Download or read book Prevalence of the Pathogenic Chytrid Fungus i Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis i in an Endangered Population of Northern Leopard Frogs i Rana Pipiens i written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Issues in Ecological Research and Application 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 3162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Ecological Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Ecological Research and Application. The editors have built Issues in Ecological Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Ecological Research and Application in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Ecological Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Download or read book Effects of Agricultural Pesticides and Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis on the Health of Post metamorphic Northern Leopard Frogs Lithobates Pipiens written by Linda Joan Paetow and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous studies have shown that pesticides can adversely affect amphibian health and suppress immune function, making them more susceptible to pathogens and disease. This study assessed the independent and combined effects of exposure to two agricultural herbicides and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on the health and survival of post-metamorphic northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens). Wild-caught frogs were exposed to the herbicides atrazine (Aatrex® Liquid 480) or glyphosate (Roundup® Original) for 21 days and subsequently challenged with Bd . The glyphosate formulation significantly reduced growth compared to controls during the pesticide exposure. The atrazine formulation significantly reduced gain in mass at 94 days post initial exposure to the pesticides. No treatment significantly affected survival, the numbers of leucocytes, the hepatosomatic index, the splenosomatic index, the numbers and sizes of melanomacrophage aggregates in the liver or spleen, or the numbers and sizes of granulomas in the liver. Histological tests revealed no evidence of Bd infection in any Bd -exposed frogs, while molecular tests (real-time PCR) detected only one case of light infection (1.6 DNA copies) in an atrazine- and Bd -exposed frog. Frogs exposed to Bd shed their skin significantly more frequently than Bd -unexposed frogs, which may have helped them resist or clear infection. Overall, the results suggest that these frogs were resistant to Bd and that pre-exposure to the pesticides did not alter this resistance. However, reduced growth can lower the reproductive success and survival of amphibians, and therefore, exposure to the pesticides may contribute to population reductions in leopard frogs.

Download or read book Persistence and Prevalence of the Enzootic Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis in Relation to Amphibian Population Decline in Panama written by Vanessa L. Kilburn and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ranaviruses written by Matthew J. Gray and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-01 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book on ranaviruses. Ranaviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that cause hemorrhagic disease in amphibians, reptiles, and fish. They have caused mass die-offs of ectothermic vertebrates in wild and captive populations around the globe. There is evidence that this pathogen is emerging and responsible for population declines in certain locations. Considering that amphibians and freshwater turtles are suitable hosts and the most imperiled vertebrate taxa in the world, ranaviruses can have significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Additionally, many fish that are raised in aquaculture facilities and traded internationally are suitable hosts; thus, the potential economic impact of ranaviruses is significant. Ranaviruses also serve as a model for replication and gene function of large double-stranded DNA viruses. There is an urgent need to assemble the contemporary information on ranaviruses and provide guidance on how to assess their threats in populations. Through the Global Ranavirus Consortium, 24 experts from six countries were organize to write this volume, the first book on ranaviruses. The book begins with a discussion on the global extent of ranaviruses, case histories of infection and disease in ectothermic vertebrates, and current phylogeny. Basic principles of ranavirus ecology and evolution are covered next, with a focus on host-pathogen interactions and how the virus emerges in its environment. There are two chapters that will discuss the molecular biology of ranaviruses, host response to infection, and the genes responsible for immune system evasion. One chapter establishes standards for testing for infection and diagnosing ranaviral disease. The book ends by providing guidance on how to design ranavirus surveillance studies and analyze data to determine risk, and discussing the role of the Global Ranavirus Consortium in organizing research and outreach activities.

Download or read book Impact of Chytrid Fungus Pathogen on the Skin Microbiome of Frogs in Northern Idaho and Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge Washington written by Philip M. Campos and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Amphibians worldwide are under threat from the infectious disease chytridiomycosis, which is caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Bd is associated with the population declines of an estimated 501 species, 90 of which are presumed or confirmed extinct, making this the greatest documented loss of biodiversity attributed to a disease. Researching the amphibian skin microbiome may provide solutions to conservation of amphibians. Two main relationships have been observed between Bd and the microbiome: 1) bacteria producing antifungal metabolites can inhibit Bd and improve survival against the disease and 2) infection by Bd is believed to affect the composition of the skin microbiome. In collaboration with the Idaho Department of Fish of Game, Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) from northern Idaho were swabbed to detect Bd and collect bacteria from the skin microbiome. Our study found Bd was prevalent in low infection intensities in 80% of 153 sites in the northern Idaho panhandle. Amplicon barcoded sequencing of the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed to characterize the skin microbiome of frogs. Overall, the most abundant groups of bacteria on the skin were Burkholderiaceae, Pseudomonas spp., Stenotrophomonas spp., Sanguibacter inulinus, and Enterobacteriaceae. Results demonstrated skin microbiomes were distinct in infected and uninfected frogs, with key differences including greater relative abundance of Burkholderiaceae in infected frogs and greater relative abundance of Pseudomonas in uninfected frogs. Columbia spotted frogs and Pacific chorus frogs (Pseudacris regilla) were swabbed at Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge (TNWR) to measure Bd prevalence and infection intensity. Prevalence among Pacific chorus frogs (91.43%) was greater than prevalence among Columbia spotted frogs (67.74%), and infection intensities were also greater among Pacific chorus frogs compared to Columbia spotted frogs. Preliminary microbiome results showed a correlation between microbiome communities and infection intensity. Continued research on the amphibian skin microbiome could lead to the development of more effective probiotics as a conservation solution to population decline in amphibians"-- Pages iv-v.

Download or read book Occurrence and Prevalence of Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis in Amphibian Species of Alberta written by Scott D. Stevens and published by Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To present the most complete picture of the distribution and occurrence of Bd in Alberta, the authors included data from the four sites surveyed in the 2006 pilot study with data from the broader studies conducted from 2007-2010. They compared the number of amphibians collected and the number of batches tested at Bd-positive and Bd-negative sites using Mann-Whitney U-tests. Two-tailed chi-square tests using GraphPad Software were used to compare the proportion of Bd-positive sites (occurrence) and batches (prevalence) among species and drainage basins.--Document.

Download or read book Epidemiology of the Amphibian Pathogen Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis Across Multiple Spatial Scales written by Kirsten Marie McMillan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as key threats to wildlife. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the causative agent of chytridiomycosis, has been implicated in mass mortalities, population declines, and local and global extinctions of many species of amphibians around the world. As such, it is currently the largest infectious disease threat to biodiversity. Understanding the distribution and spatial dynamics of Bd is crucial to predicting spread to new geographic areas, revealing the history of infection, and developing appropriate management strategies. One of the most striking features of Bd is the variability in outcome of infection that has been observed within a species, among populations. By identifying and comparing differences in variables that co-vary between populations exhibiting different infection characteristics, we can start to disentangle the mechanisms allowing for parasite persistence and proliferation. However, infection dynamics operate across nested levels of biological organization: within-host processes underlie among-host processes within a population. As such, this thesis works within the classical themes of spatial epidemiology to consider: 1) the distribution of Bd and the evidence for spatial heterogeneity in both the prevalence and intensity of infection, and 2) the role of individual- and population-level traits in defining infection outcome. The research presented, identifies that Bd functions endemically within Rana pipiens populations in Ontario. Outbreaks of chytridiomycosis are not observed, but infection dynamics show significant interannual fluctuations related to stable geographic factors and local climatic nuances experienced at particular host life history stages. However, Rana pipiens also display variation in resistance to the pathogen, mediated by thermoregulation, dispersal behaviour, and phenotypic properties. Comparisons between host populations show variation in skin-associated bacterial communities, which may mediate susceptibility to chytridiomycosis. These bacterial communities are found to vary across latitude and between sites experiencing different levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Additionally, individual level traits, such as amphibian body temperature and body size are reported to influence bacterial community. Hence, this research highlights the importance of considering context-dependent individual- and populationlevel environmental heterogeneity, when attempting to predict the infection risk of Bd.

Download or read book Occurrence and Prevalence of Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis in Amphibian Species of Alberta written by Scott D. Stevens and published by Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To present the most complete picture of the distribution and occurrence of Bd in Alberta, the authors included data from the four sites surveyed in the 2006 pilot study with data from the broader studies conducted from 2007-2010. They compared the number of amphibians collected and the number of batches tested at Bd-positive and Bd-negative sites using Mann-Whitney U-tests. Two-tailed chi-square tests using GraphPad Software were used to compare the proportion of Bd-positive sites (occurrence) and batches (prevalence) among species and drainage basins.--Document.

Download or read book Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis Prevalence in Northern Red legged Frogs Rana Aurora written by Michael Cheng Sun and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Wildlife Disease Ecology written by Kenneth Wilson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduces readers to key case studies that illustrate how theory and data can be integrated to understand wildlife disease ecology.

Download or read book Geographic Distribution of Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis and Ranavirus Spp in Amphibians in Northern Peninsular and Panhandle Florida written by Sarah Reintjes-Tolen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amphibian species across the globe have been experiencing population declines. There are a number of factors attributed to these declines, including habitat destruction, increased ultraviolet radiation, pollution, and introduced diseases. However, one of the most potentially devastating of these factors has been the emergence of two pathogens, chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and Ranavirus spp. Determining the distribution of these pathogens is important as it is unknown what kind of impact these pathogens are capable of having on frog populations. In this study, I attempt to document the presence and geographic distribution of two pathogens, B. dendrobatidis and Ranavirus spp., in northern peninsular and panhandle Florida. During March through May of 2011 and February and March of 2012, I surveyed seven sites in northern peninsular and panhandle Florida. After surveying a total of 32 ponds, B. dendrobatidis was detected in two of32 ponds surveyed, one in Camp Blanding Military Reserve and one in Osceola National Forest. Ranavirus spp. was detected in one pond in Gold Head Branch State Park. Additionally, a Ranavirus spp. mortality event was discovered at Pebble Lake in Gold Head Branch State Park. This initial survey of these two amphibian diseases will illustrate the geographic distribution of these pathogens, enabling researchers to track the spread of these diseases and assess which populations of amphibians are most at risk.

Download or read book Assessing the Threat of Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis Bd to the Notheastern United States Northern Leopard Frog Populations written by Mandy M. Gaudreau and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Persistence and Prevalence of the Enzootic Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis in Relation to Amphibian Population Decline in Panama written by Vanessa L. Kilburn and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Persistance and Prevalence of the Enzootic Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis in Relation to Amphibian Population Decline in Panama written by Vanessa L. Kilburn and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Amphibian Conservation written by Rebecca K. Smith and published by Pelagic Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2014-05-16 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amphibian Conservation is the fourth in the series of Synopses of Conservation Evidence, linked to the online resource www.ConservationEvidence.com. This synopsis is part of the Conservation Evidence project and provides a useful resource for conservationists. It forms part of a series designed to promote a more evidence-based approach to biodiversity conservation. Others in the series include bee, bird, farmland and bat conservation and many others are in preparation. Approximately 32% of the 7,164+ amphibian species are currently threatened with extinction and at least 43% of species are declining. Despite this, until recently amphibians and their conservation had received little attention. Although work is now being carried out to conserve many species, often it is not adequately documented. This book brings together and summarises the available scientific evidence and experience relevant to the practical conservation of amphibians. The authors consulted an international group of amphibian experts and conservationists to produce a thorough summary of what is known, or not known, about the effectiveness of amphibian conservation actions across the world. "The book is packed with literature summaries and citations; a veritable information goldmine for graduate students and researchers. It also admirably provides decision makers with a well-researched resource of proven interventions that can be employed to stem/reverse the decline of amphibian populations." -John G Palis, Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society

Download or read book Prevalence of a Chytrid Pathogen Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis in Eastern Hellbender Salamanders in New York and Pennsylvania written by Linxuan Wu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amphibian populations are currently declining globally. There are many possible causes for these declines, among which an emerging infectious disease, chytridiomycosis, has been implicated. Chytridiomycosis in the U.S.A. is mainly caused by the Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. In this study, I used qPCR assays to detect the existence of this pathogen in the Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) populations in the Allegheny and Susquehanna River drainages of New York and Pennsylvania. Chytrid is most often tested by using skin swabs, but in this study, tail clips, dorsal skin, blood and eggs were tested as well. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was detected in tail clips in this study, although the tail clip samples seemed to have lower Bd detection sensitivities and concentrations compared with swab samples. Only three out of 41 samples that had tested positive for swabs also tested positive for tail clips, and very small tail clip samples did not result in chytrid positives, despite a relatively high known rate of infection in Pennsylvania. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was detected in 8.5% of NY and 2.4% of PA tail clip samples (out of 124 total) and from tail clips taken as early as 2004 in the NY Allegheny River drainage. This shows that archival samples, often available for genetic testing, may also be used for Bd detection. The Bd positive rate from swab samples (25 in total) was 56.0% in NY.