxation committees, parliamentary committees, and speeches by legislators • Structure of a Taxing Statute o Provides a comprehensive guide to drafting taxing statutes, including the importance of the title, preamble, and definition clauses o Explains the roles of legal fiction, headings, marginal notes, explanations, provisos, schedules, and the power to remove difficulties in tax legislation • Tax Interpretation of Exemption Provisions o Discusses the preliminary aspects, constitutional provisions, and complexity of tax exemption provisions o Emphasizes procedural safeguards, judicial review, flexibility in designing exemption provisions, and interpretation of these provisions o Covers tax incentives and the concept of legitimate expectation in tax law • DTAA and International Taxation o Introduces Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAA) and their role in international taxation, including Supreme Court rulings on the matter o Details the new scheme of international taxation, amendments to the Income-tax Act, and specific sections pertinent to international agreements o Explores the interpretation of DTAA and the Multilateral Instrument (MLI), as well as significant judgments related to international tax law • Different Approaches to Interpretation o Expounds on the basic principles of statutory interpretation and compares the approaches taken by various jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and India • Tax Evasion, Tax Avoidance, and Tax Mitigation o Addresses the distinctions between tax evasion, tax avoidance, and tax mitigation o Details the statutory framework on tax avoidance, including General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR) and transfer pricing provisions • Aids to Interpretation o Discusses general, internal, and external aids to the interpretation of tax statutes o Outlines general presumptions relevant to the interpretation of tax laws, including presumptions about constitutionality, retrospective effect, exemption provisions, and implied repeal o Includes a discussion on the use of Latin maxims and the significance of popular, ordinary, and technical meanings in statutory interpretation • Simplification and Rationalisation of Direct Taxes o Covers efforts towards simplifying and rationalizing direct taxes, including the roles of various committees, commissions, and reports from the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) and Public Accounts Committee (PAC) o Reviews the Direct Tax Code Bill 2010 and outlines key concepts for the future of tax law simplification

Download or read book Exploring the Nexus Doctrine In International Tax Law written by Ajit Kumar Singh and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2021-05-14 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an age when cross-border business transactions are increasingly effected without the transference of physical products, revenue concerns of states have led to a multitude of tax disputes based on the concept of ‘nexus’. This important and timely book is the most authoritative to date to discuss one of the major tax topics of our time – the question of how taxing rights on income generated from cross-border activities in the digital age should be allocated among jurisdictions. Demonstrating in prodigious depth that it is the economic nexus of the tax entity or activity with the state, and not the physical nexus, which meets the jurisdictional requirement, the author – a leading authority on this area who is a Senior Commissioner of Income Tax and a Member of the Dispute Resolution Panel of the Government of India – addresses such dimensions of the subject as the following: whether a strict territorial nexus as a normative principle is ingrained in source rule jurisprudence; detailed scrutiny of such classical doctrines as benefit theory, neutrality theory, and internation equity; comparative critique of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and United Nation (UN) model tax treaties; whether international law and customary principles mandate a strict territorial link with the source state for the assumption of tax jurisdiction; whether the economic nexus-based tax jurisdiction and absence of a physical presence breach the constitutional doctrine of extraterritoriality or due process; and whether retrospective tax legislation breaches the principle of constitutional fairness. The book offers a politically informed analysis of the nexus principle and balances the dynamics of physical presence and economic nexus standards, based on an in-depth survey of the historical evolution of judicial pronouncements and international practices in this regard. Dr Singh’s book exposes an urgently needed missing link in the international source rule literature and takes a giant step towards solving the thorny question of appropriate tax apportionment. It sheds brilliant light on the policies states may adopt when signing new tax treaties, so that unintended results may be foreseen and avoided. Tax practitioners, taxation authorities, and academic researchers in the field of international tax law and policy will greatly appreciate the book’s forthright enhancement of the ability to defend challenges based on the nexus doctrine.

Download or read book The Indian Income Tax written by Shankar Madhav Pagar and published by . This book was released on 1920 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Income Tax Law of India written by Shubham Sinha and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2015-11-04 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is BARE ACT of Indian Law on Income Tax within Indian territories. It is the hardcore set of rules as exactly provided by Indian government authorities.The Income-tax Act, 1961 is the charging Statute of Income Tax in India. It provides for levy, administration, collection and recovery of Income Tax. Recently the Government of India has brought out a draft statute called the "Direct Taxes Code" intended to replace the Income Tax Act,1961 and the Wealth Tax Act, 1956. Public Commentary has been called for the Draft Bill. The redrafted bill is supposed to be made public soon. 1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the total income of any previous year of a person who is a resident includes all income from whatever source derived which-(a) is received or is deemed to be received in India in such year by or on behalf of such person ; or(b) accrues or arises or is deemed to accrue or arise to him in India during such year ; or(c) accrues or arises to him outside India during such year :Provided that, in the case of a person not ordinarily resident in India within the meaning of sub-section (6) of section 6, the income which accrues or arises to him outside India shall not be so included unless it is derived from a business controlled in or a profession set up in India.(2) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the total income of any previous year of a person who is a non-resident includes all income from whatever source derived which-(a) is received or is deemed to be received in India in such year by or on behalf of such person ; or(b) accrues or arises or is deemed to accrue or arise to him in India during such year.Explanation 1.-Income accruing or arising outside India shall not be deemed to be received in India within the meaning of this section by reason only of the fact that it is taken into account in a balance sheet prepared in India.Explanation 2.-For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that income which has been included in the total income of a person on the basis that it has accrued or arisen or is deemed to have accrued or arisen to him shall not again be so included on the basis that it is received or deemed to be received by him in

Download or read book India written by Germano Franceschin and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2011-07-25 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: India, a Union of 28 States and 7 territories, with a population of over a billion people and multiple cultures and languages, is a democratic republic often called, quite rightly, ‘the largest democracy in the world’. Because the well-established English legal system endured after independence in 1947, India categorically remains a common law jurisdiction, and its legal practice and procedure is conducted almost exclusively in English. Nonetheless, Indian law is sufficiently complex in ways that are distinct from other European-based systems that a book such as this – in which the business legal system of India is thoroughly reviewed – will be really welcomed by both practitioners and academics. This book examines the full spectrum of India’s legal system as it applies to commercial, customs, and tax matters, and covers among much else such elements as the following: division of executive and legislative powers between the Union and the individual States; role of the Supreme Court and State high courts; role of State legislative assemblies; levels of appeals in judiciary system; power of specialised State tribunals in, for example, tax, company law, bankruptcy; power of the State to appropriate property; constitutional protection of culture and environment; use and citation of foreign judgments and jurisprudence; contract law; trusts; industrial relations; minimum wage law; income tax rules and procedure; bilateral double taxation agreements; copyright and trademark protection; semiconductor integrated circuits layout design; protection of plant varieties and farmers’ rights; competition law; multi-State cooperation agreements; and regulation of financial services. An extensive appendix supplies texts of the Constitution of India, the Indian Penal Code and 23 Legislative Acts pertaining to commercial, customs and tax matters. There is a sample franchise agreement, and an informative summary of current and projected foreign trade policy through 2014. Both as a guide to business lawyers working with Indian partners and as a comparative law treatment of the world’s second most populous country (and a rapidly growing economic powerhouse), this book has no peers.

Download or read book Supreme Court Principles on Deductions Under Indian Income tax Act written by India. Supreme Court and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Federal Income Taxation written by Michael J. Graetz and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Taxmann s Direct Taxes Manual 3 Vols The definitive all encompassing compendium for direct taxation providing unmatched accuracy and comprehensive coverage written by Taxmann and published by Taxmann Publications Private Limited. This book was released on 2024-08-27 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Direct Taxes Manual is acknowledged as the benchmark for excellence in direct taxation, setting the highest standards for accuracy, depth, and comprehensive coverage. This manual has been the preferred publication for tax professionals, legal practitioners, and revenue officers across India for over fifty years. Its reputation as the most authoritative guide in direct taxation is built on Taxmann's unwavering commitment to delivering precision and clarity in every edition. Celebrated for its systematic approach, the manual provides a structured and in-depth understanding of direct tax laws. What distinguishes the Direct Taxes Manual is its exhaustive and up-to-date content, unmatched in scope and reliability. This three-volume set is designed to be a one-stop resource, providing an all-encompassing compilation of: • Acts • Rules • Landmark Rulings • Direct Taxes Law Lexicon • Circulars, Clarifications & Notifications • Schemes • Return Forms • Other Rules/Schemes This book incorporates all the changes made by the following: • Volume One | Acts – Amended by the Finance Act, 2024 and Finance (No. 2) Act, 2024 • Volume Two | Rules – Incorporating all Available Amendments Notified up to Income Tax (Sixth Amendment) Rules, 2024 and Return Forms for A.Y. 2024-25 • Volume Three | Landmark Rulings, Direct Taxes Law Lexicon, Circulars, Clarifications & Notifications, Schemes – Amended up to July 2024 The Present Publication is the 54th Edition, edited by Taxmann's Editorial Board, with the following volume-wise noteworthy features: • Volume One | Acts o [Detailed Annotations and Practical Tools] Each section is accompanied by extensive annotations that provide: § Relevant Rules & Forms applicable to that section § Key Circulars & Notifications issued by the government, which are essential for interpretation and application § Dates of Enforcement for specific provisions, enabling readers to understand the chronological application of the law § Cross-references to Allied Laws, which are crucial for a holistic understanding of the legal context in which the Income-tax Act operates o [Historical Context and Legislative Evolution] The book includes a detailed history of amendments to the Income-tax Act since 1961, providing insights into the evolution of the Income-tax Act. This feature helps understand the legislative intent and historical developments behind current provisions o [User-Friendly Design and Accessibility] The book is designed with user convenience in mind. Section numbers are prominently printed in folios, enabling readers to navigate the text swiftly. The comprehensive Table of Contents further enhances the ease of access • Volume Two | Rules o [Comprehensive Guide to Amendments] In-depth coverage of all amendments made to the Income-tax Rules in 2023-2024 o [Coverage] Includes § Rules & Schemes which are either notified or referenced under the Income-tax Act, 1961 § ICDS & Faceless Schemes § STT, CTT & EL § Income-tax Return Forms for Assessment Year 2024-25 o [Practical Tools] § Action Points for Forms with clear explanations of relevant provisions and step-by-step filing processes for each form § Quick Identification of redundant forms and e-forms, enhancing filing efficiency • Volume Three | Landmark Rulings, Direct Taxes Law Lexicon, Circulars, Clarifications & Notifications, Schemes o [20+ Schemes] under the Income-tax Act are covered o [Words & Phrases] with: § Section Key & Alphabetical Index – Judicially defined terms are organized by section and alphabetically, providing quick access to precise legal interpretations o [Circulars & Notifications (1961 – June 2024)] Summaries of all significant government circulars and notifications, ensuring up-to-date awareness of regulatory practices o [Case Laws (1922 – June 2024)] A digest of landmark rulings by the Supreme Court and High Courts, highlighting key legal principles and their impact on the Income-tax Act

Download or read book Supreme Court Principles on Burden of Proof Leading Evidence Under Income tax Act written by Surendrajit Singh and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Elements of Indian Taxation written by Leonard Alston and published by Borah Press. This book was released on 2007-03 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ELEMENTS OF INDIAN TAXATION ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY OF TAXATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INQiAN BY LEONARD ALSTON, OF NON-COLLEGIATE STUDENTS IN ECONOMICS AND HISTORY, CAMBRIDGE FORMERLY 1904-5 TEMPORARY PROFESSOR AT ELPHINSTONE COLLEGE, BOMBAY AUTHOR OF CONSTITUTIONS IN OUTLINE, EDUCATION AND CITIZENSHIP IN INDIA, STOIC AND CHRISTIAN IN THE SECOND CENTURY, ETC. MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTINS STREET, LONDON 1910 RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED BKEAD STREET HILL, K. C., AND HUNGAY, SUFFOLK. PREFACE THIS little book owes its appearance to the somewhat accidental circumstance that during the last few years special causes have compelled me to read a good deal of controversial literature, mostly of a journalistic kind, dealing with Indian administrative matters, and apparently widely read by the educated public of India. This literature I have found full of criticisms, often very pungently and eloquently expressed, of the methods of taxation adopted by the Government of India. But nearly the whole of it is characterised by a strange lack of perspective. Speakers and writers seldom see Indian financial conditions steadily, or see them whole. They content themselves with attacks on isolated parts of vi PREFACE the tax-system, without clearly realising that it is impossible to criticise the parts sati factorily, except in relation to the system considered as a unity. Thus their well-meant efforts appear both to administrators and to political economists almost invariably misdirected, and their work has borne little fruit. The British Government, both in the United Kingdom and in India, has accepted very unreservedly the principle of taking the public into partnership in all matters affecting taxation and general administration, and, compared with most European Governments, is peculiarly responsive to reasonable criticisms. Few readers of the political literature above referred to seem aware of the existence of the vast masses of statistical information, official reports of governmental departments and royal commissions, and so forth, which are perpetually being poured forth by the labours of the permanent civil service. These official publications parliamentary papers and blue books are specially intended to supply information that will assist Cabinet and Parliament in the work of legislation and at the same time enable the intelligent sections of the public to criticise effectually the activities of the State. They form the raw material on which both statesmen and economists must work in order to work to any purpose. Many of them relate to conditions in India and are procurable at very low prices as the Government is always desirous of having its work subjected to as much fair-minded, intelligent criticism as is available. Among those publications most suitable to enable the ordinary reader to check the sort of information contained in this volume are the following Statistical Abstract relating to British India Annual price, about Is. 3d.. Statement exhibiting the Moral and Material Progress and Condition of India Annual price, about Is, 2d. Memorandum on some of the results of Indian Administration during the past fifty years. Of these, the first is composed of masses of figures and is intended to be used as a work of reference. The other two are straight forward, simply written reports, dealing with such matters as Legislation, Justice and Police, Finance, Manufactures and Trade, Progress of Education and Literature, Migration and Emigration, changes in prices, wages, etc. For comparative purposes the following will be found useful Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom Annual about Is. 8cL. Statistical abstract for the British Colonies, Possessions and Protectorates Annual about Is. lid.. Statistical Abstract for Foreign Countries Annual about Is. 6d....