Download or read book Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacterial 16S RRNA Gene Sequences Found in Bulk Water Samples Collected Throughout a Metropolitan Area Drinking Water Distribution System written by Ben Humrighouse and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assays for the detection of total coliforms and E. coli are used in the United States as a tool for the detection of fecal contamination in finished drinking water, as a measure to prevent illness. However, based on statistics published by a number of researchers, as many as 764 documented waterborne outbreaks occurred between 1971 and 2002, which resulted in over half a million cases of illness and 79 deaths (Reynolds, Mena, & Gerba, 2008). Also, it has been theorized that as many as 19 million cases/year of waterborne illness are caused by public water systems fed by ground water and surface water in the US. Therefore, it has been argued that coliforms are not good indicator organisms for predicting risk of waterborne illness. In order to gather more microbiological information regarding drinking water, much research has been conducted on microorganisms in planktonic phase, as well as in biofilms present in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Different species of bacteria may colonize surfaces (internal or external) and begin to proliferate and form biofilm (Zhang, Choi, Dionysiou, Sorial, & Oerther, 2006). Due to the fact that biofilms are consistently being established, maturing, and sloughing off, it seems reasonable that the bacteria in planktonic phase, in a distribution system, would be ideal for microbial community analysis. With this in mind, we decided to analyze bacterial genomic DNA in order to gain knowledge of the current community structures present in drinking water samples, to serve as a base for measuring future differences or shifts in community structure. Although biofilms and planktonic populations may differ to some degree i.e.: culturability, activity, etc. (Boe-Hansen, Albrechtsen, Arvin, & Jorgensen, 2002) and may be very similar in terms of phylogeny, we decided to analyze the planktonic bacteria present in 31 sampling sites within a DWDS in order to characterize the bacterial community structures in these areas of the distribution system. Through analysis of bulk water samples, this study aims to identify and compare the microbial communities that are present in a DWDS fed by ground water and surface water. This study was conducted in order to gain a better understanding of the bacterial communities that are present within a municipal DWDS at Points of Use (POUs), with the focus of the study being a phylogenetic comparison between those communities found in different areas of the DWDS based on source. A total of 2786 16S rDNA clones were analyzed in this study. We found that Actinobacteria (mainly Mycobacterium sp.) and Alphaproteobacteria represented nearly 46% and 36% of the total clones examined, respectively. Other bacterial genera identified in this study include Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, and others. While Alphaproteobacteria has been shown to be a numerically dominant group in chlorinated drinking water system simulators (Williams, Domingo, Meckes, Kelty, & Rochon, 2004); (Williams, Santo Domingo, & Meckes, 2005), the surprising abundance of mycobacterial sequences recovered in this study indicate significant differences in microbial community structure between the WDS analyzed in this study as compared to others in the literature.
Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking written by Jorge W. Santo Domingo and published by Emerging Issues in Food Safety. This book was released on 2007 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a state-of-the-art review of the current technology and applications being utilized to identify sources of fecal contamination in waterways. - Serves as a useful reference for researchers in the food industry, especially scientists investigating etiological agents responsible for food contamination. - Provides background information on MST methods and the assumptions and limitations associated with their use. - Covers a broad range of topics related to MST, including environmental monitoring, public health and national security, population biology, and microbial ecology. - Offers valuable insights into future research directions and technology developments.
Download or read book Management of Legionella in Water Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-02-20 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.
Download or read book Microbial Wastewater Treatment written by Maulin P. Shah and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-06-12 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial Wastewater Treatment focuses on the exploitation of microorganisms as decontaminating tools to treat polluted wastewater, a worldwide concern. Microorganism-based processes are seen as promising technologies to treat the ever-increasing problem of polluted wastewater. The book covers recently developed process technologies to solve five major trends in the field of wastewater treatment, including nutrient removal and recovery, trace organic compounds, energy saving and production, sustainability and community involvement. - Illustrates the importance of microorganisms in wastewater treatment - Points out the reuse of the treated wastewater - Highlights the recovery of resources from wastewater - Pays attention to the occurrence of novel micro-pollutants - Introduces new trends in wastewater technology
Download or read book Molecular Analysis of Microbial 16S RRNA McrA DsrAB and PmoA Genes from Deep sea Hydrothermal Vent and Cold Seep Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methane and sulfide are primary sources of energy supporting the dense macrobiological communities often found in cold seep areas and both free-living and symbiotic microorganisms depend on energy provided by the sharp gradient of sulfide and the reservoir of methane in the underlying sediments. In deep-sea hydrothermal vent areas, sulfide is typically the primary source of energy for microbial primary production. To investigate microbial populations and community structure in these areas, microbial communities from both deep-sea hydrothermal vent (Rainbow and Logatchev hydrothermal vent fields, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Atlantic Ocean; 9°N hydrothermal vent area, East Pacific Rise, Pacific Ocean) and cold seep areas (Blake Ridge, western Atlantic Ocean; Florida Escarpment, Gulf of Mexico) were evaluated by molecular phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA, mcrA, dsrAB and pmoA gene sequences. Twenty-one clone libraries were obtained using DNA from friable vent chimney material (hydrothermal vent areas) and from vertically subsampled (top, middle and bottom) sediment core samples (cold seep areas), screened by RFLP and sequenced. At the Florida Escarpment, phylogenetic analysis of bacterial 16S rDNA suggests the dominance of epsilon-Proteobacteria in the top zone, the epsilon- delta- and [gamma]-Proteobacteria in the middle zone and the delta-Proteobacteria in the bottom zone of the core. Archaeal diversity was low throughout, but increased with depth. Cold seep mcrA sequences were distributed among the ANME-2c, -2d and -2e groups. Clone library dsrAB sequences grouped primarily within the orders Desulfobacteriales, Syntrophobacteriales and the gram-positive order Clostridales. Clone library pmoA sequences grouped among the Type I methanotrophs ([gamma]-proteobacteria) within the order Methylococcales. Most sequences recovered represented as-yet-uncultivated phylotypes distinct from any other cultivated or environmental clones. In addition, this investigation presents for the first time environmental mcrA sequences detected from chimney samples collected from a bare basalt, high-temperature deep-sea hydrothermal vent area that are related to ANME-2e sequences previously shown to be associated with the anaerobic oxidation of methane.
Download or read book Applied and Environmental Microbiology written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 774 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Microbial Growth in Drinking Water Supplies written by Dick van der Kooij and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2013-09-14 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintaining the microbial quality in distribution systems and connected installations remains a challenge for the water supply companies all over the world, despite many years of research. This book identifies the main concerns and knowledge gaps related to regrowth and stimulates cooperation in future research. Microbial Growth in Drinking Water Supplies provides an overview of the regrowth issue in different countries and the water quality problems related to regrowth. The book assesses the causes of regrowth in drinking water and the prevention of regrowth by water treatment and distribution. Editors: Dirk van der Kooij and Paul W.J.J. van der Wielen, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, The Netherlands
Download or read book Artificial Intelligence in Environmental Microbiology written by Mohammad-Hossein Sarrafzadeh and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-07-05 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-12-22 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.
Download or read book The Structure and Function of Aquatic Microbial Communities written by Christon J. Hurst and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-13 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses how aquatic microbial communities develop interactive metabolic coordination both within and between species to optimize their energetics. It explains that microbial community structuration often includes functional stratification among a multitude of organisms that variously exist either suspended in the water, lodged in sediments, or bound to one another as biofilms on solid surfaces. The authors describe techniques that can be used for preparing and distributing microbiologically safe drinking water, which presents the challenge of successfully removing the pathogenic members of the aquatic microbial community and then safely delivering that water to consumers. Drinking water distribution systems have their own microbial ecology, which we must both understand and control in order to maintain the safety of the water supply. Since studying aquatic microorganisms often entails identifying them, the book also discusses techniques for successfully isolating and cultivating bacteria. As such, it appeals to microbiologists, microbial ecologists and water quality scientists.
Download or read book Oceanic Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Antibiotic Resistance Genes Carried by Microbial Communities in Drinking Water Systems written by Liping Ma and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Antibiotic Resistance Genes Carried by Microbial Communities in Drinking Water Systems" by Liping, Ma, 馬黎萍, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: The overuse and misuse of antibiotics not only for human therapy but also for livestock breeding have led to the emergence and prosperity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and attracted great concerns worldwide. Drinking water distribution system (DWDS) considered as important means to remove pathogens for drinking water supply has been discovered as reservoir of ARGs. However, the comprehensive profiles of ARGs distributed in DWDS or the elimination efficiency of ARGs by drinking water treatment process or the hosts of ARGs distributed in DWDS has not been well studied yet. Thus, the major objectives of this study were (1) to reveal the wide-spectrum profiles of ARGs in DWDS; (2) to investigate the elimination efficiency of ARGs using traditional drinking water treatment process; (3) to develop a metagenomic assembly based method for identification of ARG-carrying genomes; (4) to explore the impacts of chlorination treatment on the shift of ARGs among microbial community. To scan for the occurrence, abundance and diversity of ARGs in DWDS, the metagenomic sequencing approach combined with structured ARG database was established. ARGs were found enriched by 81%-109% after traditional drinking water treatment processes, while the diversity of ARGs greatly decreased by 28%-51%. Acridine, chloramphenicol, and polymyxin related ARGs were fully removed during drinking water treatment. A metagenomic assembly based method for identifying ARG-carrying genomes in environmental samples was developed, could be applied to 1) identify host of ARGs, 2) to quantify their abundance in samples based on coverage, 3) to explore the antibiotic resistome shared among bacteria, and 4) to determine the correlations of ARGs with associated genetic elements. Moreover, the broad-spectrum profiles of ARGs were detected in tap water samples collected from six countries or regions, including mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, South Africa, Singapore and United States, respectively. Totally, 16 ARG types and 183 ARG subtypes were detected. The most dominant ARG types were bacitracin, multidrug and aminoglycoside resistance genes. 8 subtypes were generalists which existed in all samples, including bacitracin undecaprenyl diphosphatase, bacitracin undecaprenol kinase, multidrug efflux protein, multidrug HAE1-family protein, multidrug mexF, beta-lactam TEM-2, macrolide macB, and beta-lactam TEM-15. The culture-based isolation approach combined with antimicrobial susceptibility test and high-throughput sequencing technique revealed that 66.8% ARG subtypes decreased after chlorination treatments, while, only 4.5% ARG subtypes were enriched after chlorination. Tetracycline resistance genes were effectively removed by chlorination treatment (>78%). This study is the first application of high-throughput sequencing technique combined with traditional culture-based isolation approach to detect ARGs of viable microorganisms after chlorination process. The established class 1 integrase database and the assembly of gene cassettes carried by integrons were applied to investigate the abundance of intI1 in diverse environments and the arrangement of gene cassettes. Class 1 integrase intI1 genes were detected at abundance of 0 -1.3 〖10〗 DEGREES(-1)copy of intI1/cellin drinking water samples. Aminoglycoside resistance genes were most frequently
Download or read book Wellhead Protection written by Tom Belk and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1994-12 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides information that will help protect a community's ground water resources. Covers: ground water fundamentals, ground water contamination, the 5-step process for wellhead protection, 4 case studies, and resources for additional information. Appendices: regional distribution of ground water in the U.S., methods for delineating wellhead protection areas for fractured rock aquifers, and for confined aquifers. 75 charts, tables and drawings.
Download or read book North San Pablo Bay Restoration and Reuse Project North Bay Water Recycling Program written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Social Biology of Microbial Communities written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with the germ theory of disease in the 19th century and extending through most of the 20th century, microbes were believed to live their lives as solitary, unicellular, disease-causing organisms . This perception stemmed from the focus of most investigators on organisms that could be grown in the laboratory as cellular monocultures, often dispersed in liquid, and under ambient conditions of temperature, lighting, and humidity. Most such inquiries were designed to identify microbial pathogens by satisfying Koch's postulates.3 This pathogen-centric approach to the study of microorganisms produced a metaphorical "war" against these microbial invaders waged with antibiotic therapies, while simultaneously obscuring the dynamic relationships that exist among and between host organisms and their associated microorganisms-only a tiny fraction of which act as pathogens. Despite their obvious importance, very little is actually known about the processes and factors that influence the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities. Gaining this knowledge will require a seismic shift away from the study of individual microbes in isolation to inquiries into the nature of diverse and often complex microbial communities, the forces that shape them, and their relationships with other communities and organisms, including their multicellular hosts. On March 6 and 7, 2012, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop to explore the emerging science of the "social biology" of microbial communities. Workshop presentations and discussions embraced a wide spectrum of topics, experimental systems, and theoretical perspectives representative of the current, multifaceted exploration of the microbial frontier. Participants discussed ecological, evolutionary, and genetic factors contributing to the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities; how microbial communities adapt and respond to environmental stimuli; theoretical and experimental approaches to advance this nascent field; and potential applications of knowledge gained from the study of microbial communities for the improvement of human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health and toward a deeper understanding of microbial diversity and evolution. The Social Biology of Microbial Communities: Workshop Summary further explains the happenings of the workshop.
Download or read book Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water written by Steve Pedley and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Beneficial Microbes in Agro Ecology written by N. Amaresan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-14 with total page 936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology: Bacteria and Fungi is a complete resource on the agriculturally important beneficial microflora used in agricultural production technologies. Included are 30 different bacterial genera relevant in the sustainability, mechanisms, and beneficial natural processes that enhance soil fertility and plant growth. The second part of the book discusses 23 fungal genera used in agriculture for the management of plant diseases and plant growth promotion. Covering a wide range of bacteria and fungi on biocontrol and plant growth promoting properties, the book will help researchers, academics and advanced students in agro-ecology, plant microbiology, pathology, entomology, and nematology. - Presents a comprehensive collection of agriculturally important bacteria and fungi - Provides foundational knowledge of each core organism utilized in agro-ecology - Identifies the genera of agriculturally important microorganisms
