Download or read book Prepartum Energy Intake and Its Relationship to Periparturient Inflammation and Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows written by Nicole A. Janovick and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experiments were conducted to evaluate prepartum plane of energy intake, metabolism, and inflammation during the periparturient period. In experiment 1 housekeeping genes were evaluated for use with qPCR experiments in liver tissue. Ribosomal protein, S9 (RPS9) was most stable over dietary treatments and physiological states. In experiment 2, a qPCR study was conducted using 6 cows per treatment group that had either restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake prepartum. Expression for mRNA of genes related to fatty acid oxidation was greater for controlled energy cows on d 14 postpartum and related to lower lipid accumulation postpartum. Expression of mRNA for inflammatory genes was elevated pre- and postpartum in overfed cows and was associated with total liver lipid postpartum. In experiment 3, serum from 73 cows with restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake in the far-off period and either ad libitum or restricted intake in the close-up period was evaluated. Liver function and inflammatory variables were related to liver lipid accumulation postpartum. A poorer liver function index was noted for cows overfed energy or restricted prepartum. Experiment 4 used primiparous (n = 24) and multiparous (n = 23) cows with restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake prepartum. Controlling or restricting intake resulted in less severe change in dry matter intake and energy balance prepartum and improved metabolic profiles and health postpartum compared with cows having excess energy intake prepartum regardless of parity group. In experiment 5, a bovine oligonucleotide microarray was used to study temporal effects of mRNA transcript expression in subcutaneous adipose in 7 cows overfed energy and 7 cows with controlled energy intake prepartum from experiment 4. Over 3,400 mRNA transcripts were differentially expressed due to diet by time effects. The largest dietary effects occurred on d -14 and largest day effects between d -14 and d 1. Overconsumption of energy was linked to inflammatory markers studied in these experiments. A relationship between postpartum liver lipid accumulation and inflammation was observed. Avoiding overconsumption of energy prepartum improved metabolic status and metabolism, which was therefore beneficial to animal health and productivity. Evidence for inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in adipose tissue related to prepartum energy intake requires further study.
Download or read book Relationships Between Carbohydrate Nutrition and Metabolism Inflammation and Performance of Dairy Cattle During the Periparturient Period written by Sarah Elizabeth LaCount and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transition from pregnancy to lactation is a time of great metabolic adaptations for the dairy cow. Dry matter intake decreases, yet demand for nutrients increase vastly with the onset of milk production resulting in negative energy balance. Cows must mobilize body tissues to increase energy for the body while sparing glucose for the mammary gland. Due to this increased metabolic demand and negative energy balance, cows often end up in a state of metabolic dysfunction which can have disastrous consequences. Nutritional strategies can help increase glucose precursors while decreasing body tissue mobilization that is linked to increased risk of disease. Previous research is mixed on the impacts of high starch to increase glucose precursors to the cow immediately postpartum, likely due to an increased risk for subacute ruminal acidosis that can result in metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. Feeding strategies which utilize high starch while also including higher fiber to promote rumen health have not been conducted. The objectives of this dissertation were to: 1) investigate interplay of fiber fractions in high starch postpartum dairy cow diets on performance, hepatic metabolism and energy balance, 2) examine interplay of inflammation, hepatic metabolism, energy metabolites, and metabolic hormones in the postpartum period, and 3) investigate opportunities to combine use of a higher digestibility corn silage with monensin to optimize production and health in the periparturient period. Increased fiber in the postpartum diet can limit intake in early lactation, resulting in negatively altered metabolism and production. As intake restrictions were eased by feeding a more fermentable diet, cows were able to recover intake, production, and energy metabolites in a matter of days to match cows that were not limited in intake early postpartum. Increased fiber in diets that may pose a higher risk of subacute ruminal acidosis may still be warranted, though further research on fiber levels and fractions is needed. Correlations between improved hepatic metabolism and metabolic hormones indicative of energy balance were positive, though correlations between markers of improved hepatic metabolism and inflammation were negative. Cows fed corn silage with higher digestibility and monensin, which increases glucose precursors, showed a possible synergistic effect on milk production. Using either strategy alone increased energy status, improved metabolism and health status, however a combination of both strategies decreased milk components, indicating they might negatively alter the rumen environment and milk fat synthesis.
Download or read book Metabolic Diseases of Ruminants An Issue of Veterinary Clinics Food Animal Practice written by Thomas Herdt and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-07-28 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A current, comprehensive issue on metabolic diseases for the food animal practitioner. Topics include obesity and insulin resistance in dairy cows, ketosis therapy, use of serum NEFA and BHBA concentrations in herd-level assessment, mineral nutrition in transition diets, protein, fat, and energy in dairy transition diets, prophylactic calcium therapy in peripartum dairy cows, metabolic regulators of feed intake, assessing and managing body condition score for the prevention of metabolic disease, and more!
Download or read book Effects of Dietary Engergy Density on Metabolic Status and Lactation Performance of Periparturient Dairy Cows written by Euler Rabelo and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ruminant Physiology written by Pierre Cronjé and published by CABI. This book was released on 2000 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology (ISRP) is the premier forum for presentation and discussion of advances in knowledge of the physiology of ruminant animals. This book brings together edited versions of the keynote review papers presented at the symposium.
Download or read book Nutritional Implications for Oxidative Status Immune Function and Energy Metabolism in Transition Dairy Cows and Relationships with Postpartum Performance and Endometritis written by Takashi Yasui and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factors associated with a failure to adapt metabolic and physiological regulation during the transition period include oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, and imbalanced energy status. Those factors are not only correlated to each other, but also related to low performance and immune suppression, which leads to development of periparturient-related diseases such as cytological endometritis (CE). The objectives of this work were to investigate the: 1) effect of source of trace minerals on production, oxidative metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 2) effect of chromium propionate (Cr-Pro) supplementation on production, metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 3) effect of supplemental monensin and varying postpartum fermentable starch level on the incidence of CE and related immune functions; and 4) association of CE with energy metabolism and inflammation. The first experiment found that, compared to inorganic or organic sources, supplemental hydroxy trace minerals (HTM), a recently available source of trace minerals, improved aspects of milk production, modulated plasma indices of oxidative balance, and reduced plasma haptoglobin levels immediately after parturition, suggesting that HTM are more bioavailable and can affect the body system related to production, oxidative metabolism, and inflammatory responses. In experiment two, feeding Cr-Pro resulted in improved prepartum dry matter intake in addition to reduced prepartum plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and decreased incidence of CE along with increased uterine neutrophil influx immediately after parturition. This implies that Cr-Pro can improve periparturient energy metabolism and uterine immunity. The third experiment revealed that innate immune responses were improved during the early postpartum period in cows fed high starch diets for 3 weeks after parturition, and during early lactation in cows fed monensin. Finally, analyses conducted indicated that negative energy balance during the first 3 weeks after parturition was a critical factor to develop CE because cows with CE had higher area under the curve of plasma NEFA and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and lower calculated energy balance during that period compared to cows without CE. The findings obtained from this work give practical approaches to optimize overall performance in transition dairy cows and provide partial mechanisms for how oxidative status, metabolism, and energy balance interrelate.
Download or read book Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows written by Burim N. Ametaj and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the results achieved so far by application of various biological systems (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) involved in the pathomechanisms and early diagnosis of periparturient diseases as specific biomarkers of disease in cattle. These emerging technologies help to extensively enhance our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of periparturient diseases of transition dairy cows. The book includes a chapter dedicated to ‘omics’ sciences and one that discusses the myths established in animal and veterinary sciences in recent decades and emerging, new paradigms. The diseases discussed include metritis, mastitis, laminitis, ketosis, rumen acidosis, periparturient immunosuppression, gastrointestinal microbiota and their involvement in disease, infertility, fatty liver, milk fever, and retained placenta. This book is intended for academics, veterinarians, animal nutritionists, researchers, and graduate students working in the field of ‘omics sciences’ with a special interest in dairy cattle health.
Download or read book Stress and Inflammation During the Periparturient Period in Holstein Dairy Cows Associations with Health and Performance and the Influence of Overstocking written by Juliana Mae Huzzey and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most challenging periods for a dairy cow is during the 3-week period before and after calving. During this period cows undergo several changes in diet, social re-groupings, and dramatic metabolic and physiological adaptations to prepare for parturition and lactation; cows that cannot adapt to these challenges are at increased risk for disease and lower milk yield after calving. The objectives of this research were to: 1) evaluate how physiological parameters associated with stress (plasma cortisol and fecal cortisol metabolites), inflammation (haptoglobin; Hp), and energy metabolism (nonesterified fatty acids: NEFA) measured during the period around calving relate to health status, milk yield and reproductive performance after calving, and 2) identify specific management practices that increase prepartum stress-load and the mechanisms by which health is affected under these conditions. Increased concentrations of analytes related to stress and inflammation measured during the 3 weeks before calving were poor predictors of postpartum disease incidence when compared to increased concentrations of plasma NEFA, a measure of negative energy balance. However, increased concentrations of plasma Hp and fecal cortisol metabolites, particularly during the week after calving, were better predictors of milk yield and reproductive performance than NEFA. Despite it's widespread use in research as a measure of stress, concentrations of plasma cortisol are easily confounded by the stress associated with handling and sample collection; for use in field diagnostics to identify high risk cattle or herds, plasma cortisol is a weak and inconsistent predictor of health and performance. In the second study, overstocking during the dry period was identified as a management practice capable of compromising physiological health. Cattle that were overstocked had greater concentrations of fecal cortisol metabolites and plasma NEFA, and altered energy metabolism as evidenced by reduced glucose clearance rates and an attenuated insulin response to a glucose challenge. Cattle that are the least successful at competing for access to the overstocked feed bunk were at the greatest risk for these metabolic disturbances. The knowledge gained from this research will be used to improve management of cattle around calving to promote health, productivity and overall animal well-being.
Download or read book Techniques in Free Radical Research written by A.T. Diplock and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1991-12-11 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Free radical species are generally short-lived due to their high reactivity and thus direct measurement and identification are often impossible. ESR is the only technique which has the potential for direct detection of radicals but in biological systems even these must be trapped by a spin-trapping agent. Thus most investigations involve recognition of indicators of the presence of radicals in vivo or "FOOTPRINTS" of radical-mediated damage. Techniques in Free Radical Research assembles and critically assesses the most relevant and reliable experimental approaches used towards the measurement of radicals and radical-mediated damage in chemical systems, in cells and in tissues under the following six headings: a) Footprints of DNA damage, b) Footprints of protein damage, c) Footprints of lipid peroxidation, d) Footprints of antioxidant consumption, e) Footprints via indirect radical assays, and f) Footprints via the availability of transition metal complexes.
Download or read book Genetics of Animal Health and Disease in Livestock written by Bianca Castiglioni and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-06-02 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wood surface attributes can be established by examining its several different physical or chemical properties. Differences in the wood surfaces occur between the manufacturing and post-treatment processes as well. Understanding how their unique anisotropic molecular organization, chemical linkages, branching, and other molecular features govern micro- and macroscale accessibility is essential for coating and complex modification processes. It is therefore important for scientific as well as practical reasons to qualify and quantify the effects of wood surface treatments and modifications. Challenges still exist to fully understanding the effect of the numerous applied chemicals and the wide range of treatment processes on wood surfaces.
Download or read book Milk Production written by Nada Ben Abdallah and published by . This book was released on 2017-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dairy farming is one of the fastest growing and developing subsectors in the agricultural industry. There has been unprecedented growth in milk production attributed by proper genetic selection, breeding, housing, and feeding programs in this subsector. Dairy farming for milk production has been the primary business for many people in different places around the world. Milk has also been and still is a key animal product in most diets consumed worldwide. With various advancements achieved in preservation of techniques for dairy products, preference of consumers for milk and milk products are higher than ever. Basic information on the technology and science used in production and processing this crucial food commodity is significant to the work of academia, governments, and industry.Several good and professionally prepared reference books are available, but the preference for any specific book greatly depends on the needs for the reader. Most of the dairy farming reference books are single-volume books, and others only cover general topics whereas other books cover specific dairy farming topics. This book has been prepared to offer essential information about basic principles involved in milk production, nutritional requirement for dairy cattle, basic management practices involved in dairy farming and health conditions that affect dairy cows in milk production to all those student taking dairy farming management courses, veterinary professionals, teachers, dairy management staffs, and even various governmental staffs involved in agricultural sectors. The general science and various production practices presently in use in dairy industry have been characterised and well described so that the reader can acquire insights into the industry. The book has been divided into four sections. Section one deal with general information and principles on dairy farming and it consist of only one chapter. Section two deals with background information on nutrition requirements in milk production and consists of four chapters. Section three deals with general management practices involved in dairy farming for maximum milk production and consist of four chapters. Lastly, section four dealing with dairy farming health problems consists of one chapter. More emphases have been put in nutrition and management practices of dairy cow because these are the two key areas where most breeders and producer focus on in order to enhance milk production. Specific areas tailored towards minimizing production costs and maximizing overall production have also received much of the attention, specifically on the second, third and fourth section of the book
Download or read book The Protein Requirements of Dairy Cows written by and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-02-09 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This widely used reference has been updated and revamped to reflect the changing face of the dairy industry. New features allow users to pinpoint nutrient requirements more accurately for individual animals. The committee also provides guidance on how nutrient analysis of feed ingredients, insights into nutrient utilization by the animal, and formulation of diets to reduce environmental impacts can be applied to productive management decisions. The book includes a user-friendly computer program on a compact disk, accompanied by extensive context-sensitive "Help" options, to simulate the dynamic state of animals. The committee addresses important issues unique to dairy science-the dry or transition cow, udder edema, milk fever, low-fat milk, calf dehydration, and more. The also volume covers dry matter intake, including how to predict feed intake. It addresses the management of lactating dairy cows, utilization of fat in calf and lactation diets, and calf and heifer replacement nutrition. In addition, the many useful tables include updated nutrient composition for commonly used feedstuffs.
Download or read book B Group Vitamins written by Jean Guy LeBlanc and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-09-26 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: B-group vitamins are involved in numerous metabolic reactions and their widespread deficiency can cause a large series of health problems. The aim of this book is to provide an update on the current use and perspectives of B-group vitamins. Novel methods to detect folates in pregnant women, the use and role of folate dentistry, the use of genotype notification to modify food intake behavior, thiamin metabolism in Archaea and its role in plants and in crop improvement, the use of riboflavin in blood safety and niacin in metabolic stress and resistance in dairy cows are some of the subjects that are described in this multitopic book written by authors from seven different countries.
Download or read book The Innate Immune Response to Noninfectious Stressors written by Massimo Amadori and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-02-23 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Innate Immune Response to Non-infectious Stressors: Human and Animal Models highlights fundamental mechanisms of stress response and important findings on how the immune system is affected, and in turn affects such a response. In addition, this book covers the crucial link between stress response and energy metabolism, prompts a re-appraisal of some crucial issues, and helps to define research priorities in this fascinating, somehow elusive field of investigation. Provides insights into the fundamental homeostatic processes vis-à-vis stressors to help in investigation Illustrates the depicted tenets and how to offset them against established models of response to physical and psychotic stressors in both animals and humans Covers the crucial issue of the immune response to endocrine disruptors Includes immunological parameters as reporter system of environmental adaptation Provides many illustrative examples to foster reader understanding
Download or read book Mastitis Control in Dairy Herds written by Roger William Blowey and published by CABI. This book was released on 2010 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second edition of the book, containing 16 chapters which focus on prevention and control of mastitis as well as on the different factors that lead to mastitis resulting in poor milk quality. The book contains two appendices, the first contains a liner line chart and the second contains parlour audit. An index is also provided.
Download or read book Sheep Goat and Cervid Medicine E Book written by David G. Pugh and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-01-07 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW! Coverage of cervids has been added to chapters throughout the book, reflecting the growing popularity of deer and elk. NEW! Thorough content updates are made throughout the book and reflect the latest research evidence. NEW! 170 new clinical photos have been added. NEW! Anesthesia and Pain Management chapter includes a new section on pain management strategies, reflecting the emphasis on controlling pain in small ruminants. NEW! Expert Consult website offers an online version of the book, making it easy to search the entire book electronically. NEW! Two new authors are respected and well-known veterinary medicine experts and educators: Dr. Misty Edmondson and Dr. Thomas Passler.
