Download or read book Potential Effects of Different Disinfection Methods on Disinfection Byproducts dbps Formation in Swimming Pool Water written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Disinfection By products in Drinking Water written by M.N.V. Prasad and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Detection and Treatment presents cutting-edge research on how to understand the procedures, processes and considerations for detecting and treating disinfection by-products from drinking water, swimming pool water, and wastewater. The book begins with an overview of the different groups of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), such as: Trihalomethanes (THM), Halo acetic acids, and Haloacetonitrile (HAN). This coverage is quickly followed by a clear and rigorous exposition of the latest methods and technologies for the characterization, occurrence, formation, transformation and removal of DBPs in drinking water. Other chapters focus on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Researchers will find a valuable resource to a breath of topics for DBP detection and treatment, including various recent techniques, such as microfiltration, nanofiltration membrane and nanotechnology. - Explains the latest research in detection, treatment processes and remediation technologies - Includes sampling, analytical and characterization methods and approaches - Covers cutting-edge research, including membrane based technologies, nanotechnology treatment technologies and bioremediation treatment technologies - Provides background information regarding contamination sources

Download or read book Analysis and Formation of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drinking water disinfection has markedly reduced diseases causes by waterborne pathogenic microorganisms. However, an unintended consequence of disinfection and/or oxidation processes is the generation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) which are formed from the reactions of disinfectants/oxidants with water matrix components. This volume of the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry Handbook presents recent advances about the formation, identification, and quantification of inorganic and organic DBPs during oxidative processes. The book begins with a first chapter reviewing the most recent non-targeted screening approaches and workflows to characterize DBPs using low-, high-, and ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The second chapter discusses the analysis of inorganic chloramines in waters using on-site and/or in-lab analytical methods. The third chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge about the mechanisms of chlorine dioxide reactions and byproducts formation. The fourth chapter presents some fundamental and practical aspects about ozonation processes in water treatment and provides an overview about ozone reaction mechanisms and byproducts formation. The fifth chapter focuses on the reactivity of halide ions, particularly bromide and iodide, with common oxidants and the role they play in determining the speciation of DBPs in treated waters. The chapter also presents strategies to mitigate the formation of DBPs during oxidation processes. Finally, the last chapter tackles the topic of DBPs formation during potable water reuse. It discusses the formation of DBPs of major concern in both memebrane-based and non-membrane-based potable water reuse treatment schemes.Researchers, water treatment specialists, and regulators will find in this book a valuable and compact resource on several key topics regarding the formation, identification, quantification, and mitigation of DBPs. - Identification and quantification of known and unknown DBPs - Formation of DBPs during different disinfection/oxidation processes - DBPs of concern in new technologies and/or new applications of existing technologies in water treatment

Download or read book Disinfection By products in Drinking Water written by K. Clive Thompson and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the latest developments in themes related to water disinfection by-products, this book brings the academic and industry researchers right up to date.

Download or read book Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water written by Yuefeng Xie and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-08-27 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The EPA has established regulations which classify four types of disinfection byproducts - TTHMs, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite - and requires public water systems limit these byproducts to specific levels. Most of the information required to comply with these standards is either scattered throughout the literature or derived from confere

Download or read book Disinfection By Products in Water written by Chao Chen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2024-11-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive review of disinfection by-products (DBPs), exploring various aspects from detection methods and precursors to their potential health risks, regulation, and future implications. This book is also a memorial to the 50th anniversary of the first major DBP report in 1974 by Dr. Rook, who identified chloroform in chlorinated drinking water, initiating the study of DBPs. For half a century, chemists, toxicologists, engineers and regulators have been identifying more DBPs, understanding their formation mechanism, evaluating their health effects on the public, and minimizing and controlling their formation in drinking water. Divided into four parts, the book commences with an introduction to the general knowledge of DBPs, shedding light on the significance of DBPs and their impact on water quality. It also delves into the detection methods employed to identify and quantify DBPs, offering readers invaluable insights into cutting-edge techniques and emerging technologies, and explores the sources and characteristics of DBP precursors. In Part II, several expert contributors provide an overview of individual DBPs, including halogenated aliphatic, iodinated, aromatic, and heterocyclic DBPs, discussing their properties and potential implications. The discussion extends to nitrogenous DBPs, the group of nitrosamines, and inorganic DBPs as well. Part III provides an authoritative perspective on the relationship between energy consumption, climate change, and DBP formation, offering also insights into DBPs in the context of water treatment plants, water reuse plants, swimming pools, and everyday life. The book closes with a section devoted to the health effects of DBPs, where particular attention is given to the analysis of the toxicity and health risks associated with DBPs. In this section, readers will find more about the potential adverse effects of DBPs on human health and current research on risk assessment and management strategies. In today's era of water scarcity and increasing demands for safe drinking water, the presence of DBPs has emerged as a critical concern in the field of public health. This book is, therefore, an invaluable resource for researchers, water treatment professionals, public health officials, and policymakers seeking a comprehensive understanding of DBPs.

Download or read book Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments Coastal and fresh waters written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2003 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new guidelines are meant to protect public health, help evaluate development projects near freshwater and recreational sites and assess potential health aspects of recreational projects.

Download or read book Drinking Water Disinfection By products written by Sughosh Madhav and published by Springer. This book was released on 2024-02-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to water treatment and it outlines the historical context and regulatory framework surrounding drinking water chlorination, addressing disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation, associated challenges and implications on water quality and human health. In this book, readers will find an overview of various disinfection processes and the latest strategies in DBPs detection and remediation. Divided into 14 chapters, the book begins by offering a background analysis of water disinfection and comparing different disinfection processes and management strategies to mitigate the formation of DBPs. Particular attention is given to both conventional and non-conventional methods used to treat potable water, comparing their effectiveness and potential risks. In subsequent chapters, expert contributors outline the route of exposure and mechanism of action of DBPs, and the toxicological impact of DBPs on human health, providing essential insights for effective risk management strategies. This book also showcases the latest advancements in chlorine applications for water quality control and explores innovative physicochemical and nanotechnology-based approaches to remove DBPs and minimize their formation. Readers will also find in this book a case study of the GIS-based trends analysis of THMs compounds in Indian drinking water supplies. Given its breadth, this book is a valuable resource for researchers, academics, professionals, and policymakers working in environmental sciences, public health and water management, and interested in safer and sustainable drinking water practices.

Download or read book Uncharted Waters written by Anna Andersson and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2021-02-15 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are potentially toxic compounds formed when drinking water is treated with disinfectants, such as chlorine or chloramine. A large proportion of the exposure to DBPs is still unknown and the health risks observed through epidemiological studies cannot be explained by DBPs known today. In this thesis, a part of the unknown DBP fraction is investigated, covering a wide range of non-volatile, chlorine/bromine-containing DBPs. The goals were to investigate how the compositions of these DBPs differ between water treatment plants, how their occurrence changes in the distribution system until reaching consumers and how new treatment techniques can reduce their formation and toxicity. To analyze unknown DBPs, a non-targeted approach adopting ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), was used, where the mass of molecules is measured with such accuracy that the elemental composition of individual DBPs can be calculated. A panel of bioassays was used to assess the combined toxic effects from these DBP mixtures. The results show that the formation of these DBPs to a large extent was specific to each water treatment plant and that local conditions influenced DBP formation, based on e.g., the abundance of organic material with certain chemical structures, bromide and disinfection procedure and agent (chlorine or chloramine). The DBPs were detected in both chlorinated and chloraminated water and in all tap water samples, demonstrating that they are part of human exposure. The number of DBP formulae decreased and the DBP composition changed between drinking water treatment and consumer taps, suggesting that DBP exposure to consumers is not necessarily resembling measurements at the treatment plants. Evaluation of new treatment techniques showed that suspended ion exchange and ozonation have potential to decrease the formation and toxic effects of DBPs and that the removal of organic matter can influence qualitative aspects of DBP formation, such as the proportions of chlorine-containing (less toxic) versus bromine-containing (more toxic) DBPs. Through increased knowledge about the role and relevance of non-volatile DBPs, this work can contribute to future monitoring and actions to reduce the health risks associated with DBPs in chlorinated or chloraminated drinking water. Desinfektionsbiprodukter (DBP:s) är potentiellt giftiga ämnen som bildas när dricksvatten renas med desinfektionsmedel såsom hypoklorit eller monokloramin. En stor del av exponeringen är ännu okänd och hittills kända DBP:s kan inte förklara de hälsorisker som förknippats med klorerat dricksvatten i epidemiologiska studier. I avhandlingen undersöks en relativt okänd fraktion av DBP:s som utgörs av icke-flyktiga, klor/brom-innehållande ämnen. Målen var att undersöka hur dessa DBP:s varierar mellan olika vattenverk, om de förekommer hos konsumenter och hur nya vattenreningstekniker kan minska dess bildandning och relaterad toxicitet. För att mäta okända DBP:s användes ultrahögupplöst masspektrometri (Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS)), med vilken massan hos molekyler kan bestämmas så exakt att atomsammansättningen för enskilda DBP:s kan räknas ut. En serie effektbaserade metoder som bygger på biologiska testsystem användes för att mäta kombinerade toxiska effekter från de studerade biprodukterna. Resultaten visar att största delen av bildade DBP:s var unik för varje vattenverk och att lokala förutsättningar påverkar vilka DBP:s som bildas, till exempel om det finns organiskt material med särskilda kemiska strukturer, bromid eller vilket desinfektionsmedel (klor eller kloramin) som används. De studerade biprodukterna detekterades både i klorerat och kloraminerat dricksvatten och i samtliga kranvatten, vilket innebär att de bidrar till konsumenters exponering. Antalet detekterade DBP:s minskade och sammansättningen ändrades mellan vattenverk och konsument, vilket innebär att DBP exponeringen hos konsumenter inte är densamma som mäts på vattenverken. En utvärdering av nya reningstekniker visade att suspenderat jonbyte och ozonering har potential att minska bildning och relaterad toxisk effekt från DBP:s och att borttagning av organiskt material kan påverka kvalitativa aspekter av DBP bildning, såsom proportionerna av klorerade (mindre toxiska) och bromerade (mer toxiska) DBP:s. Genom ökad insikt om icke-flyktiga DBP:s roll och relevans kan detta arbete bidra till att förbättra framtida uppföljning och insatser för att minska hälsorisker kopplade till DBP:s i klorerat eller kloraminerat dricksvatten.

Download or read book Potential Effects of Climate Change on Water Quality and Disinfection By products DBPs Formation Based on Laboratory Simulations written by 張珈蓉 and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Disinfection By Products in Drinking Water written by M Fielding and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together contributors from water regulators, and water suppliers in Europe and North America to discuss the main issues associated with reaching a cost-effective balance between microbial and chemical risks. Overviews of research are presented alongside illuminating case studies of the practical approaches taken by water companies and regulators on both sides of the Atlantic.

Download or read book Protection of Public Health from Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Swimming Pool Environments written by Yuli Ekowati and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-03-29 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis describes the occurrence of microbial and chemical contaminants in swimming pools and the investigation of an alternative disinfection technology, UVOX Redox® that could reduce reliance on chlorine and the formation of chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pools. This technology was effective in inactivation of chlorine resistant microorganisms, represented by Bacillus subtilis spores, and in combination with chlorine generated lower concentrations of chlorinated DBPs compared to chlorination alone. It enhanced the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), which were frequently present in indoor, outdoor and spa pools. Carbamazepine and 1H-benzotriazole were the most frequently detected PPCPs, while hydrochlorothiazide and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor were detected at the highest concentration. An investigation of seven different swimming pool facilities showed that clinically relevant fungi were omnipresent. Floors at the sites where the pool visitors converge, such as the exit leading to shower rooms, showed the highest fungal concentrations. The distribution of fungi inside the swimming pool facilities highlighted potential transmission pathways and a possible risk of fungal infections. Future swimming pool water guidance should include raising awareness among swimmers, pool operators and managers about hygienic behaviour and better hygiene measures, and application of alternative disinfection technologies such as UVOX. Key features: Identifies clinically relevant fungi in swimming pool environments Identifies potential transmission pathways of clinically relevant fungi in indoor swimming pools Highlights the occurrence of PPCPs in different type of pools and their relation with pool water treatment Assesses an alternative disinfection technology for swimming pool water treatment.

Download or read book Some Drinking water Disinfectants and Contaminants Including Arsenic written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by IARC. This book was released on 2004 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A working group of 23 experts from 13 countries met in Lyon to evaluate the evidence for carcinogenicity of arsenic (mostly naturally occurring) as a contaminant of drinking-water, and of the water-disinfectant chloramine. The working group also evaluated or re-evaluated four chlorination by-products found in drinking-water, namely chloral hydrate, di- and trichloroacetic acids, and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (also known as MX). High-level exposure to arsenic in drinking-water occurs in some regions such as China, Latin America, Bangladesh and West Bengal. The Working Group reviewed epidemiological studies of human cancer (mainly ecological studies in Taiwan and Chile, and several case-control and cohort studies) in relation to arsenic in drinking-water. Arsenic in drinking-water (primarily inorganic, as arsenate and to a lesser extent arsenite) was evaluated as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence for an increased risk for cancer of the urinary bladder, lung and skin. Studies on inorganic arsenic in experimental animals provided limited evidence for its carcinogenicity, but sufficient evidence was found in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid (an organic form of arsenic), which produced urinary bladder tumours in rats and lung tumours in mice after oral administration.

Download or read book White s Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants written by Black & Veatch Corporation and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 1109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New edition covers the latest practices, regulations, and alternative disinfectants Since the publication of the Fourth Edition of White's Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants more than ten years ago, the water industry has made substantial advances in their understanding and application of chlorine, hypochlorite, and alternative disinfectants for water and wastewater treatment. This Fifth Edition, with its extensive updates and revisions, reflects the current state of the science as well as the latest practices. Balancing theory with practice, the Fifth Edition covers such important topics as: Advances in the use of UV and ozone as disinfectants Alternative disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide, iodine, and bromine-related products Advanced oxidation processes for drinking water and wastewater treatment New developments and information for the production and handling of chlorine Latest regulations governing the use of different disinfectants For each disinfectant, the book explains its chemistry, effectiveness, dosing, equipment, and system design requirements. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each disinfectant are clearly set forth. References at the end of each chapter guide readers to the primary literature for further investigation. Authored and reviewed by leading experts in the field of water and wastewater treatment, this Fifth Edition remains an ideal reference for utilities, regulators, engineers, and plant operators who need current information on the disinfection of potable water, wastewater, industrial water, and swimming pools.

Download or read book Disinfection By Products and Human Health written by Steve E. Hrudey and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2012-04-30 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection By-Products and Human Health is based on contributions from speakers who participated in May 2011 workshops on Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) and Human Health at Ozwater 11 in Adelaide, Australia or at an AWA sponsored workshop at the Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Perth, Australia. The contributions are prepared to facilitate communication with practitioners, rather than researchers, making use of overview illustrations rather than dense text or data tables. Each chapter concludes with up to 5 key findings that are take-home messages for practitioners. Disinfection By-Products and Human Health is aimed specifically at drinking water professionals (engineers, chemists and public health professionals) working on the front lines of drinking water issues where they must encounter actual day-to-day issues of risk management concerning DBPs in relation to all the other regulatory and water quality issues they must manage. Although a topic this complex is certainly not amenable to simplistic explanations, this book aims to provide drinking water professionals with a pragmatic assessment of the current evidence and emerging issues concerning DBPs and public health. Disinfection By-Products and Human Health is an essential, practical and accessible guide for drinking water professionals, engineers, chemists and public health professionals. Editors: Steve E. Hrudey, Professor Emeritus, Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Canada, Jeffrey W.A. Charrois, Director and Associate Professor, Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Australia, Steve Hrudey is professor emeritus in analytical and environmental toxicology in the University of Alberta's Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry. He spent 13 years as a cabinet-appointed member of the Alberta Environmental Appeals Board, the last four as chair, and was the first non-lawyer to hold this position. During this period, he served on 36 public hearing panels, 19 as chair of the panel. In addition he has testified before senate committees in Canada and the Legislative Council in Western Australia. Hrudey has served on a number of high-profile expert panels, including the Research Advisory Panel to the Walkerton Inquiry (2000-2002), the Expert Panel on Safe Drinking Water for First Nations (2006), the Technical Advisory Committee to the B.C. Minister of Health on turbidity and microbial risk in drinking water (2007-2008, as chair), the Expert Advisory Panel on Water Quality for Washington, D.C., to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (2009-2011) and chair of the Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel on Environmental and Health Impacts of Canada's Oil Sands Industry (2009-2010). He has also co-authored or edited nine books, including the widely acclaimed book inspired by the Walkerton tragedy: Safe Drinking Water - Lessons from Recent Outbreaks in Affluent Nations (IWA Publishing, 2004). He has written 26 book chapters, 19 expert panel reports, 163 refereed journal articles, 15 science discussions, six media op-eds and 73 conference proceeding papers. Hrudey is the 2012 winner of the American Water Works Association A.P. Black Research Award for contributions to water science and water supply. This book is sponsored by Australian Water Association (AWA)

Download or read book Policy and Engineering Strategies to Manage Public Health Risk from Disinfection Byproduct Mixtures in Wastewater impacted Drinking Waters written by Kirin E Furst and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advent of drinking water disinfection to inactivate pathogens was a significant public health achievement. However, disinfectants react with dissolved organics to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which have been associated with bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, and adverse reproductive outcomes. After 50 years of research, it remains unclear which DBP classes drive the toxicity of disinfected drinking water. Globally, trihalomethanes (THMs) are the most commonly regulated DBP class. THMs are used as a surrogate for DBP exposure based on the assumption that they are representative of the overall DBP mixture. Two recent trends challenge this assumption: 1) the identification of hundreds of DBP species with precursors and formation pathways distinct from THMs, and 2) an increase in potable reuse of reclaimed municipal wastewater, which contains precursors that promote the formation of nitrogen-containing DBP classes (N-DBPs). Although N-DBPs are unregulated in most countries, in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies indicate they are more toxic than THMs. The four studies comprising this dissertation demonstrate that US and global DBP policy may not lead to treatment choices that effectively minimize health risk, particularly for the large population that relies on wastewater-impacted drinking water without advanced treatment. The first two studies utilized a pilot-scale system to evaluate the potential of several disinfection strategies (one existing, one novel) to minimize DBP-associated toxicity while meeting regulatory limits for pathogens and DBPs in reclaimed wastewater. The first study focused on tradeoffs between regulated and unregulated DBP formation with chlorine-chloramine disinfection. Pre-oxidation with free chlorine is effective for inactivating viruses and reducing the formation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), which is being considered for regulation in the US. Compared to chlorine, chloramines mitigate the formation of THMs and haloacetic acids (HAAs), which are regulated in the US. A minimal pre-chlorine contact time achieved inactivation of the virus indicator MS2 while maintaining THM and HAA concentrations below regulatory limits. A longer pre-chlorination contact time was required to reduce NDMA to target levels; however, this increased the estimated toxicity of the DBP mixture, primarily due to the formation of haloacetonitriles (HANs), an unregulated N-DBP class. The second study introduces a novel disinfection method, distributed chorine injection, to reduce NDMA formation during break-point chlorination. The efficacy of this method was demonstrated at pilot-scale, and the hypothesized mechanism was proven with kinetic modeling and bench experiments. Distributed chlorine injection is a low-cost strategy for utilities to meet low NDMA limits without increasing halogenated DBP formation. The final two studies addressed whether THMs are an effective surrogate for unregulated DBP classes. The first investigated this question in the context of treatment and infrastructure practices in low- and rising-middle income countries through a case study in Rajasthan, India. Most of the water sources were impacted by wastewater due to minimal sanitation infrastructure. The low to moderate levels of THMs measured were not indicative of high concentrations of unregulated DBPs in many drinking waters. The concentrations of toxic, unregulated DBP classes in the largest water system resembled those measured in reclaimed wastewater for nonpotable reuse. HANs were again the dominant contributor to estimated toxicity. Thus, the final study was designed to conclusively determine whether THMs are an effective surrogate for HANs. Multiple statistical models were developed using a large database of DBP concentrations measured in distribution systems of ~250 US public water systems. Multilevel/hierarchical regression models identified substantial systematic variance in the HAN:THM ratio between water systems and within distribution systems. A portion of the variance was attributed to factors such as source water type, disinfectant sequence, distribution system retention time, as well as seasonal effects on surface water. A risk ratio analysis indicated that using THMs as a surrogate for HAN exposure introduces significant classification bias. Overall, these findings underscore the need to identify the toxicity drivers in disinfected waters so that treatment systems can be designed to target those DBP classes. Furthermore, a new global policy paradigm should account for local factors influencing DBP speciation and holistically address the risk posed by complex contaminant mixtures in drinking water.

Download or read book Controlling Disinfection By products and Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water written by Robert M. Clark and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: