Download or read book Pocz tki pa stwowo ci written by Piotr Kotlarz and published by e-bookowo. This book was released on 2022-04-05 with total page 1085 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Przez prawie dwadzieścia lat nauczałem historii w szkołach, głównie liceach. Przez cały ten okres śledziłem rozwój tej nauki, poznawałem nowe, dotyczące kolejnych zagadnień, prace. Dopiero jednak pisząc tę książkę dostrzegłem jak wielką potęgą jest Internet. To dzięki niemu zyskujemy znacznie szybszy niż wcześniej dostęp do najnowszych badań, to na jego forach miliony ludzi dokonuje analizy poprzednich badań, pojawiają się nowe hipotezy. Dziś napisanie dziejów świata możliwe jest właściwie tylko przez wieloosobowe zespoły, specjalistów od różnych epok i regionów. Taką świadomość miał zresztą już w latach dwudziestych XX wieku Herbert George Wells, który i swoje "Dzieje…" chciał pisać wspólnie z ówczesnymi historykami brytyjskich uczelni i dopiero nie mogąc nakłonić ich do współpracy sam napisał to dzieło. Praca ta zajęła mu niewiele ponad rok. Cóż, wiedza historyczna wówczas była znacznie mniejsza, m.in. i z tego powodu dzieło Wellsa, jest niestety bardzo powierzchowne. Mógłbym jak Wells, choć bardziej skutecznie, podjąć się próby realizacji tego projektu tworząc szerszy zespół, odrzuciłem jednak ten pomysł. Mówiąc szczerze, po prostu nie stać mnie na taką inicjatywę, a od czasów Wellsa podobne zadanie podjęły już różne ośrodki badawcze i tworzenie kolejnej tego typu pracy mijałoby się z celem[1]. Uznałem, bowiem, że tylko całościowe spojrzenie na dzieje przez jedną osobę umożliwia znalezienie w nich pewnych trendów. W poniższej książce omawiam zaledwie początki naszej historii. Tę, my historycy ograniczamy do czasów od powstania pisma. To dość sztuczna cezura, z czasem rozwoju historii – jako nauki – wciąż zresztą przesuwana, gdyż ślady pisma, jego początków, odnajdywane są dla okresów nawet o kilka tysiącleci wcześniejszych. Warto tu jednak o niej przypomnieć, tym bardziej, że to pismo stało się tym czynnikiem, który znacząco przyczynił się do zachowania naszej pamięci, a co za tym idzie do rozwoju cywilizacji. Prezentowana książka jest dopiero drugą z zamierzonego przeze mnie projektu napisania dziejów świata. Obejmuje prawie dwa tysiąclecia, od początku III tysiąclecia p.n.e. do końca II tysiąclecia p.n.e., jeszcze w tym półroczu wydam trzecią z tego cyklu obejmującą okres nieco krótszy, bo tylko około ośmiu wieków pierwszego tysiąclecia p.n.e. poświeconą początkom idei imperializmu. Kryterium jakim kierowałem się wybierając takie cezury są formy organizacyjne przyjmowane przez społeczeństwa w tych latach. Poniższy poświęciłem początkom państwowości. Zamierzałem w prezentowanych tomach (również w pierwszym tomie z tego cyklu w ”Narodzinach cywilizacji”) ukazać rozwój cywilizacji, w tym również idei, a za jedne z ważniejszych wśród nich uważam formy organizacji państw, ale też idee wolności, równości i własności. Nie wiem, czy mi się to udało? Zresztą dopiero kończę trzy pierwsze tomy. Wyrażam w nich wiele nowych hipotez, próbuję znaleźć w omawianych dziejach jakiś kierunek, zbudować jakąś historiozofię. Efekt moich przemyśleń będą mogli Państwo ocenić sami po lekturze tych książek. Cztery następne są jeszcze na etapie bardzo wstępnym (książkę pt. „Stracony czas imperiów” wydam pod koniec drugiego półrocza tego roku), ale już dziś mogę stwierdzić, że pewne założenia historiozoficzne, które wyraziłem już w „Narodzinach cywilizacji”, okazały się zasadne. Praktycznie do dziś nie dokonałem w nich istotnych zmian.

Download or read book Pocz tki Astronomii teoretyczney i praktyczney written by Piotr Sławiński and published by . This book was released on 1826 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Pocz tki Botaniki Wydanie drugie written by Stanisław Bonifacy JUNDZIŁŁ and published by . This book was released on 1818 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Pocz tki Polski written by Henryk Łowmiański and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Military Revolution and Revolutions in Military Affairs written by Mark Fissel and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-12-05 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Military Revolution and Revolutions in Military Affairs updates two central debates in military history--the one surrounding the concept of military revolution, and the one on military affairs--whilst advancing original research in both fields. Only a handful of publications consider the military revolution and the RMA in tandem. This book breaks new ground conceptually and appeals to an exceptionally large and diverse readership. Comparative revisionist studies of the military revolution and RMA better enable us to comprehend the historical continuum and reveal the new RMA for what it is. And for what it is shortly to become. This book presents original contributions within the "epicentre" of the military revolution debate, the 1500s, with an emphasis on gunpowder revolution (offensively and defensively). The connections with the Revolution in Military Affairs are then made explicit by scholars, a practitioner, and an analyst, with an emphasis on airborne lethal autonomous weapons systems. This is a chronologically broad and unique methodological approach to a historical debate that begs for clarification as we enter an era where killer robots will almost certainly take from humans their monopoly on violence.

Download or read book Dzieje Akademii Wile skiej Pocz tki Akademii Wile skiej 1570 1599 written by Ludwik Piechnik and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland Lithuania 1569 1587 written by Felicia Rosu and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-01 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an examination of why and how the elective principle, already established in Transylvanian and Polish political culture in the late medieval period, was transformed in the early elections of the 1570s. In this period, the two polities adopted constitutional arrangements different in depth and scope but based on the same fundamental principles: elective thrones, state-sanctioned religious pluralism, and constitutional guarantees for the right of disobedience. There were important variations in their regulation and application, but Transylvania and the newly created Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had one essential thing in common: they were the only two polities in early modern Europe whose political systems secured the succession of their rulers through large-scale elections in which the dynastic principle, although still important, was not binding.

Download or read book Foreign Social Science Bibliographies written by and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Foreign Social Science Bibliographies written by United States. Bureau of the Census and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bibliography of Social Science Periodicals and Monograph Series written by United States. Bureau of the Census and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bibliography of Social Science Periodicals and Monograph Series Poland written by United States. Bureau of the Census and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book International Banking 1870 1914 written by Rondo Cameron and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1992-03-12 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, the product of a unique international scholarly collaboration sponsored jointly by the American Council of Learned Societies and the Soviet Academy of Sciences, provides a comprehensive survey on international banking from 1870 to 1914. In that period international investment reached dimensions previously unknown, and the banking systems of the world achieved a degree of internationalization without precedent. The book's authors, twenty-five scholars from fifteen countries, are the acknowledged experts in their fields. They detail the origin and development of internationally oriented banks in each major country, and explain their role in foreign investment and industrial finance. They look at all areas of the world that were involved in international investment, either as investors, recipients of investment, or both. The definitive work on international banking from 1870 to 1914, this book will interest scholars and students in financial and banking history, bankers and economists in the finanical industry, and general historians.

Download or read book The Oxford History of Poland Lithuania written by Robert I. Frost and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-16 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of eastern European is dominated by the story of the rise of the Russian empire, yet Russia only emerged as a major power after 1700. For 300 years the greatest power in Eastern Europe was the union between the kingdom of Poland and the grand duchy of Lithuania, one of the longest-lasting political unions in European history. Yet because it ended in the late-eighteenth century in what are misleadingly termed the Partitions of Poland, it barely features in standard accounts of European history. The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union 1385-1569 tells the story of the formation of a consensual, decentralised, multinational, and religiously plural state built from below as much as above, that was founded by peaceful negotiation, not war and conquest. From its inception in 1385-6, a vision of political union was developed that proved attractive to Poles, Lithuanians, Ruthenians, and Germans, a union which was extended to include Prussia in the 1450s and Livonia in the 1560s. Despite the often bitter disagreements over the nature of the union, these were nevertheless overcome by a republican vision of a union of peoples in one political community of citizens under an elected monarch. Robert Frost challenges interpretations of the union informed by the idea that the emergence of the sovereign nation state represents the essence of political modernity, and presents the Polish-Lithuanian union as a case study of a composite state. The modern history of Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus cannot be understood without an understanding of the legacy of the Polish-Lithuanian union. This volume is the first detailed study of the making of that union ever published in English.

Download or read book Poles Jews and the Politics of Nationality written by Joshua D. Zimmerman and published by Univ of Wisconsin Press. This book was released on 2004-01-26 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Jewish experience on Polish lands is often viewed backwards through the lens of the Holocaust and the ethnic rivalries that escalated in the period between the two world wars. Critical to the history of Polish-Jewish relations, however, is the period prior to World War I when the emergence of mass electoral politics in Czarist Russia led to the consolidation of modern political parties. Using sources published in Polish, Yiddish, Hebrew, and Russian, Joshua D. Zimmerman has compiled a full-length English-language study of the relations between the two dominant progressive movements in Russian Poland. He examines the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), which sought social emancipation and equal civil rights for minority nationalities, including Jews, under a democratic Polish republic, and the Jewish Labor Bund, which declared that Jews were a nation distinct from Poles and Russians and advocated cultural autonomy. By 1905, the PPS abandoned its call for Jewish assimilation, and recognized Jews as a separate nationality. Zimmerman demonstrates persuasively that Polish history in Czarist Russia cannot be fully understood without studying the Jewish influence and that Jewish history was equally infused with the Polish influence.

Download or read book Bodzia written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2014-11-27 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bodzia is one of the most fascinating archaeological discoveries of the post-war period in Poland. It is one of the few cemeteries in Poland from the time of the origins of the Polish state. The unique character of this discovery is mainly due to the fact that a small, elite population was buried there. The burials there included people whose origins were connected with the Slavic, Nomadic-Khazarian and Scandinavian milieus. For the first time the evidence from this area is given prominence. This book is designed mainly for readers outside Poland. The reader is offered a collection of chapters, combining analyses and syntheses of the source material, and a discussion of its etno-cultural and political significance. The authors formulate new hypotheses and ideas, which put the discoveries in a broader European context. Contributors are Wiesław Bogdanowicz, Mateusz Bogucki, Andrzej Buko, Magdalena M. Buś, Maria Dekówna, Alicja Drozd-Lipińska, Władysław Duczko, Karin Margarita Frei, Tomasz Goslar, Tomasz Grzybowski, Zdzisław Hensel, Iwona Hildebrandt-Radke, Michał Kara, Joanna Koszałka, Anna B. Kowalska, Tomasz Kozłowski, Marek Krąpiec, Roman Michałowski, Michael Müller-Wille, T. Douglas Price, Tomasz Purowski, Tomasz Sawicki, Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka, Stanisław Suchodolski and Kinga Zamelska-Monczak.

Download or read book King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther written by Natalia Nowakowska and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first major study of the early Reformation and the Polish monarchy for over a century, this volume asks why Crown and church in the reign of King Sigismund I (1506-1548) did not persecute Lutherans. It offers a new narrative of Luther's dramatic impact on this monarchy - which saw violent urban Reformations and the creation of Christendom's first Lutheran principality by 1525 - placing these events in their comparative European context. King Sigismund's realm appears to offer a major example of sixteenth-century religious toleration: the king tacitly allowed his Hanseatic ports to enact local Reformations, enjoyed excellent relations with his Lutheran vassal duke in Prussia, allied with pro-Luther princes across Europe, and declined to enforce his own heresy edicts. Polish church courts allowed dozens of suspected Lutherans to walk free. Examining these episodes in turn, this study does not treat toleration purely as the product of political calculation or pragmatism. Instead, through close analysis of language, it reconstructs the underlying cultural beliefs about religion and church (ecclesiology) held by the king, bishops, courtiers, literati, and clergy - asking what, at heart, did these elites understood 'Lutheranism' and 'catholicism' to be? It argues that the ruling elites of the Polish monarchy did not persecute Lutheranism because they did not perceive it as a dangerous Other - but as a variant form of catholic Christianity within an already variegated late medieval church, where social unity was much more important than doctrinal differences between Christians. Building on John Bossy and borrowing from J.G.A. Pocock, it proposes a broader hypothesis on the Reformation as a shift in the languages and concept of orthodoxy.

Download or read book Habsburg Lemberg written by Markian Prokopovych and published by Purdue University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When Austria annexed Galicia during the first partition of Poland in 1772, the province's capital, Lemberg, was a decaying Baroque town. By the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Lemberg had become a booming city with a modern urban and, at the same time, distinctly Habsburg flavor. In the process of the "long" nineteenth century, both Lemberg's appearance and the use of public space changed remarkably. The city center was transformed into a showcase of modernity and a site of conflicting symbolic representations, while other areas were left decrepit, overcrowded, and neglected. Habsburg Lemberg: Architecture, Public Space, and Politics in the Galician Capital, 1772–1914 reveals that behind a variety of national and positivist historical narratives of Lemberg and of its architecture, there always existed a city that was labeled cosmopolitan yet provincial; and a Vienna, but still of the East. Buildings, streets, parks, and monuments became part and parcel of a complex set of culturally driven politics.