Download or read book Physiology and Biogeochemistry of Bleaches and Recovering Corals from Hawaii written by Lisa Jacqueline Rodrigues and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biogeochemistry and Physiology of Bleached and Recovering Hawaiian and Caribbean Corals written by Stephen J. Levas and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Coral reefs are declining globally due to a combination of direct and indirect human impacts. Much of this decline can be attributed to prolonged exposure to elevated sea surface temperatures which induces coral bleaching - a process whereby corals lose their endosymbionts and/or their endosymbiotic pigments resulting in corals that appear pale or white. Corals have extremely different responses to bleaching events: some corals bleach and die, others bleach and recover, and some do not visibly bleach at all. In the absence of abundant photosynthetically fixed C, corals may rely on one or more of the following strategies to sustain themselves and promote recovery: (1) catabolize stored energy reserves, including lipids, carbohydrates, and/or proteins, (2) reduce respiration rates, (3) decrease skeletal growth, (4) increase heterotrophy or (5) shuffle or change their endosymbiont type(s). Although mounding species of coral have been shown to survive bleaching events in greater abundance than branching species, the underlying mechanism(s) for mounding coral resilience is unknown. Furthermore, controlled bleaching and recovery experiments coupled with detailed carbon budgets that incorporate autotrophy and multiple heterotrophic sources (i.e. zooplankton and dissolved organic carbon) do not exist for Caribbean corals. Therefore, two controlled tank experiments, one in Hawaii and the other in Puerto Morelos, Mexico were conducted to understand the bleaching and recovery responses in the Hawaiian coral Porites lobata and the three Caribbean corals Montastraea faveolata, Porites astreoides, and Porites divaricata. Four major findings were observed: 1) Bleaching resilience in the mounding coral P. lobata is due to it harboring a thermally tolerant endosymbiont type combined with an ability to actively metabolize zooplankton acquired C and utilize DOC as a significant fixed C source, 2) Bleached P. astreoides were capable of meeting greater than 100% of metabolic demand by increasing feeding rates, 3) All Caribbean corals took up dissolved organic carbon as a source of fixed carbon when bleached, 4) M. faveolata and P. astreoides are more resilient to single bleaching than P. divaricata. This study represents the first comprehensive assessment of the underlying traits that confer bleaching resilience in a mounding Hawaiian coral. Furthermore, these studies represent a comprehensive physiological and biogeochemical analysis of bleached and recovering Caribbean corals and the first to detail their carbon budgets. The ability for bleached corals to maintain high photosynthetic capacity coupled with the ability to utilize exogenous C sources appears to be an underlying theme in resilience to bleaching. Based on these findings, species such as P. lobata, M. faveolata, and to a lesser extent P. astreoides are more likely to survive a single bleaching event than the branching P. divaricata or the previously studied branching coral P. compressa.

Download or read book Physiology and Biogeochemistry of Bleached and Recovering Corals from Hawaii written by Lisa Jacqueline Rodrigues and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Physiology and Biogeochemistry of Corals Subjected to Repeat Bleaching and Combined Ocean Acidification and Warming written by Verena Schoepf and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral skeletal carbon isotopes are important paleo-climate proxies and have the potential to record past bleaching events. However, they are often confounded by strong kinetic isotope effects that can mask the bleaching signal in the skeleton and compromise overall accuracy of the proxy. A proposed data correction to remove kinetic isotope effects was tested for the first time using bleached corals. In addition, it was tested if photosynthesis to respiration (P/R) ratios can be reliably calculated from coral isotopes. We found that the data correction did not effectively remove kinetic isotope effects, and that isotope-based P/R ratios are in poor agreement with P/R ratios measured by respirometry. Therefore, the data correction should not be routinely applied to paleo-climate reconstruction, and P/R ratios should be obtained by respirometry only.

Download or read book Multiple Stressor Effects on Coral Physiology and Biogeochemistry written by Kerri L. Dobson and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increases in atmospheric CO2 are causing the planet to warm. As such, corals are living closer to their upper thermal tolerance limits, leading to decreased coral health and increased mortality. Increasing sea surface temperatures alter the symbiotic relationship between the coral host and endosymbiotic algae, causing coral bleaching. Such mass bleaching events are predicted to increase in frequency and severity over the next few decades. To protect at least 50% of coral reefs, warming would have to be limited to no more than 1.2°C. Thus, global warming presents an immediate threat to coral reefs. The continuing release of anthropogenic CO2 is also leading to ocean acidification (OA): the net dissolution of atmospheric CO2 into the surface ocean leading to decreases in seawater pH, net increases in total dissolved inorganic carbon and bicarbonate species, and a net decrease in carbonate species. OA is known to cause decreases in calcification in some, but not all corals, and can also be dose-dependent. Thus, the increasing temperature and OA in the ocean co-occur. While OA can exacerbate the negative effects of temperature stress on the physiological responses of some coral species, but not others, it is unknown if OA will impede or slow coral recovery from bleaching. Previous studies have shown that coral feeding on zooplankton may serve to mitigate bleaching or OA stress and enhance recovery from such events in some species. Corals acquire fixed carbon (i.e. food) and nutrients in three ways: 1) via photosynthetically fixed carbon translocated to the coral host from the endosymbiotic algae, 2) uptake of dissolved organic carbon by the coral animal’s polyps, and 3) active eating of zooplankton and particulate organic matter by the coral polyps. While photosynthetically derived fixed carbon is critical to maintaining daily metabolism and calcification, heterotrophically derived food is critical for building lipid reserves and tissue growth. It is unknown if heterotrophy could help recovery from bleaching while also under OA conditions, or whether the thermal and pH history of corals may lay the foundation for coral capacity to acclimate to future ocean conditions. In addition, continued coastal development is leading to decreases in coastal water clarity (i.e. the amount of light penetrating the surface) and increases in nutrient concentrations due to anthropogenic run-off. Evidence suggests that modest increases in any one of temperature, nutrients, or light alone is typically beneficial to coral health, while dramatic increases in any one of these variables can have detrimental effects. For corals in the future, moderate increases in nutrients and/or nutrition might mitigate much of the negative impact of OA on coral calcification. Therefore, coral health is directly related to temperature, light, and nutrients acquired from seawater and zooplankton. However, it is unknown whether a slight increase in food availability and decrease in light level could act synergistically in coastal environments to protect corals from elevated temperature and OA stress and provide a refugia from future ocean conditions. Here, I study combinations of the interactive effects of temperature, ocean acidification, food availability, moderate nutrients, and light on corals through three studies to examine the following: 1) the physiological and biogeochemical responses of three coral species to predicted future coastal ocean conditions, 2) the interactive effects of ocean acidification, temperature, and moderate nutrients on coral physiology and biogeochemistry, and 3) the effect of ocean acidification and feeding on recovery rates of corals following single and annual bleaching.

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 918 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Physiological Adaptations in Hawaiian Corals to Global Climate Change written by Rowan H. McLachlan and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The distribution and abundance of coral reef ecosystems is declining globally due to the detrimental impacts of climate change. As the surface ocean becomes warmer and more acidic, corals must adapt or acclimatize in order to survive and persist. The overarching goal of my dissertation was to evaluate the biological processes that lead corals to adapt and acclimatize to the levels of ocean warming and acidification expected later this century. Following a review of 255 coral heat-stress experiments conducted over the last thirty years (Chapter 2), I identified several gaps in our knowledge of coral bleaching. For instance, the majority of experimental coral bleaching research has been conducted on only three Scleractinian coral species, many reef regions worldwide are critically understudied, and the literature is heavily biased towards adult life stages (as opposed to gametes, larvae, recruits). Similarly, the majority of studies are short-term in duration (i.e.,

Download or read book Coral Bleaching written by Madeleine J. H. van Oppen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most serious consequences of global climate change for coral reefs is the increased frequency and severity of mass coral bleaching events and, since the first edition of this volume was published in 2009, there have been additional mass coral bleaching events. This book provides comprehensive information on the causes and consequences of coral bleaching for coral reef ecosystems, from the genes and microbes involved in the bleaching response, to individual coral colonies and whole reef systems. It presents detailed analyses of how coral bleaching can be detected and quantified and reviews future scenarios based on modeling efforts and the potential mechanisms of acclimatisation and adaptation. It also briefly discusses emerging research areas that focus on the development of innovative interventions aiming to increase coral climate resilience and restore reefs.

Download or read book Coral Bleaching written by United States. Congress. Senate. National Ocean Policy Study and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabolic Physiology of Healthy and Bleached Corals written by Lauren Linsmayer and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral reef productivity is based upon the relationship between the coral host and its symbiotic dinoflagellate. While it is well known that the photosynthetic symbionts are metabolically significant to the host, very little is known about host metabolism. Metabolism is central to sustaining energy-consuming physiological processes such as calcification, growth, and reproduction. Availability of oxygen (O2) to cells/tissues determines the balance of aerobic (oxygen-requiring) and anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolic pathways, which have different energy yields. The main objectives of this work were to characterize the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of the coral host during diel (daily) cycles and during coral bleaching (as an oxygen-stressed state to the host). In Chapter 2, I measured the diel O2 concentrations of coral tissues and found that corals are hyperoxic during the day and near-hypoxic throughout the night. Using enzyme assays, I found that the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacities of the host are mostly unchanged between day and night, while the concentrations of anaerobic end-products fluctuate significantly. Using analytical chemistry techniques, I provide the first definitive evidence that corals produce the anaerobic end-products strombine and alanopine. In Chapters 3 and 4, I found that coral bleaching in several different species creates a common situation of constant hypoxia in host tissues regardless of how bleaching was induced (thermal or menthol treatment). However, bleaching alters aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of the host in a species-specific manner. I hypothesize that the ability of some coral species to up-regulate anaerobic metabolism during bleaching could confer higher survival rates than merely undergoing reductions in aerobic metabolism. Finally, in Chapter 5, I examine broad-scale changes in daily coral metabolism using untargeted proteomics and metabolomics. My findings suggest that changes in daily coral metabolism are regulated on the metabolite-level as opposed to changes in protein amount. Together, this research helps us better understand basic coral energy metabolism under healthy and stressed states, which is useful both in building a mechanistic understanding of coral energy budgets, as well as in understanding how corals might fare in the face of increasing frequency of bleaching events.

Download or read book The Effects of Elevated Temperature Stress on the Acquisition and Allocation of Carbon to Lipids in Hawaiian Corals written by Justin H. Baumann and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Understanding the complex processes of coral response to, and recovery from, bleaching events is central to our ability to predict the impacts of current and future climate change on coral reef ecosystems. Lipids are key biomolecules within the coral holobiont, serving as structural components, as well as significant energy reserves. With the frequency and intensity of bleaching events expected to rise in the coming decades, it is important to understand how coral lipids will be effected by, and recover from, bleaching. A bleaching experiment, followed by carbon pulse-chase labeling, was performed to investigate the assimilation and allocation of carbon to coral host and endosymbiont tissues (including lipids) over the course of bleaching and recovery. Here, we show that bleaching results in a decline in the allocation of photosynthetically derived carbon to lipids in the first month of recovery, but that photosynthetic carbon allocation had fully recovered after 11 months in both Porites compressa and Montipora capitata. In contrast, the allocation of heterotrophic carbon to lipids was no different between bleached and control corals in the first month for both species. While this pattern did not change after 11 months of recovery for M. capitata, dramatically higher enrichment values in the lipids built with heterotrophic carbon of bleached compared to non-bleached control Porites compressa corals were observed. This suggests that either the corals are still recovering, or that they have acclimated and are better able to resist additional bleaching. Overall, P. compressa catabolizes newly synthesized non-lipid energy reserves and maintains newly synthesized lipids. In comparison, M. capitata catabolizes heterotrophic carbon from feeding and catabolizes some of its newly synthesized lipids to meet metabolic demand while maintaining its existing lipid, protein, and carbohydrate reserves. Due to maintenance of total energy reserves and only a small (yet significant) amount of lipid catabolism, it appears that M. capitata recovers faster and may be more resilient to bleaching than P. compressa.

Download or read book Bleaching in Soft and Scleractinian Corals written by Kevin B. Strychar and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists written by Gerry P. Quinn and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-03-21 with total page 851 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential textbook for any student or researcher in biology needing to design experiments, sample programs or analyse the resulting data. The text begins with a revision of estimation and hypothesis testing methods, covering both classical and Bayesian philosophies, before advancing to the analysis of linear and generalized linear models. Topics covered include linear and logistic regression, simple and complex ANOVA models (for factorial, nested, block, split-plot and repeated measures and covariance designs), and log-linear models. Multivariate techniques, including classification and ordination, are then introduced. Special emphasis is placed on checking assumptions, exploratory data analysis and presentation of results. The main analyses are illustrated with many examples from published papers and there is an extensive reference list to both the statistical and biological literature. The book is supported by a website that provides all data sets, questions for each chapter and links to software.

Download or read book The Biology of Coral Reefs written by Charles R. C. Sheppard and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral reefs represent the most spectacular and diverse marine ecosystem on the planet as well as a critical source of income for millions of people. However, the combined effects of human activity have led to a rapid decline in the health of reefs worldwide, with many now facing complete destruction. Their world-wide deterioration and over-exploitation has continued and even accelerated in many areas since the publication of the first edition in 2009. At the same time, there has been a near doubling in the number of scientific papers that have been written in this short time about coral reef biology and the ability to acclimate to ocean warming and acidification. This new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, incorporating the significant increase in knowledge gained over the last decade whilst retaining the book's focus as a concise and affordable overview of the field. The Biology of Coral Reefs provides an integrated overview of the function, physiology, ecology, and behaviour of coral reef organisms. Each chapter is enriched with a selection of 'boxes' on specific aspects written by internationally recognised experts. As with other books in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis in this book is on the organisms that dominate this marine environment although pollution, conservation, climate change, and experimental aspects are also included. Indeed, particular emphasis is placed on conservation and management due to the habitat's critically endangered status. A global range of examples is employed which gives the book international relevance.

Download or read book A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-05 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral reef declines have been recorded for all major tropical ocean basins since the 1980s, averaging approximately 30-50% reductions in reef cover globally. These losses are a result of numerous problems, including habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, disease, and climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions and the associated increases in ocean temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have been implicated in increased reports of coral bleaching, disease outbreaks, and ocean acidification (OA). For the hundreds of millions of people who depend on reefs for food or livelihoods, the thousands of communities that depend on reefs for wave protection, the people whose cultural practices are tied to reef resources, and the many economies that depend on reefs for fisheries or tourism, the health and maintenance of this major global ecosystem is crucial. A growing body of research on coral physiology, ecology, molecular biology, and responses to stress has revealed potential tools to increase coral resilience. Some of this knowledge is poised to provide practical interventions in the short-term, whereas other discoveries are poised to facilitate research that may later open the doors to additional interventions. A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs reviews the state of science on genetic, ecological, and environmental interventions meant to enhance the persistence and resilience of coral reefs. The complex nature of corals and their associated microbiome lends itself to a wide range of possible approaches. This first report provides a summary of currently available information on the range of interventions present in the scientific literature and provides a basis for the forthcoming final report.

Download or read book Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems written by Yossi Loya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-21 with total page 1003 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes what is known about mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) geographically and by major taxa. MCEs are characterized by light-dependent corals and associated communities typically found at depths ranging from 30-40 m. and extending to over 150 m. in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. They are populated with organisms typically associated with shallow coral reefs, such as macroalgae, corals, sponges, and fishes, as well as specialist species unique to mesophotic depths. During the past decade, there has been an increasing scientific and management interest in MCEs expressed by the exponential increase in the number of publications studying this unique environment. Despite their close proximity to well-studied shallow reefs, and the growing evidence of their importance, our scientific knowledge of MCEs is still in its early stages. The topics covered in the book include: regional variation in MCEs; similarities and differences between mesophotic and shallow reef taxa, biotic and abiotic conditions, biodiversity, ecology, geomorphology, and geology; potential connectivity between MCEs and shallow reefs; MCE disturbances, conservation, and management challenges; and new technologies, key research questions/knowledge gaps, priorities, and future directions in MCE research.

Download or read book Ecosystem Collapse and Recovery written by Adrian C. Newton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-22 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines how ecosystems can collapse as a result of human activity, and the ecological processes underlying their subsequent recovery.