Download or read book POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STATES 1991 2010 written by Dr. Rashmi Tiwari and published by SGSH Publications. This book was released on 2024-09-25 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the post-cold war era a power vacuum has been created in Central Asia. The great powers like United States, Russia, China and European Union want to exert their own influence in the region to meet their geo-strategic interests. The other countries like Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, India and Saudi Arabia also want to strengthen their historical, cultural, linguistic, economic and political relations with the Central Asian States. The oil and natural gas rich Central Asian States are a great source of attraction for the developed world in general and United States and Russia in particular. Iran sharing a long border with Turkmenistan, sea route with Kazakhstan and linguistic ties with Tajikistan has a comparative advantage in bringing the Central Asian States in its own fold. The Central Asian Republics emerged as independent sovereign countries in December, 1991 as a result of Soviet Union disintegration. Central Asia has inappropriately been called ‘Inmost Asia’ or ‘Innermost Asia’ but in fact, Central Asia is not Inmost Asia or Innermost Asia, it is just Central Asia. It lies at the heart of Eurasian continent, completely land-locked and geographically surrounded by Iran and Afghanistan in the south, Russia in the north, China in the east, and the Eastern Europe in the west. The Caucasus stands on the other side of the Caspian Sea which is situated in the western part of Central Asia, comprising the three countries of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. Central Asian Republics (CARs) have had geographical, historical, social and cultural linkages with Iran. In fact, these republics were part of imperial Iranian state. Due to its geostrategic location of Central Asia and its adjoining region, in pre-industrial times Iran was a land bridge between inner South and East Asia on the one hand and Europe on the other hand. “In the wake of the industrial revolution Iran was drawn into the European imperialists power game in Central Asia.”[1] Iran is the eighteenth largest country in the world, with an area of 1,648,000 km square. Its borders are with Azerbaijan to the North-West, the Caspian Sea to the North, Turkmenistan to the North-East, Pakistan to the East, Turkey and Iraq to the West, and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the South. [1] See A.H.H. Abidi, Iran and Central Asian States, World Focus, March-April 1993, p-45.

Download or read book IRAN AND TURKMENISTAN RELATIONS 1991 2010 written by and published by SGSH Publications. This book was released on 2024-09-25 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cordial relations with neighboring countries are important to any country and are considered a strategic policy in international arena. Any country, as a member of the international community, has common land or sea borders with other countries and, of course, no country actually chooses its neighbors. As a result, it is situated in unwanted surroundings in which it cannot eliminate neighboring states. Therefore, it has to engage in suitable and constructive interaction with its neighbors. Of course, it should be noted that having good and constructive relations with neighbors is a strategic element of foreign policies of all countries. Those neighbors can potentially offer opportunities or pose threats to any given country. Moreover, diplomatic relations between countries are divided in two totally different types. The first type of relationship is a one-sided relationship in which priority is given to the interests of a powerful and hegemonic country. On the other side, the interests of the other country which is under domination of the powerful one are not usually met. This kind of relation is usually unstable and as the power of the dominated country increases, the relations do not continue in the past form and may even be severed. The second type of relations is a bilateral one in which equal attention is paid to the interests of both countries. Of course, the benefits of two countries may not be really equal in such a relationship, but relations are generally to the benefit of both sides and are usually more lasting and sustainable than the first type. It should be noted that no country restricts its diplomacy to establishment of relations with neighboring countries alone. In addition to neighbors, it will also establish relations with other countries which sway influence in international arena. Foreign policy of every country revolves around two main pivots. The first pivot is having good relations with the neighboring countries with the second one being establishment of cordial ties with powerful and influential international players or those which can help the country meet its national interests. Focus on one of these groups will never obviate the need for a country’s foreign policy to pay due attention to the other group. Iran has shared more common grounds with the Middle Eastern and Persian Gulf countries and, therefore, relations with those countries have been important to Iran and a matter of high attention. Here, we will focus on Iran's foreign policy approaches toward its northern neighbors. Iran's relations with its northern neighbors including Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Armenia have been of the second type. This means that Iran's relations with these countries have been two-way. In this type of relationship, common interests should be defined first before relations can be formed around them so that both countries will be benefited by these relations and mutual benefit will help relations to be sustained. This is a general picture of diplomatic relations between Iran and these countries Central Asian Republics emerged as self-governing sovereign countries in December, 1991 as a consequence of Soviet dissolution. Central Asia lies at the heart of Eurasian continent and utterly land-locked and geographically encircled by Russia (in the north), the Eastern Europe (in the west), Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan (in the south) and China (in the east). Any power which has a foothold or deep influence in Central Asia can have close watch to the important neighboring areas. Therefore, the region bears great geo-strategic importance. Its geo-economic importance is mainly because of the presence of vast oil and natural gas resources. Iran perceives the Central Asian region as an arena for reducing its own isolation. Hoping to make itself an attractive partner to these states, Iran has been cautious in supporting radical Islamic opposition movements in the region. Several Central Asian States (CAS), are proceeding with or contemplating energy projects that transit Iran. Prior to the disintegration of Soviet Union, the Caspian Sea was under the combined ownership of Soviet Union and Iran but the emergence of three new states, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan bordering the Caspian Sea has made the situation complex. The exclusive rights of Russia and Iran have come to be challenged. The largest oil and gas reserves are situated within the territory of these three former Soviet Republics. Iran and Turkmenistan enjoy a common cosmology and mythology through the concept of “Turan-o-Iran” a traditional mode of spatial sub division. Actually, Turan is a Persian term to designate north eastern Iran. The Iranian and Turkmen people share a great deal of traditions like the Navruz. Availability of ethnic minorities on both of the border is one of the factors facilitating close contacts between Turkmenistan and Iran. Iran has gained invaluable geopolitical advantages that may lead it to increase in its power as major player in the Turkmenistan region in the near future. Iran shares a common border with Turkmenistan. The Caspian dimension is also an important factor of the relations between Iran and Turkmenistan . They have a lengthy border; they share historic, religious, and civilization commonalty stretching back for centuries. Advancing relations with Turkmenistan, Iran is being quite pragmatic. It is after strengthening of its positions in the region and benefiting from availability of hydrocarbons in the neighboring countries and from its convenient geopolitical site at the crossroads of transit ways. Turkmen population of the northern provinces of Iran is a factor that facilitates neighborly relations. Geographically Iran and Turkmenistan play a vital role in linking Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. It is the only country, which has access to Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea ports since the mid 1990s. Turkmenistan is also aware about Iran which has a very sensitive political relationship with the West, more particularly with the United States, which has alleged that Iran provides extensive support to terrorist groups. There is also a dispute about its nuclear program, which allegedly violates the terms of Non-Proliferation Treaty. Despite several difficulties and hurdles, Turkmenistan also sees the Iranian policy in relation to this region has proved durable. In the first place, Iranian policy has vastly improved its relations with Russia, despite the potential contradictions in the Iranian and Russian policy towards Central Asia and the Caspian region. Both countries have evolved a strategic partnership with significant military and nuclear components. Secondly, they share increasing aspiration to influence the development of oil and gas resources in the Caspian Sea. Iran has signed agreements with Turkmenistan, Russia, Ukraine, and China and trying to develop relations with Iran in this respect. However, due to the limited capacity of gas pipelines and the lack of any alternative export routes for natural gas, Turkmenistan requires to develop socio-economic and political relations with Iran. Iran sees Turkmenistan as transit route to rest of the Central Asian region. The construction of a 200 kilometer pipeline between the Turkmenistan town of Korpedzhe and Kord-Kuy in Iran assured the export of 8 billion cubic meters of gas each year into Iran’s network. With Iranian financing, this pipeline is expected to become part of a larger system for exporting Turkmen gas to Turkey. The steady improvement of Turkmenistan’s relations with Iran in the sphere of gas transport was symbolized by the joint decision in the summer of 2006 to increase Turkmenistan’s annual export to the Iranian grid to 14 billion cubic meters. As we know that Turkmen population of the northern provinces of Iran is also an important factor that facilitates neighborly socio-economic and political relations between Turkmenistan and Iran. The attraction both countries experience towards each other stems from the lack of choice, which is a distinct feature of the Iranian and Turkmen relations. Both countries are having active bilateral contacts because they have a lengthy border, they share historic, religious, and civilizational commonalty stretching back to centuries.Iran and Turkmenistan have interest to develop their relations for three reasons-firstly, to build ties with the neighbouring states for social, economic and political reasons in order to leave the area free for its rivals. Secondly, to break its isolation from the Gulf and the Near Eastern areas and thirdly, to become active in their region by launching its foreign policy and by reinvigorating its regional diplomacy. To achieve these objectives Turkmenistan and Iran have been intensely active in their bilateral relations.

Download or read book Reconnecting India and Central Asia written by Nirmala Joshi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book US Energy Diplomacy in the Caspian Sea Basin written by Omid Shokri Kalehsar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-20 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of US policy from the perspective of an analyst and scholar from the region. This volume discusses the US energy diplomacy in the Caspian Sea region since 2001. It compares the foreign policy of the Bush, Obama, and Trump administrations, following the changing role of energy in the behavior of the US toward states in the energy hubs of Central Asia and the Caspian Sea. The chapters employ historical analysis, regional analysis, interviews, and case studies to trace the evolution of US interests in the area and posits likely trends for future policy. Topics discussed include: China’s massive Belt and Road Initiative the energy and foreign policies of the Caspian littoral states in comparison with those of China, India, the European Union, and Turkey the escalation of differences among key OPEC members during the Trump era the impact of the oil price war on the US shale industry the spread of COVID-19 and its impact on the oil market Russian and U.S. competition in the EU energy market the US-China trade war and the role of energy in the first phase of the US-China trade deal the energy policy of the incoming US President, Joe Biden Shedding light on the complex geopolitics of the US-Caspian Sea Energy diplomacy, this volume will be of interest to researchers of foreign policy, diplomacy, international relations, and energy policy as well as policymakers and analysts working in related areas.

Download or read book Contemporary Issues in International Relations written by Mehmet Emin Erendor and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent regional and global crises have changed the structure of international relations and cause countries to be inconsistent in their policies. Examples of these include the protest demonstrations and political crises which started in the Middle East and African countries in 2010 known as the ‘Arab Spring’, which had a major effect on Syria, and the movement towards Brexit. These emerging regional and global crises have highlighted the shortcomings of the discipline of international relations and the need for a new, detailed study to be conducted. The topics in this book have been carefully selected in order to provide a more objective assessment of the recent and ongoing problems of the international community. This volume will be a valuable resource for graduate, undergraduate and post-graduate students, academics and researchers in the areas of cyber security, international law, international organizations, and international relations.

Download or read book Through the Looking Glass written by Anu Sharma and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-01-31 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses Iran’s foreign policy in order to better assess its relations with India and the factors that are propelling the two nations closer. In a region susceptible to power plays, how far can India-Iran partnership go? This book will be of interest to scholars of International Relations, Iranian Politics and Iranian Foreign Policy. Please note: Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Download or read book Political Handbook of the World 2022 2023 written by Tom Lansford and published by CQ Press. This book was released on 2023-04-25 with total page 2257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Political Handbook of the World 2022-2023 provides timely, thorough, and accurate political information, with more in-depth coverage of current political controversies than any other reference guide. The updated 2022-2023 edition continues to be the most authoritative source for finding complete facts and analysis on each country′s governmental and political makeup. Tom Lansford has compiled in one place more than 200 entries on countries and territories throughout the world, this volume is renowned for its extensive coverage of all major and minor political parties and groups in each political system. It also provides names of key ambassadors and international memberships of each country, plus detailed profiles of more than 30 intergovernmental organizations and UN agencies. And this update will aim to include coverage of current events, issues, crises, and controversies from the course of the last two years.

Download or read book Kyrgyzstan Regime Security and Foreign Policy written by Kemel Toktomushev and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kyrgyzstan is an interesting example of a relatively weak state, which for its brief period of independence has already ousted two presidents, experienced two revolutions, survived two interethnic conflicts and yet remained intact. This book explores this apparent paradox and argues that the schism between domestic and international dimensions of state and regime security is key to understanding the nature of Kyrgyz politics. The book shows how the foreign policy links to the Manas Air Base, used by the US military and essential for supplying their forces in Afghanistan, the economic arrangements necessary for sustaining the base, both inside and outside Kyrgyzstan, and the myriad of different actors involved in all this, combined to overshadow points of friction to ensure stable continuance of the status quo. Overall, the book shows how broad geopolitical forces and complex local factors together have a huge impact on the formation of Kyrgyz foreign policy.

Download or read book Iran s Foreign Policy in the South Caucasus written by Marzieh Kouhi-Esfahani and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iran’s role as a regional power is more significant than many in the West may realise. The country lies between Central Asia/the Caucasus and the Gulf region on the one hand, and, on the other, between the Mediterranean/Levant region and South Asia. Many of these areas are of increasing strategic importance. This book explores Iran’s role as a regional power, focusing on relations with South Caucasus countries - Azerbaijan and Armenia. It outlines the historical context, including Persia’s rule of these countries before the nineteenth century, and discusses Iran’s approach to foreign and regional policy and how both internal and international factors shape these policies. The book assesses Iran–Azerbaijan and Iran–Armenia bilateral relations to demonstrate how those policies translate in Iran's regional and bilateral relations. The book concludes by considering how Iran's relations in the region are likely to develop in the future.

Download or read book Political Handbook of the World 2012 written by Tom Lansford and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2012-04-02 with total page 1849 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With more in-depth coverage of current political controversies than any other reference guide, 'Political Handbook of the World 2012' is the most authoritative source for finding complete facts and analysis on each country's governmental and political makeup.

Download or read book Political Handbook of the World 2015 written by Tom Lansford and published by CQ Press. This book was released on 2015-03-24 with total page 1889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Political Handbook of the World provides timely, thorough, and accurate political information, with more in-depth coverage of current political controversies than any other reference guide. The updated 2015 edition will continue to be the most authoritative source for finding complete facts and analysis on each country’s governmental and political makeup. Compiling in one place more than 200 entries on countries and territories throughout the world, this volume is renowned for its extensive coverage of all major and minor political parties and groups in each political system. It also provides names of key ambassadors and international memberships of each country, plus detailed profiles of more than 30 intergovernmental organizations and UN agencies. And this annual update includes coverage of current events, issues, crises, and controversies from the course of this year.

Download or read book International Dimensions of Authoritarian Persistence written by Rachel Vanderhill and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2013-07-19 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the international system has been evolving in an increasingly liberal direction, the level of democratic practice within the post-Soviet region has, on the whole, declined. Two decades after the popular uprisings against communism, many governments in the region have successfully blunted both popular and international pressures for democratic consolidation. Each selection in this volume explores how international factors interact with domestic conditions to explain the persistence of authoritarianism throughout the region. The selections in the volume cover several countries, including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Belarus; special attention is paid to the Russian Federation since it is both a member of the region and acts as an external actor influencing the political development of its neighbors. This volume is especially relevant as the world again experiences the surprising overthrow of long-running authoritarian regimes. The failure of democratic consolidation among post-Soviet states offers important lessons for policymakers and academics dealing with the recent wave of political transitions in the Middle East and Asia.

Download or read book The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty First Century written by Richard Pomfret and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-15 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. Richard Pomfret examines the countries’ relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe. The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. Pomfret considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China’s announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of United Nations sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan’s presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.

Download or read book Political Handbook of the World 2016 2017 written by Tom Lansford and published by CQ Press. This book was released on 2017-03-31 with total page 1965 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published since 1928, the Political Handbook of the World provides timely, thorough, and accurate political information with more in-depth coverage of current political controversies and political parties than any other reference guide. The updated 2016–2017 Edition continues this legacy as the most authoritative source for finding complete facts and analysis on each country’s governmental and political makeup. Political science and international relations scholars have revised this edition, and made understanding complex foreign affairs andpolitical situations easy and accessible. With more than 200 entries on countries and territories throughout the world, housed in one place, these volumes are renowned for their extensive coverage of all major and minor political parties and groups in each political system. They also provide names of key ambassadors and international memberships of each country, plus detailed profiles of more than 30 intergovernmental organizations and United Nations agencies. This comprehensive update will include coverage of current events, issues, crises, and controversies from the course of the last two years, including: The closely-watched U.S. presidential election The effect of the Brexit referendum and installment of a new British prime minister The extensive investigation and subsequent impeachment of Brazil’s president The far-reaching impact of the “Panama Papers” scandal Changes in U.S.–Cuba diplomatic relations and the reopening of their embassies The unconstitutional declaration of Gambia as an Islamic State Sentiments about the migrant and refugee crisis across Europe and the influence on policy Also, the new “For Further Reference” feature included for every country entry directs readers to additional resources to continue their research.

Download or read book Regional Integration Processes in the Commonwealth of Independent States written by Katarzyna Czerewacz-Filipowicz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-26 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates the economic, political and cultural factors that influence regional economic integration processes as well as international political cooperation in the area of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The authors analyze market integration manifested in interregional trade, investment and service connections. Taking a constructivist approach, they shed new light on how national, ethnic, religious and linguistic factors as well as systems of government, political regimes and models of leadership shape foreign-policy decision-making in various post-Soviet countries.

Download or read book Globalizing Central Asia written by Marlene Laruelle and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-02-12 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this global era, Central Asia must be understood in both geo-economic and geopolitical terms. The region's natural resources compel the attention of rivalrous great powers and ambitious internal factions. The local regimes are caught between the need for international collaborations to valorize these riches and the need to maintain control over them in the interest of state sovereignty. Russia and China dominate the horizon, with other global players close behind; meanwhile, neighboring countries are fractious and unstable with real potential for contagion. This pathbreaking introduction to Central Asia in contemporary international economic and political context answers the needs of both academic and professional audiences and is suitable for course adoption.

Download or read book Handbook of India s International Relations written by David Scott and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2011-05-09 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook gives an overview of India’s international relations, given the development of India as a major economic power in the world, and the growing interest in the impact of Asia on the international system in the future. Edited by David Scott of Brunel University, and with chapters written by a variety of experts, the Handbook of India’s International Relations offers an up-to-date, unbiased and comprehensive resource to academics, students of international relations, business people, media professionals and the general reader. There is a pre-publication price on this title, the price rises to £150 three months after publication.