Download or read book PRELIMINARY FRIT DEVELOPMENT AND MELT RATE TESTING FOR SLUDGE BATCH 6 SB6 written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Liquid Waste Organization (LWO) provided the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) with a Sludge Batch 6 (SB6) composition projection in March 2009. Based on this projection, frit development efforts were undertaken to gain insight into compositional effects on the predicted and measured properties of the glass waste form and to gain insight into frit components that may lead to improved melt rate for SB6-like compositions. A series of Sludge Batch 6 (SB6) based glasses was selected, fabricated and characterized in this study to better understand the ability of frit compositions to accommodate uncertainty in the projected SB6 composition. Acceptable glasses (compositions where the Product Composition Control System (PCCS) Measurement Acceptability Region (MAR) predicted acceptable properties, good chemical durability was measured, and no detrimental nepheline crystallization was observed) can be made using Frit 418 with SB6 over a range of Na2O and Al2O3 concentrations. However, the ability to accommodate variation in the sludge composition limits the ability to utilize alternative frits for potential improvements in melt rate. Frit 535, which may offer improvements in melt rate due to its increased B2O3 concentration, produced acceptable glasses with the baseline SB6 composition at waste loadings of 34 and 42%. However, the PCCS MAR results showed that it is not as robust as Frit 418 in accommodating variation in the sludge composition. Preliminary melt rate testing was completed in the Melt Rate Furnace (MRF) with four candidate frits for SB6. These four frits were selected to evaluate the impacts of B2O3 and Na2O concentrations in the frit relative to those of Frit 418, although they are not necessarily candidates for SB6 vitrification. Higher concentrations of B2O3 in the frit relative to that of Frit 418 appeared to improve melt rate. However, when a higher concentration of B2O3 was coupled with a lower concentration of Na2O relative to Frit 418, melt rate did not appear to improve. It is expected that a SB6 composition projection with less uncertainty will be received during analysis of the Tank 51 E-1 sample, which will be pulled after the completion of aluminum dissolution in August 2009. At that time, additional frit development work will be performed to seek improved melt rates while maintaining viable projected operating windows. This later work will ultimately lead to a frit recommendation for SB6.

Download or read book MELT RATE TESTING FOR SLUDGE BATCH 6 written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) was requested to provide Savannah River Remediation (SRR) with a recommended frit composition for Sludge Batch 6 (SB6) to optimize processing at the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF). This report discusses the results of a series of melt rate experiments that were completed in support of the frit recommendation and the preparation of the feed used in the testing. The objective of the work was to identify the impact of individual frit component concentrations on melt rate for both SB6 and for DWPF sludge batches in general. The dry fed, Melt Rate Furnace (MRF) was used to compare the relative melt rate performance of several candidate frit compositions. Sludge composition projection changes and variation led to the fabrication and testing of several new frits along with Frit 418, which is currently utilized at the DWPF for Sludge Batch 5 (SB5) processing. The melt rate testing results show that changes in the frit composition, such as increases in B2O3 or Li2O concentrations, can provide a faster melt rate for SB6 relative to Frit 418. However, the composition of SB6 as currently projected (February 2010 blended with a 40 inch heel of SB5) does not allow for significant changes in frit composition relative to Frit 418 without compromising the projected operating windows. Only one of the new frits tested, Frit IS7, remains viable for SB6 processing based on the current composition projections. The melt rate results also demonstrated that a low Na2O concentration frit (particularly Frit IS7) can provide reasonable melt rates if the concentrations of Li2O or B2O3 in the frit are increased. The measured melt rate for Frit IS7 with the simulated SB6 feed was about 15% faster than that for Frit 418. The projected operating windows for Frits 418 and IS7 are very similar with the current SB6 projections. However, waste loadings with Frit IS7 are limited by low viscosity predictions, while waste loadings with Frit 418 are limited by predictions of nepheline crystallization. It is recommended that SRNL reevaluate the final SB6 composition once washing and blending are complete to determine whether a change in frit composition could provide improved operating windows, improved sulfate solubility, and/or increased waste throughput.

Download or read book FRIT DEVELOPMENT FOR SLUDGE BATCH 6 written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) evaluated a large number of Sludge Batch 6 (SB6) composition projections to support frit optimization for SB6 vitrification at the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF). The evaluations discussed in this report occurred over a period of about 4 months, and included about 40 composition projections, developed by both Savannah River Remediation (SRR) and SRNL. Paper study assessments were used to evaluate the sludge composition projections with arrays of potential frit compositions using the predictive models in the DWPF Product Composition Control System (PCCS). Both nominal sludge compositions and sludge compositions with anticipated compositional variation were considered. The model predictions were used to identify candidate frit compositions for each SB6 projection and to provide some guidance to SRR on washing and blending strategies for SB6 preparation. This report presents a chronological review of this process and summarizes the findings at each stage. Following initial feedback from this work, the number of washes in Tank 51 was reduced to increase the projected sodium concentration in SB6. Analyses of predicted frit performance before and after a potential decant of Tank 40 showed that the post-decant SB6 composition would be difficult to process with any frit composition and that this scenario should be avoided. Based on the most recent SB6 projections (February 2010 SB6 composition projections developed at SRNL using the measured SB6 qualification sample composition and the revised Tank Farm washing plan), Frit 418 appears to be viable for SB6 processing at a target waste loading of 36%. A Nominal Stage PCCS Measurement Acceptability Region (MAR) assessment gave projected operating windows of 25-41% waste loading, limited by predictions of nepheline crystallization. The projected operating window is reduced to 25-38% waste loading when anticipated compositional variation is considered, again limited by predictions of nepheline crystallization. Blend points between 62 and 40 inches of Sludge Batch 5 (SB5) heel in Tank 40 had no practical impact on the projected performance of Frit 418. This assessment is made from a paper study approach only and assumes that no decant of Tank 40 will occur during SB6 processing. A decant of Tank 40 would reduce the Na2O concentration in Tank 40 to a point where it would be very difficult to target a waste loading of 36% for SB6 with Frit 418. The performance of Frit 418 with SB6 is limited by predictions of nepheline crystallization, which is a durability limiting constraint. Alternatives to Frit 418 are available that can provide equivalent projected operating windows and are limited by process related constraints (i.e., liquidus temperature predictions) rather than durability limiting constraints. A separate memorandum has recently been issued that discusses the use of Frit 418 for SB6 vitrification. 1 potential differences in melt rate among these alternative frits will be discussed in a forthcoming technical report.

Download or read book Sludge Batch 5 Slurry Fed Melt Rate Furnace Test with Frits 418 and 550 written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on Melt Rate Furnace (MRF) testing for the Sludge Batch 5 (SB5) projected composition and assessments of the potential frits with reasonable operating windows, the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) recommended Slurry Fed Melt Rate Furnace (SMRF) testing with Frits 418 and 550. DWPF is currently using Frit 418 with SB5 based on SRNL's recommendation due to its ability to accommodate significant sodium variation in the sludge composition. However, experience with high boron containing frits in DWPF indicated a potential advantage for Frit 550 might exist. Therefore, SRNL performed SMRF testing to assess Frit 550's potential advantages. The results of SMRF testing with SB5 simulant indicate that there is no appreciable difference in melt rate between Frit 418 and Frit 550 at a targeted 34 weight % waste loading. Both batches exhibited comparable behavior when delivered through the feed tube by the peristaltic pump. Limited observation of the cold cap during both runs showed no indication of major cold cap mounding. MRF testing, performed after the SMRF runs due to time constraints, with the same two Slurry Mix Evaporator (SME) dried products led to the same conclusion. Although visual observations of the cross-sectioned MRF beakers indicated differences in the appearance of the two systems, the measured melt rates were both (almost equal to)0.6 in/hr. Therefore, SRNL does not recommend a change from Frit 418 for the initial SB5 processing in DWPF. Once the actual SB5 composition is known and revised projections of SB5 after the neptunium stream addition and any decants is provided, SRNL will perform an additional compositional window assessment with Frit 418. If requested, SRNL can also include other potential frits in this assessment should processing of SB5 with Frit 418 result in less than desirable melter throughput in DWPF. The frits would then be subjected to melt rate testing at SRNL to determine any potential advantages.

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Download or read book SLUDGE BATCH 4 BASELINE MELT RATE FURNACE AND SLURRY FED MELT RATE FURNACE TESTS WITH FRITS 418 AND 510 U written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several Slurry-Fed Melt Rate Furnace (SMRF) tests with earlier projections of the Sludge Batch 4 (SB4) composition have been performed. 1,2 The first SB4 SMRF test used Frits 418 and 320, however it was found after the test that the REDuction/OXidation (REDOX) correlation at that time did not have the proper oxidation state for manganese. Because the manganese level in the SB4 sludge was higher than previous sludge batches tested, the impact of the higher manganese oxidation state was greater. The glasses were highly oxidized and very foamy, and therefore the results were inconclusive. After resolving this REDOX issue, Frits 418, 425, and 503 were tested in the SMRF with the updated baseline SB4 projection. Based on dry-fed Melt Rate Furnace (MRF) tests and the above mentioned SMRF tests, two previous frit recommendations were made by the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) for processing of SB4 in the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF). The first was Frit 503 based on the June 2006 composition projections. 3 The recommendation was changed to Frit 418 as a result of the October 2006 composition projections (after the Tank 40 decant was implemented as part of the preparation plan). However, the start of SB4 processing was delayed due to the control room consolidation outage and the repair of the valve box in the Tank 51 to Tank 40 transfer line. These delays resulted in changes to the projected SB4 composition. Due to the slight change in composition and based on preliminary dry-fed MRF testing, SRNL believed that Frit 510 would increase throughput in processing SB4 in DWPF. Frit 418, which was used in processing Sludge Batch 3 (SB3), was a viable candidate and available in DWPF. Therefore, it was used during the initial SB4 processing. Due to the potential for higher melt rates with Frit 510, SMRF tests with the latest SB4 composition (1298 canisters) and Frits 510 and 418 were performed at a targeted waste loading (WL) of 35%. The '1298 canisters' describes the number of equivalent canisters that would be produced from the beginning of the current contract period before SB3 is blended with SB4. The melt rate for the SMRF SB4/Frit 510 test was 14.6 grams/minute. Due to cold cap mounding problems with the SMRF SB4/Frit 418 feed at 50 weight % solids that prevented a melt rate determination, this feed was diluted to 45 weight % solids. The melt rate for this diluted feed was 8.9 grams/minute. A correction factor of 1.2 for estimating the melt rate at 50 weight % solids from 45 weight % solids test results (based on previous SMRF testing5) was then used to estimate a melt rate of 10.7 grams/minute for SB4/Frit 418 at 50 weight % solids. Therefore, the use of Frit 510 versus Frit 418 with SB4 resulted in a higher melt rate (14.6 versus an estimated 10.7 grams/minute). For reference, a previous SMRF test with SB3/Frit 418 feed at 35% waste loading and 50 weight % solids resulted in a melt rate of 14.1 grams/minute. Therefore, depending on the actual feed rheology, the use of Frit 510 with SB4 could result in similar melt rates as experienced with SB3/Frit 418 feed in the DWPF.

Download or read book MELT RATE FURNACE TESTING FOR SLUDGE BATCH 5 FRIT OPTIMIZATION written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) was requested to provide the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) with a frit composition for Sludge Batch 5 (SB5) to optimize processing. A series of experiments were designed for testing in the Melt Rate Furnace (MRF). This dry fed tool can be used to quickly determine relative melt rates for a large number of candidate frit compositions and lead to a selection for further testing. Simulated Sludge Receipt and Adjustment Tank (SRAT) product was made according to the most recent SB5 sludge projections and a series of tests were conducted with frits that covered a range of boron and alkali ratios. Several frits with relatively large projected operating windows indicated melt rates that would not severely impact production. As seen with previous MRF testing, increasing the boron concentration had positive impacts on melt rate on the SB5 system. However, there appears to be maximum values for both boron and sodium above which the there is a negative effect on melt rate. Based on these data and compositional trends, Frit 418 and a specially designed frit (Frit 550) have been selected for additional melt rate testing. Frit 418 and Frit 550 will be run in the Slurry Fed Melt Rate Furnace (SMRF), which is capable of distinguishing rheological properties not detected by the MRF. Frit 418 will be used initially for SB5 processing in DWPF (given its robustness to compositional uncertainty). The Frit 418-SB5 system will provide a baseline from which potential melt rate advantages of Frit 550 can be gauged. The data from SMRF testing will be used to determine whether Frit 550 should be recommended for implementation in DWPF.

Download or read book SLUDGE BATCH 5 SB5 written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Six potential frits were identified as candidates for processing the February 2007 projected SB5 composition (i.e., no implementation of aluminum dissolution) from an array of frit formulations based upon composition-property model predictions. Test glasses were fabricated in the laboratory to verify the applicability of the product performance models to glasses produced with these frits. Characterization of the glasses fabricated with the selected frits showed that all of the glasses had durability responses that are considered very acceptable at a waste loading of 36%. The durability responses were predictable by the free energy of hydration models. No crystallization was identified in the quenched glasses. Samples of the glasses that were slowly cooled following the canister centerline cooled (ccc) thermal profile were found to contain small amounts of magnetite. This crystalline phase had little impact on the durability of the glasses, and therefore is not an issue for concern based on the February 2007 projections. Note that revised versions of the SB5 flowsheet, including those incorporating aluminum dissolution, are expected, which will require additional frit development work when received. Initial melt rate testing results showed that the previously identified trend of increasing melt rate with increasing concentration of B2O3 for SB4 may be extended to this SB5 system. A complete report on melt rate testing with these frits will be issued at a later date.

Download or read book Summary of Results from the 786 A Mini Melter Run with DWPF Macrobatch 3 Sludge Batch 2 Baseline Feed Using Frit 320 written by M. E. Smith and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the vitrification of high level waste at the Savannah River Site's Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) Melter, melt rates have never consistently achieved the design basis of 103 kg/hr. Frit 200 has been the frit added to the high level waste sludge to make the waste glass since radioactive operations were begun. Frit 200 was used as it was expected that coupled feed (sludge and salt solution) operations were going to begin soon after DWPF was started. Since unforeseen problems in processing the salt solution are now delaying for several years the addition of the salt solution that contains additional alkalies (which helps increase melt rate), a program was initiated to develop a new sludge-only frit. Lab scale tests led to the development of Frit 320 (higher alkali content than Frit 200) and the conclusion that this frit would substantially increase the DWPF melt rate and produce an acceptable final glass waste form. The final verification that Frit 320 increased melt rate were larger scale melter tests using Frit 200 and Frit 320 in the 786-A Mini-Melter. This paper discusses the results of these Mini-Melter tests.

Download or read book STOICHIOMETRY AND PROCESS CALCULATIONS written by K. V. NARAYANAN and published by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is designed for undergraduate courses in chemical engineering and related disciplines such as biotechnology, polymer technology, petrochemical engineering, electrochemical engineering, environmental engineering, safety engineering and industrial chemistry. The chief objective of this text is to prepare students to make analysis of chemical processes through calculations and also to develop in them systematic problem-solving skills. The students are introduced not only to the application of law of combining proportions to chemical reactions (as the word ‘stoichiometry’ implies) but also to formulating and solving material and energy balances in processes with and without chemical reactions. The book presents the fundamentals of chemical engineering operations and processes in an accessible style to help the students gain a thorough understanding of chemical process calculations. It also covers in detail the background materials such as units and conversions, dimensional analysis and dimensionless groups, property estimation, P-V-T behaviour of fluids, vapour pressure and phase equilibrium relationships, humidity and saturation. With the help of examples, the book explains the construction and use of reference-substance plots, equilibrium diagrams, psychrometric charts, steam tables and enthalpy composition diagrams. It also elaborates on thermophysics and thermochemistry to acquaint the students with the thermodynamic principles of energy balance calculations. Key Features : • SI units are used throughout the book. • Presents a thorough introduction to basic chemical engineering principles. • Provides many worked-out examples and exercise problems with answers. • Objective type questions included at the end of the book serve as useful review material and also assist the students in preparing for competitive examinations such as GATE.

Download or read book The Periodic Table Nature s Building Blocks written by J. Theo Kloprogge and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-11-18 with total page 931 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Periodic Table: Nature’s Building Blocks: An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins and Their Uses addresses how minerals and their elements are used, where the elements come from in nature, and their applications in modern society. The book is structured in a logical way using the periodic table as its outline. It begins with an introduction of the history of the periodic table and a short introduction to mineralogy. Element sections contain their history, how they were discovered, and a description of the minerals that contain the element. Sections conclude with our current use of each element. Abundant color photos of some of the most characteristic minerals containing the element accompany the discussion. Ideal for students and researchers working in inorganic chemistry, minerology and geology, this book provides the foundational knowledge needed for successful study and work in this exciting area. Describes the link between geology, minerals and chemistry to show how chemistry relies on elements from nature Emphasizes the connection between geology, mineralogy and daily life, showing how minerals contribute to the things we use and in our modern economy Contains abundant color photos of each mineral that bring the periodic table to life

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Download or read book Optimization Modeling with Spreadsheets written by Kenneth R. Baker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-01-10 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reflects the latest applied research and features state-of-the-art software for building and solving spreadsheet optimization models Thoroughly updated to reflect the latest topical and technical advances in the field, Optimization Modeling with Spreadsheets, Second Edition continues to focus on solving real-world optimization problems through the creation of mathematical models and the use of spreadsheets to represent and analyze those models. Developed and extensively classroom-tested by the author, the book features a systematic approach that equips readers with the skills to apply optimization tools effectively without the need to rely on specialized algorithms. This new edition uses the powerful software package Risk Solver Platform (RSP) for optimization, including its Evolutionary Solver, which employs many recently developed ideas for heuristic programming. The author provides expanded coverage of integer programming and discusses linear and nonlinear programming using a systematic approach that emphasizes the use of spreadsheet-based optimization tools. The Second Edition also features: Classifications for the various problem types, providing the reader with a broad framework for building and recognizing optimization models Network models that allow for a more general form of mass balance A systematic introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) The identification of qualitative patterns in order to meaningfully interpret linear programming solutions An introduction to stochastic programming and the use of RSP to solve problems of this type Additional examples, exercises, and cases have been included throughout, allowing readers to test their comprehension of the material. In addition, a related website features Microsoft Office® Excel files to accompany the figures and data sets in the book. With its accessible and comprehensive presentation, Optimization Modeling with Spreadsheets, Second Edition is an excellent book for courses on deterministic models, optimization, and spreadsheet modeling at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. The book can also serve as a reference for researchers, practitioners, and consultants working in business, engineering, operations research, and management science.

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