Download or read book Prevalence Transmission and Control of Clinically Important Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Genes within One Health Framework written by Qixia Luo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major public health issue, attracting increased attention from governments and researchers. The spread and transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria/genes is not only a clinical problem, but also poses unprecedented challenges in the animal husbandry industry and is closely linked to the environment. The clinically important antimicrobial resistant bacteria and their AMR genes, such as carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative Bacilli with blaNDM, blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM genes, colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria with mcr genes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with mec genes, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus with van genes, and tigecycline-resistant bacteria with tet(X) genes have been detected not only in health-care facilities but also in farms and environments. The concept of “One Health” emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and ecosystem health, with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria/genes occupying a unique position in close contact with all aspects.
Given the critical and interdependent nature of AMR in public health, animals and the environment, it is logical and necessary to take a "One Health" approach to address this issue. Clinically important antimicrobial resistant bacteria and genes have been reported and shown to be disseminated in humans, animals and the environment over the last few decades. The majority of these studies, however, only described resistant bacteria or genes from a single source and region, with no systematic or global conceptualization. The research on the transmission of AMR bacteria/genes has been limited and insufficient. A growing number of AMR-related proposals and policies have emerged, but few AMR control policy studies have been reported due to a lack of understanding of each participant's perspectives, values and goals. In this context, studies on the prevalence, transmission and control of clinically important AMR within the "One Health" framework are in line with demand.
Download or read book Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-09-10 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globalization of the food supply has created conditions favorable for the emergence, reemergence, and spread of food-borne pathogens-compounding the challenge of anticipating, detecting, and effectively responding to food-borne threats to health. In the United States, food-borne agents affect 1 out of 6 individuals and cause approximately 48 million illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths each year. This figure likely represents just the tip of the iceberg, because it fails to account for the broad array of food-borne illnesses or for their wide-ranging repercussions for consumers, government, and the food industry-both domestically and internationally. A One Health approach to food safety may hold the promise of harnessing and integrating the expertise and resources from across the spectrum of multiple health domains including the human and veterinary medical and plant pathology communities with those of the wildlife and aquatic health and ecology communities. The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop on December 13 and 14, 2011 that examined issues critical to the protection of the nation's food supply. The workshop explored existing knowledge and unanswered questions on the nature and extent of food-borne threats to health. Participants discussed the globalization of the U.S. food supply and the burden of illness associated with foodborne threats to health; considered the spectrum of food-borne threats as well as illustrative case studies; reviewed existing research, policies, and practices to prevent and mitigate foodborne threats; and, identified opportunities to reduce future threats to the nation's food supply through the use of a "One Health" approach to food safety. Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary covers the events of the workshop and explains the recommendations for future related workshops.
Download or read book WHO guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food producing animals written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2017-11-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WHO has launched new guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals, recommending that farmers and the food industry stop using antibiotics routinely to promote growth and prevent disease in healthy animals. These guidelines aim to help preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics that are important for human medicine by reducing their use in animals.
Download or read book Combating Antimicrobial Resistance written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-01-08 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As of 2017, the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance continues unabated around the world, leaving devastating health and economic outcomes in its wake. Those consequences will multiply if collaborative global action is not taken to address the spread of resistance. Major drivers of antimicrobial resistance in humans have been accelerated by inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing in health care practices; the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in livestock; and the promulgation of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. To explore the issue of antimicrobial resistance, the Forum of Microbial Threats planned a public workshop. Participants explored issues of antimicrobial resistance through the lens of One Health, which is a collaborative approach of multiple disciplines - working locally, nationally, and globally - for strengthening systems to counter infectious diseases and related issues that threaten human, animal, and environmental health, with an end point of improving global health and achieving gains in development. They also discussed immediate and short-term actions and research needs that will have the greatest effect on reducing antimicrobial resistance, while taking into account the complexities of bridging different sectors and disciplines to address this global threat. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance written by Mihai Mares and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tackling the realities of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) situation today is no longer uncommon. Many battles have been fought in the past since the discovery of antibiotics between man and microbes. In the tussle of new antibiotic modifications, the transmission of resistant genes, both vertically and horizontally unveils yet another resistant attribute for the microbe, for it only to be faced with a more powerful, wide spectrum antibiotic; the cycle continues-and the winner is yet to be known. This book aims to provide some insight into various molecular mechanisms, agricultural mitigation methods, and the One Health applications to maybe, just maybe, tip the scales towards us.
Download or read book One Health Approach For Revealing Reservoirs And Transmission Of Antimicrobial Resistance written by Ziad Daoud and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-16 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective in Nepal written by Cristin Cowles Weekley Young and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the discovery and subsequent availability of antimicrobials revolutionized modern healthcare in humans and animals, growing resistance to antimicrobials by bacterial pathogens threatens to undermine one of the greatest scientific advances of the 20th century, as the discovery of new antimicrobials has slowed while antibiotic use and subsequent resistance (AMR) is rising globally (1-4). Current human mortality rates due to AMR are already over half a million deaths annually worldwide, and recent reports have estimated that if AMR is not controlled, the mortality rate will exceed 10 million per year by 2050, with an economic burden of over $100 trillion USD in lost output (4). These impacts will be felt globally, with low- and middle-income countries being hardest hit, as AMR can spread easily in humans and agricultural settings in these countries due to large variation in healthcare infection-control practices, high rates of infectious diseases, high population densities with poor water, sanitation, and hygiene regulations, and suboptimal agricultural regulations in place for biosecurity and use of veterinary antimicrobials (5-7). Despite evidence indicating that many countries face particularly high-risk conditions for AMR, there remain substantial data gaps characterizing the prevalence and abundance of AMR in humans, animals, and the surrounding environment, especially for community-acquired infections (7). This paucity of One Health-focused research on AMR in low-income and underserved settings worldwide highlights the need for transdisciplinary research to elucidate drivers of antimicrobial resistance and to characterize AMR transmission across One Health domains (7-9). This dissertation seeks to address these gaps in evidence by focusing on an urban, informal settlement with intensifying livestock production in Kathmandu, Nepal. Chapter 1 illustrated a One Health framework that can be used to investigate co-occurrence of resistance genes within and between species and to inform on environmental reservoirs of resistance genes in a densely populated, urban community in Nepal. We concurrently sampled humans, chickens, ducks, swine, and water, as well as rodents and shrews near dwellings. Sixty-nine resistance genes were identified, and detection of the same gene among different species was widespread. The highest prevalence of resistance genes were detected in ducks and gene prevalence varied markedly by species and sample type. Overall, ermB, tetA, mefA, and tetB were most commonly detected; antibiotics associated with these resistance genes, including doxycycline, azithromycin, and gentamicin, are widely used in Nepal in both humans and animals (10). Chapter 2 evaluated putative risk factors relating to the occurrence of specific resistance genes associated with antibiotics of global health importance for both humans and animals as prioritized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organisation for Animal Health (OiE), respectively. Seven genes were chosen based on prevalence in the community and were evaluated independently in multivariate analyses in order to characterize potential reservoirs and transmission pathways for each gene in this urban, informal settlement setting. By assessing which species and sample types were associated with the detection of a gene, this study was able to more fully characterize the genetic resistome in this community and provide guidance for prioritization of prevention and intervention efforts for disrupting AMR transmission of critically important antibiotics for humans and animals in Nepal. Finally, to better understand the sociodemographic and human behavioral drivers of AMR gene burden in low-income community settings, Chapter 3 assessed individual- and household-level risk factors associated with the carriage and burden of AMR genes found in humans. Resistance genes were found in all samples tested with an average of 7 resistance genes from 10 antibiotic classification groups found per participant (n=67). Age and having animals inside the dwelling in the past year were both risk factors for resistance gene carriage and burden, while having a dedicated location for trash and animal waste was protective. Predictors were similar across multivariate and antibiotic resistance classification group-specific models, signifying that activities that generally mitigate risk factors for gene carriage in humans will aid in reducing overall resistance gene burden across antibiotic resistance classification groupings in this community. The conclusions drawn from this body of work help further the understanding of the antibiotic resistome in low-income, urban settings. The concurrent sampling design combined with broad screening for AMR genes offers a unique framework on which to base further efforts to characterize the community resistome, evaluate reservoirs of AMR, and better inform policy for combating the spread of resistance among and between animals, humans, and the environment. References 1. Blair JMA, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, Ogbolu DO, Piddock LJV. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nature Publishing Group. Nature Publishing Group; 2014 Dec 1;13(1):42-51. 2. World Health Organization. WHO global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. 2001. 3. Yao X, Doi Y, Zeng L, Lv L, Liu J-H. Carbapenem-resistant and colistin-resistant Escherichia coli co-producing NDM-9 and MCR-1. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Ltd; 2016 Jan 28;:1-2. 4. O'Neill J. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. UK Government; 2014 Dec. 5. Holmes AH, Moore L, Sundsfjord A, Steinbakk M, Regmi S, Karkey A, et al. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. The Lancet. 2015 Nov 18;387(10014):176-87. 6. Bhattacharya S, Khanal B, Bhattarai NR, Das ML. Prevalence of Shigella species and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Eastern Nepal. J Health Popul Nutr. 2005 Mar 12;23(4):339-42. 7. Rousham EK, Unicomb L, Islam MA. Human, animal and environmental contributors to antibiotic resistance in low-resource settings: integrating behavioural, epidemiological and One Health approaches. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2018 Apr 11;285(1876):20180332. 8. Thakur S, Gray GC. The Mandate for a Global "One Health" Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2019;100(2):227-8. 9. Ogawa VA, Shah CM, Hughes JM, King LJ. Prioritizing a One Health Approach in the Immediate Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance. EcoHealth. 2018 Mar 9. 10. Administration DOD. NATIONAL LIST OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES NEPAL (FIFTH REVISION) [Internet]. Fifth Revision. Ministry of Health. Available from: http://www.dda.gov.np/content/essential-drug-list
Download or read book Genetics of Acquired Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal and Zoonotic Pathogens written by Axel Cloeckaert and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-01-26 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development and spread of antimicrobial resistance is the result of an evolutionary process by which microorganisms adapt to antibiotics through several mechanisms including alteration of drug target by mutation and horizontal transfer of resistance genes. The concomitant occurrence of independent antimicrobial resistance mechanisms is a serious threat to human health and has appeared in several emerging epidemic clones over the past decade in humans and also in animals. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance among animal and zoonotic foodborne pathogens is of particular concern for public health. In this Ebook, we gathered a collection of articles which deal with the most important aspects of the genetics of acquired antimicrobial resistance extending from medically-important resistance, emerging epidemic resistant clones, main mobile genetic elements spreading resistance, resistomes, dissemination between animals and humans, to the “One Health” concept.
Download or read book Ethics and Drug Resistance Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health written by Euzebiusz Jamrozik and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-08-21 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Open Access volume provides in-depth analysis of the wide range of ethical issues associated with drug-resistant infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely recognized to be one of the greatest threats to global public health in coming decades; and it has thus become a major topic of discussion among leading bioethicists and scholars from related disciplines including economics, epidemiology, law, and political theory. Topics covered in this volume include responsible use of antimicrobials; control of multi-resistant hospital-acquired infections; privacy and data collection; antibiotic use in childhood and at the end of life; agricultural and veterinary sources of resistance; resistant HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria; mandatory treatment; and trade-offs between current and future generations. As the first book focused on ethical issues associated with drug resistance, it makes a timely contribution to debates regarding practice and policy that are of crucial importance to global public health in the 21st century.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries written by Aníbal de J. Sosa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-10-08 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Avoiding infection has always been expensive. Some human populations escaped tropical infections by migrating into cold climates but then had to procure fuel, warm clothing, durable housing, and crops from a short growing season. Waterborne infections were averted by owning your own well or supporting a community reservoir. Everyone got vaccines in rich countries, while people in others got them later if at all. Antimicrobial agents seemed at first to be an exception. They did not need to be delivered through a cold chain and to everyone, as vaccines did. They had to be given only to infected patients and often then as relatively cheap injectables or pills off a shelf for only a few days to get astonishing cures. Antimicrobials not only were better than most other innovations but also reached more of the world’s people sooner. The problem appeared later. After each new antimicrobial became widely used, genes expressing resistance to it began to emerge and spread through bacterial populations. Patients infected with bacteria expressing such resistance genes then failed treatment and remained infected or died. Growing resistance to antimicrobial agents began to take away more and more of the cures that the agents had brought.
Download or read book Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance written by Jun Lin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-06-01 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antibiotics represent one of the most successful forms of therapy in medicine. But the efficiency of antibiotics is compromised by the growing number of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Antibiotic resistance, which is implicated in elevated morbidity and mortality rates as well as in the increased treatment costs, is considered to be one of the major global public health threats (www.who.int/drugresistance/en/) and the magnitude of the problem recently prompted a number of international and national bodies to take actions to protect the public (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/docs/road-map-amr_en.pdf: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/amr_global_action_plan/en/; http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/carb_national_strategy.pdf). Understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria successfully defend themselves against the antibiotic assault represent the main theme of this eBook published as a Research Topic in Frontiers in Microbiology, section of Antimicrobials, Resistance, and Chemotherapy. The articles in the eBook update the reader on various aspects and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. A better understanding of these mechanisms should facilitate the development of means to potentiate the efficacy and increase the lifespan of antibiotics while minimizing the emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogens.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary report published as technical document with reference number: WHO/HSE/PED/AIP/2014.2.
Download or read book Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine written by National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2022-07-20 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, published in 2014, sets out a plan for government work to mitigate the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Direction on the implementation of this strategy is provided in five-year national action plans, the first covering 2015 to 2020, and the second covering 2020 to 2025. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine evaluates progress made against the national strategy. This report discusses ways to improve detection of resistant infections and estimate the risk to human health from environmental sources of resistance. In addition, the report considers the effect of agricultural practices on human and animal health and animal welfare and ways these practices could be improved, and advises on key drugs and diseases for which animal-specific test breakpoints are needed.
Download or read book The Evolving Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antibiotic resistance development is a natural process of adaption leading to a limited lifespan of antibiotics. Unnecessary and inappropriate use of antibiotics favours the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. A crisis has been building up over decades, so that today common and life-threatening infections are becoming difficult or even impossible to treat. It is time to take much stronger action worldwide to avert an ever increasing health and economic burden. A new WHO publication "The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance--Options for action" describes examples of policy activities that have addressed AMR in different parts of the world. The aim is to raise awareness and to stimulate further coordinated efforts.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance and Food Safety written by Chin-Yi Chen and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-04-15 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antimicrobial Resistance and Food Safety: Methods and Techniques introduces antimicrobial resistant food-borne pathogens, their surveillance and epidemiology, emerging resistance and resistant pathogens. This analysis is followed by a systematic presentation of currently applied methodology and technology, including advanced technologies for detection, intervention, and information technologies. This reference can be used as a practical guide for scientists, food engineers, and regulatory personnel as well as students in food safety, food microbiology, or food science. - Includes analysis of all major pathogens of concern - Provides many case studies and examples of fundamental research findings - Presents recent advances in methodologies and analytical software - Demonstrates risk assessment using information technologies in foodborne pathogens
Download or read book Tackling Antibiotic Resistance from a Food Safety Perspective in Europe written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antibiotics have revolutionized the treatment of infectious diseases. But their use and misuse have resulted in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. This is now a significant health problem: each year in the European Union alone, over 25 000 people die from infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance is also a food safety problem: antibiotic use in food animals -for treatment, disease prevention or growth promotion - allows resistant bacteria and resistance genes to spread from food animals to humans through the food-chain. This publication explores the options for prevention and containment of antibiotic resistance in the food-chain through national coordination and international cooperation, including the regulation and reduction of antibiotic use in food animals, training and capacity building, surveillance of resistance trends and antibiotic usage, promotion of knowledge and research, and advocacy and communication to raise awareness of the issues. This publication is primarily intended for policy-makers and authorities working in the public health, agriculture, food production and veterinary sectors, and offers them ways to take a holistic, intersect oral, multifaceted approach to this growing problem.
Download or read book Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment written by Célia M. Manaia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-08-22 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a multidisciplinary review of antibiotic resistance and unravels the complex and interrelated roles of environmental sources, including pharmaceutical industry effluents, hospital and domestic effluents, wildlife and drinking water. Antibiotic resistance is a global public health issue in which the interface between humans, animals and the environment is particularly relevant. The contrasts seen across different environmental compartments and world regions, which are due to climate, social and policy differences, mean that this problem needs to be analyzed from a multi-geographic and multi-cultural angle. Bringing together contributions from researchers on different continents with expertise in antibiotic resistance in a range of different environmental compartments, the book offers a detailed reflection on the paths that make antibiotic resistance a global threat, and the state-of- the-art in antibiotic resistance surveillance and risk assessment in complex environmental matrices.
