Download or read book Planar Cell Polarity and Neurodevelopment written by Simon Dow-Kuang Sun and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Planar cell polarity (PCP) is a developmental signaling mechanism that establishes a polarity within the plane of an epithelium. PCP has been shown to play a role in guiding numerous neurodevelopmental processes such as convergent extension, neuron migration, and axon pathfinding. Certain commissural neurons in the dorsal spinal cord make a series of guidance decisions en route to the brain: first, a ventral projection along the D-V axis, followed by a midline crossing, and after exiting the floorplate, a dorso-anterior turn along the A-P axis. Here, we provide in vivo evidence that the axons of the Commissural Primary Ascending (CoPAs) neurons in zebrafish require the PCP genes fzd3a, vangl2, and scribble for rostral pathfinding both before and after crossing the midline. Dorsoventral guidance of CoPA axons is unaltered in fzd3a, vangl2, and scribble mutants, suggesting that the PCP signaling pathway only controls A-P guidance of CoPAs. Our results have provided evidence for two potential non- mutually exclusive models: (i) A-P axon guidance is achieved by cell-autonomous Wnt-Frizzled signaling or that (ii) A-P axon guidance is achieved by non-cell-autonomous PCP signaling in the neuroepithelial environment. The single-cell nature of the CoPA axon system allows for simple genetic manipulation and visualization, which will potentially elucidate the validity of either model. Scribble (Scrib), a member of the LAP family, plays a critical role in establishing and regulating cell polarization in epithelia and during cell migration. In zebrafish, Scrib mutants have defects in convergent extension (CE) cell movements and facial branchiomotor neuron (FBMN) migration. Despite our understanding of Scrib's genetic role in neurodevelopment, little is known about the subcellular localization of endogenous Scrib in vivo during CE and FBMN migration. We have generated a monoclonal antibody against the C-terminus of zebrafish Scrib and have shown that this antibody is specific against endogenous Scrib in both western blot and immunocytochemical applications. Confocal microscopy of Scrib immunocytochemistry shows that at various developmental stages, Scrib distinctly localizes to basolateral membranes of non polarized epithelium, to the membrane in mesodermal cells undergoing CE, and to the membrane of migrating FBMNs. Furthermore, the distribution of Scrib puncta along membranes of FBMN- FBMN contact is significantly altered in the PCP mutant pk1b. Further application of our newly generated Scrib antibody will potentially lead to new insight on Scrib's role in neurodevelopment.
Download or read book A Role for the Planar Cell Polarity Pathway in Neuronal Positioning Along the AP Axis of C Elegans written by Raymond Tanner and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We sought to investigate the role of the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway in neuronal positioning along the Anterior-Posterior (AP) axis of C. elegans, and chose the worm's DD-type motor neurons as a model. The six DD neurons (DD1-DD6) are evenly spaced in the ventral nerve cord of wild type animals. Here we showed that mutations in core PCP genes caused DD neuron spacing and positioning defects. prkl-1 double mutant combinations with vang-1 and fmi-1 showed a suppression of the more severe prkl-1 single mutant defects, which was evidence of genetic interactions between these PCP components. We also conducted a candidate screen of Frizzled, Dishevelled, Wnt, and ROCK genes, and found that dsh-1/Dishevelled, mom-2/Wnt and let-502/ROCK also played roles in DD neuronal positioning. Both vang-1 and prkl-1 were found to function within the nervous system to guide DD neuronal positioning, and prkl-1 was further identified as playing a cell autonomous role. The origins of observed DD neuron anterior positioning defects were investigated during embryogenesis, in which 1.5 fold stage prkl-1(ok3182) embryos displayed delayed intercalation of the DD neurons. This represents a novel role for the PCP pathway in mediating DD neuronal intercalation.
Download or read book The Role of Planar Cell Polarity Signaling in Neuronal Migration written by Crystal Faye Davey Hicks and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is a cell-contact mediated mechanism for transmitting polarity information between neighboring cells. PCP “core components” (Vangl, Fz, Pk, Dvl, and Celsr) are essential for a number of cell migratory events including the posterior migration of facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) in the plane of the hindbrain neuroepithelium in zebrafish and mice. While the mechanism by which PCP signaling polarizes static epithelial cells is well understood, how PCP signaling controls highly dynamic processes like neuronal migration remains an important outstanding question given that PCP components have been implicated in a range of directed cell movements, particularly during vertebrate development. Here, I present evidence that PCP signaling is required both within FBMNs and in the hindbrain rhombomere 4 environment at the time when they initiate their migration. Correspondingly, I demonstrate planar polarized localization of PCP core components Vangl2 and Fzd3a in the hindbrain neuroepithelium, and transient localization of Vangl2 at the tips of retracting FBMN filopodia. Using high-resolution timelapse imaging of FBMNs in genetic chimeras I uncovered opposing cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous functions for Fzd3a and Vangl2 in regulating FBMN protrusive activity. Within FBMNs, Fzd3a is required to stabilize filopodia while Vangl2 has an antagonistic, destabilizing role. However, in the migratory environment Fzd3a acts to destabilize FBMN filopodia while Vangl2 has a stabilizing role. Together, my findings suggest a model in which PCP signaling between the planar polarized neuroepithelial environment and FBMNs directs migration by the selective stabilization of FBMN filopodia.
Download or read book Planar Cell Polarity Pathway and Axon Guidance in the Developing Spinal Cord written by Jeong Deok Beth Shafer and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability of the mammalian central nervous system to interpret the environment accurately, integrate information efficiently, and generate appropriate responses depends on the precise wiring and organization of billions of neurons into functional networks. The establishment of neural circuits to enable the eventual flow of sensory information requires that axons navigate across vast (on a cellular scale) distances. For somatosensory neurons, guidance takes place during development when axons must grow to the brain via a series of intermediate targets, each step of which involves the detection and response to numerous extracellular cues. Therefore, to develop a comprehensive understanding of how neurons form appropriate connections requires that axonal responses to these molecular guidance cues be clearly defined. This dissertation presents studies of axon guidance in a model cellular system, the somatosensory commissural neurons of the spinal cord. I have characterized the role of Wnt-Frizzled signaling in these neurons, and found that the non-canonical Wnt-Fzd signaling, known as the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway, is fundamental to commissural axon guidance. Further, by analysis of animal models of PCP dysfunction, Celsr3 null and Vangl2 mutant mice, I show that PCP is required for anterior guidance of commissural axons toward the brain. Equally important, I describe the mechanism by which the PCP pathway mediates axon growth decisions through the use of primary spinal neuron and eukaryotic cell cultures and biochemical techniques. I present evidence to show that modifications of PCP surface receptors, Fzd3 and Vangl2, at the cell membrane are critical to PCP signaling and constitute a spatio-temporal response to Wnt molecules secreted from the ventral spinal cord. Together, these data reveal a novel role for the PCP pathway in axon guidance. It is hoped that the results of these studies will provide a more general model for the role of membrane receptor modifications in the establishment of neuronal circuitry.
Download or read book Characterizing the Role of Key Planar Cell Polarity Pathway Components in Axon Guidance written by Grayland Wyndell Godfrey and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential process to the development of the neural network of the nervous system is axon guidance. The noncanonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity pathway has been identified as an integral component in controlling the projection of axons during axon guidance. Prickle, ROR1 and ROR2 are PCP related proteins that do not have clearly defined roles in the process. This study aims to use zebrafish CoPA neurons as a model to study the roles of Prickle, ROR1, and ROR2 in axon guidance. Using in situ hybridization, morpholino knockdown, and CRISPR/Cas9 loss of function experiments were able to identify ror1, ror2 and prickle as potential required components in CoPA neuron axon guidance. Elucidating the role of these protein in axon guidance not only will increase our knowledge of the PCP pathway but it will also increase our understanding of the development of the nervous system.
Download or read book Mechanisms and Genetics of Neurodevelopmental Cognitive Disorders written by Moyra Smith and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-04-25 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanisms and Genetics of Neurodevelopmental Cognitive Disorders connects neurodevelopment with genetics and behavior to better understand the underlying factors leading to cognitive neurodevelopmental disorders. This book focuses on mechanisms of disease and follows the development of specific brain regions, functions, and gene expression to causes and processes in autism, attention deficit disorder, and learning disabilities. Topics include brain mapping, brain plasticity, epigenetics, neuroimmunology, and many other factors that influence the development of these diseases. This book will promote understanding of recent investigations and developments related to brain development from fetal life onward with specific relevance to neurodevelopmental cognitive disorders and conditions. This is an essential reference for anyone who is looking to learn more about different aspects of neurodevelopment and emerging concepts in psychiatric disorders. Discusses links between brain development, gene expression, and brain function Covers neural stem cells, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and neurogenesis Includes brain mapping, brain plasticity, epigenetics, neuroimmunology, and more Provides insight into causation and brain function in autism, attention deficit disorder, and learning disabilities Examines impact of society and environmental factors on mental health
Download or read book Neurodevelopmental Disorders written by Bin Chen and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-24 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurodevelopmental Disorders, the latest release in the Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience series, presents the most thorough coverage available, addressing all aspects on how the nervous system and its components develop. This book brings together the latest research in this rapidly evolving field, with section editors discussing the technological advances that are enabling the pursuit of new research on brain development. This volume focuses on neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and experimental organisms. Particular attention is paid to the effects of abnormal development and on new psychiatric/neurological treatments being developed based on our increased understanding of developmental mechanisms. Features leading experts in various subfields as section editors and article authors Presents articles that have been peer reviewed to ensure accuracy, thoroughness and scholarship Covers disorders of the nervous system that arise through defects in neural development
Download or read book Primary Cilia written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-11-30 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the role of cilia in the study of health, development and disease has been increasingly clear, and new discoveries have made this an exciting and important field of research. This comprehensive volume, a complement to the new three-volume treatment of cilia and flagella by King and Pazour, presents easy-to-follow protocols and detailed background information for researchers working with cilia and flagella. Covers protocols for primary cilia across several systems and species Both classic and state-of-the-art methods readily adaptable across model systems, and designed to last the test of time Relevant to clinicians and scientists working in a wide range of fields
Download or read book Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment written by Colin R Martin and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-05-29 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet is a comprehensive reference on the genetic and behavioral features associated with proper and abnormal development. The book discusses the mechanisms underlying neurological development and provides readers with a detailed introduction to the neural connections and complexities in biological circuitries, as well as the physiological, behavioral, molecular, and cellular features of neurodevelopment. In addition, the book examines in vitro and in vivo modeling of development with stem cells and model systems. Provides the most comprehensive coverage of a broad range of topics relating to the neuroscience of development Features sections on the genetics of developmental conditions and accompanying behavior Contains an abstract, key facts, mini dictionary of terms, and summary points to aid in understanding in each chapter Focuses on neurodevelopmental disorders and environmental factors that influence neural development Includes more than 500 illustrations and tables
Download or read book Cell Polarity 1 written by Klaus Ebnet and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-04 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work provides a state-of-the art overview on the most relevant aspects of cell polarity. Volume 1 addresses cell polarity and cell migration (front-rear polarity), cell polarity and barrier formation (apico-basal polarity) and neuronal polarity. It particularly focuses on cell polarity at the molecular level and the underlying molecular mechanisms. It also elaborates the common principles and mechanisms that regulate cellular polarization in different cell types and contexts. Both volumes are intended for professors, group leaders and researchers in cell biology as well as medical professionals in the fields of anatomy, cell biology, physiology, pathology and tumor biology.
Download or read book Neuronal and Synaptic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability written by Carlo Sala and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-04-30 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuronal and Synaptic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability provides the latest information on Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), the lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders that present in early childhood and affect how individuals communicate and relate to others and their surroundings. In addition, three quarters of ASD patients also manifest severe intellectual disability. Though certain genes have been implicated, ASDs remain largely a mystery, and research looking into causes and cellular deficits are crucial for better understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite the prevalence and insidious nature of this disorder, this book remains to be an extensive resource of information and background on the state of current research in the field. The book serves as a reference for this purpose, and discusses the crucial role synaptic activity plays in proper brain function. In addition, the volume discusses the neurodevelopmental synaptopathies and serves as a resource for scientists and clinicians in all biomedical science specialties. This research has been crucial for recent studies that have provided a rationale for the development of pharmacological agents able to counteract functional synaptic anomalies and potentially ameliorate some ASD symptoms. Introduces the genetic and non-genetic causes of autism and associated intellectual disabilities Describes the genes implicated in autistic spectrum disorders and their function Considers major individual genetic causes of autism, Rett syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and other autism spectrum disorders, as well as their classification as synaptopathies Presents a thorough discussion of the clinical aspects of multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and the experimental models that exist to study their pathophysiology in vitro and in vivo, including animal models and patient-derived stem cell culture
Download or read book Developmental Neuropathology written by Homa Adle-Biassette and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-26 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A definitive, clinically oriented guide to the pathology of genetics of developmental neuropathology Developmental neuropathology relates to the wide range of disorders affecting the developing brain or pre- and post-natal life, with emphasis on the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved. This book provides a practical guide to diagnosing and understanding these disorders affecting this vulnerable population and potentially stimulates further advances in this exciting area. It also addresses the controversies in inflicted head injury in infants. The fourth major title to be approved by the International Society of Neuropathology (ISN), Developmental Neuropathology offers in-depth chapter coverage of brain development; chromosomal changes; malformations; secondary malformations and destructive pathologies; developmental vascular disorders; acquired metabolic and exogenous toxins; metabolic disorders; Rett syndrome and autism; and infectious diseases. The text provides: Clinical, disease-oriented approach to the pathology and genetics developmental neuropathology Fuses classical and contemporary investigative approaches Includes genetic and molecular biological pathogeneses Fully illustrated Approved and endorsed by International Society of Neuropathology Developmental Neuropathology is the perfect book for practicing neuropathologists, pediatric pathologists, general pathologists, neurologists, and geneticists in deciphering the pathology and pathogenesis of these complex disorders affecting the nervous system of the embryo, fetus, and child.
Download or read book Diagnosis Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders written by Colin R. Martin and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-05-29 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Neuroscience of Development is a comprehensive reference on the diagnosis and management of neurodevelopment and associated disorders. The book discusses the mechanisms underlying neurological development and provides readers with a detailed introduction to the neural connections and complexities in biological circuitries, as well as the interactions between genetics, epigenetics and other micro-environmental processes. In addition, the book also examines the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions of development-related conditions. Provides the most comprehensive coverage of the broad range of topics relating to the neuroscience of aging Features sections on the genetics that influences aging and diseases of aging Contains an abstract, key facts, a mini dictionary of terms, and summary points in each chapter Focuses on neurological diseases and conditions linked to aging, environmental factors and clinical recommendations Includes more than 500 illustrations and tables
Download or read book Cellular Migration and Formation of Neuronal Connections written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-05-06 with total page 1081 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of neural development are essential for understanding evolution and disorders of neural systems. Recent advances in genetic, molecular, and cell biological methods have generated a massive increase in new information, but there is a paucity of comprehensive and up-to-date syntheses, references, and historical perspectives on this important subject. The Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience series is designed to fill this gap, offering the most thorough coverage of this field on the market today and addressing all aspects of how the nervous system and its components develop. Particular attention is paid to the effects of abnormal development and on new psychiatric/neurological treatments being developed based on our increased understanding of developmental mechanisms. Each volume in the series consists of review style articles that average 15-20pp and feature numerous illustrations and full references. Volume 2 offers 56 high level articles devoted mainly to Formation of Axons and Dendrites, Migration, Synaptogenesis, Developmental Sequences in the Maturation of Intrinsic and Synapse Driven Patterns. Series offers 144 articles for 2904 full color pages addressing ways in which the nervous system and its components develop Features leading experts in various subfields as Section Editors and article Authors All articles peer reviewed by Section Editors to ensure accuracy, thoroughness, and scholarship Volume 2 sections include coverage of mechanisms which regulate: the formation of axons and dendrites, cell migration, synapse formation and maintenance during development, and neural activity, from cell-intrinsic maturation to early correlated patterns of activity
Download or read book Proteins Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders written by M. Walid Qoronfleh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-04-08 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively reviews the proteins associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It also discusses the interactions of the associated-proteins, like bromodomain-containing proteins (BCPs), kinases, synaptic proteins, scaffolding proteins, transcriptional factors, and DNA-binding proteins at the subcellular and molecular levels. The book also explores the potential of these proteins as a druggable target and a biomarker in the neurodevelopmental disorders. The book further explores the recent advancements in understanding the important role of epigenetic factors in predisposition to these diseases. Lastly, it presents genetic factors that lead to variation in gene expression in these diseases, disorders management via diet intervention and the future potential of stem cell therapy.
Download or read book Handbook of Neurodevelopmental and Genetic Disorders in Children 2 e written by Sam Goldstein and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2010-10-19 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recognized as the definitive reference in the field, this book addresses a broad range of biologically based disorders that affect children's learning and development. Leading authorities review the genetics of each disorder; its course and outcome; associated developmental, cognitive, and psychosocial challenges; and what clinicians and educators need to know about effective approaches to assessment and intervention. Coverage encompasses more frequently diagnosed learning and behavior problems with a genetic component as well as numerous lower-incidence neurodevelopmental disabilities. Illustrations include 12 color plates.
Download or read book Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics written by David D. Eisenstat and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-22 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the interrelationship of genetics, the environment, or both, in the causation of three neurodevelopmental disorders: autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD), fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), and cerebral palsy (CP). It links common clinical problems in developmental pediatrics and pediatric neurology to current concepts and translational research advances in developmental neurosciences, medical genetics, and related disciplines. The first section of the book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of development of the brain, including topics such as neuronal stem cells, epigenetics, and the influence of the prenatal environment. The next three sections analyze the epidemiology, diagnosis, interventions, and controversies and research directions associated with each of the three neurodevelopmental disorders. It also examines co-morbidities common to all three disorders, such as disturbed sleep, seizures, behavioral disorders, and pain. It concludes by highlighting the impact of ASD, FASD, and CP on family dynamics and provides tools and resources based on foundational concepts such as neuroethics, bioinformatics, community engagement, and advocacy. Learning objectives, key points, clinical vignettes, and multiple choice questions are incorporated throughout the book. With its comprehensive treatment of disease mechanisms, genetics, and pathophysiology associated with these disorders and its discussion of potential therapies and novel treatments, Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics: Genetic and Environmental Influences is an essential resource for developmental pediatricians, child neurologists, fellows, residents and graduate students.
