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Book PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research in English

Download or read book PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research in English written by Stephen Howe and published by The Whole World Company. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The PhraseBook for Writing Papers and Research gives you a bank of over 5000 words and phrases to help you write, present and publish in English. Phrases are divided into around 30 main sections, such as Introducing a Study, Arguing For and Against, Reviewing other Work, Summarizing and Conclusions. Writing Help sections give advice on university and research writing, helping you to avoid many common errors in English. Main chapters include Style, Spelling, Punctuation, Grammar, Vocabulary, Numbers and Time. The 4th edition also includes a University and Research Thesaurus to help you improve your academic vocabulary, as well as a Glossary of University and Research Terminology. The PhraseBook is used in more than 30 countries in subjects ranging from Medicine, Engineering, Science and Technology to Law, Business and Economics, Geography, History, Sociology, Psychology, Language and Education. Over 5000 words and phrases to help you write, present and publish in English Written by PhD authors Specially designed for non-native speakers Suitable for university and research writing from student to researcher and faculty level Includes most frequent words in academic English Exercises for individual and classroom use British and American English "This material, prepared by experienced editors, is certainly very useful" Photosynthetica Example phrases Introducing your work The study will begin by outlining... This study addresses a number of issues... The following section sets out... ...to examine the research problem in detail ...to shed light on a number of problem areas in current theory The paper presented here is based in part on an earlier study Arguing for and against This becomes clear when one examines... This lends weight to the argument that... Support for this interpretation comes from... While it may well be valid that..., this study argues the importance of... A serious drawback of this approach is... One of the prime failings of this theory or explanation is... Reviewing other work X takes little or no account of... There is little evidence to suggest that... The study offers only cursory examination of... X gives a detailed if not always tenable analysis of... The authors' claim that...is not well founded. X's explanation is not implausible, if not entirely satisfactory. Analysis and explanation If, for the sake of argument, we assume... One of the most obvious consequences of...is... Although it may well be true that..., it is important not to overlook... It is important to distinguish carefully between... The extent to which this reflects...is unclear. A more plausible explanation for or of...would... The reason for...is unknown, but...has been suggested by X as a possible factor. Summary and conclusions Concluding this section, we can say that... Chapter X draws together the main findings of the paper. A number of key issues have been addressed in this study. This study has highlighted a number of problem areas in existing theory. While the initial findings are promising, further research is necessary. The results of this study suggest a number of new avenues for research.

Book The Only Academic Phrasebook You ll Ever Need

Download or read book The Only Academic Phrasebook You ll Ever Need written by Luiz Otávio Barros and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Only Academic Phrasebook You'll Ever Need is a short, no-nonsense, reader-friendly bank of academic sentence templates. It was written for both graduate and undergraduate students who already know the basics of academic writing but may still struggle to express their ideas using the right words. The Only Academic Phrasebook You'll Ever Need contains 600 sentence templates organized around the typical sections of an academic paper. Here are some examples: 1. Establishing a research territory: The last few years have seen an increased interest in ____. 2. Describing research gaps: To date, no study has looked specifically at ____. 3. Stating your aims: The aim of this study is to discuss the extent to which ____. 4. Describing the scope and organization of your paper: In chapter ____ , the concept of ____ is further explored. 5. General literature review: A number of scholars have attempted to identify ____. 6. Referencing: In his 1799 study, Smith argued that ____. 7. Sampling and data collection: Participants were randomly selected based on ____. 8. Data analysis and discussion: The data provide preliminary evidence that ____. The Only Academic Phrasebook You'll Ever Need also contains 80 grammar and vocabulary tips for both native and non-native speakers. For example: 1. What's the difference between "effect" and "affect"? "Imply" and "infer"? "They're", "their" and "there"? 2. Is "irregardless" correct? 3. Do you say "the criteria was" or "the criteria were"? The Only Academic Phrasebook You'll Ever Need is NOT a comprehensive academic writing textbook. It will NOT teach you key academic skills such as choosing the right research question, writing clear paragraphs, dealing with counter arguments and so on. But it will help you find the best way to say what you want to say so you can ace that paper!

Book English for Writing Research Papers

Download or read book English for Writing Research Papers written by Adrian Wallwork and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-17 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publishing your research in an international journal is key to your success in academia. This guide is based on a study of over 1000 manuscripts and reviewers' reports revealing why papers written by non-native researchers are often rejected due to problems with English usage and poor structure and content. With easy-to-follow rules and tips, and examples taken from published and unpublished papers, you will learn how to: prepare and structure a manuscript increase readability and reduce the number of mistakes you make in English by writing concisely, with no redundancy and no ambiguity write a title and an abstract that will attract attention and be read decide what to include in the various parts of the paper (Introduction, Methodology, Discussion etc) highlight your claims and contribution avoid plagiarism discuss the limitations of your research choose the correct tenses and style satisfy the requirements of editors and reviewers This new edition contains over 40% new material, including two new chapters, stimulating factoids, and discussion points both for self-study and in-class use. EAP teachers will find this book to be a great source of tips for training students, and for preparing both instructive and entertaining lessons. Other books in the series cover: presentations at international conferences; academic correspondence; English grammar, usage and style; interacting on campus, plus exercise books and a teacher's guide to the whole series. Please visit http://www.springer.com/series/13913 for a full list of titles in the series. Adrian Wallwork is the author of more than 30 ELT and EAP textbooks. He has trained several thousand PhD students and academics from 35 countries to write research papers, prepare presentations, and communicate with editors, referees and fellow researchers.

Book English for Research  Usage  Style  and Grammar

Download or read book English for Research Usage Style and Grammar written by Adrian Wallwork and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-26 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide is based on a study of referees' reports and letters from journal editors on the reasons why papers written by non-native researchers are rejected due to problems with English usage, style and grammar. It draws on English-related errors from around 5000 papers written by non-native authors, 500 abstracts by PhD students, and over 1000 hours of teaching researchers how to write and present research papers. English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar covers those areas of English usage that typically cause researchers difficulty: articles (a/an, the), uncountable nouns, tenses (e.g., simple present, simple past, present perfect), modal verbs, active vs. passive form, relative clauses, infinitive vs. -ing form, the genitive, noun strings, link words (e.g., moreover, in addition), quantifiers (e.g., each vs. every), word order, prepositions, acronyms, abbreviations, numbers and measurements, punctuation, and spelling. Due to its focus on the specific errors that repeatedly appear in papers written by non-native authors, this manual is an ideal study guide for use in universities and research institutes. The book is cross-referenced with the following titles: • English for Academic Research: Grammar Exercises • English for Academic Research: Vocabulary Exercises • English for Academic Research: Writing Exercises • English for Writing Research Papers Adrian Wallwork is the author of more than 30 English Language Teaching (ELT) and English for Academic Purposes (EAP) textbooks. He has trained several thousand PhD students and researchers from 40 countries to prepare and give presentations. Since 1984 he has been revising research manuscripts through his own proofreading and editing service.

Book Science Research Writing  For Native And Non native Speakers Of English  Second Edition

Download or read book Science Research Writing For Native And Non native Speakers Of English Second Edition written by Hilary Glasman-deal and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2020-11-27 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book enables STEMM researchers to write effective papers for publication as well as other research-related texts such as a doctoral thesis, technical report, or conference abstract.Science Research Writing uses a reverse-engineering approach to writing developed from extensive work with STEMM researchers at Imperial College London. This approach unpacks current models of STEMM research writing and helps writers to generate the writing tools needed to operate those models effectively in their own field. The reverse-engineering approach also ensures that writers develop future-proof strategies that will evolve alongside the coming changes in research communication platforms.The Second Edition has been extensively revised and updated to represent current practice and focuses on the writing needs of both early-stage doctoral STEMM researchers and experienced professional researchers at the highest level, whether or not they are native speakers of English. The book retains the practical, user-friendly format of the First Edition, and now contains seven units that deal separately with the components of written STEMM research communication: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Abstract and Title, as well as extensive FAQ responses and a new Checklist and Tips section. Each unit analyses extracts from recent published STEMM journal papers to enable researchers to discover not only what to write, but, crucially, how to write it.The global nature of science research requires fast, accurate communication of highly complex information that can be understood by all participants. Like the First Edition, the Second Edition is intended as a fast, do-it-yourself guide to make both the process and the product of STEMM research writing more effective.Related Link(s)

Book English for Academic Research  Writing Exercises

Download or read book English for Academic Research Writing Exercises written by Adrian Wallwork and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-13 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based on a study of referees' reports and letters from journal editors on reasons why papers written by non-native researchers are rejected due to problems with English (long sentences, redundancy, poor structure etc). It draws on English-related errors from around 5000 papers written by non-native authors, around 3000 emails, 500 abstracts by PhD students, and over 1000 hours of teaching researchers how to write and present research papers. The exercises are organized into ten chapters on: punctuation and spelling word order writing short sentences and paragraphs link words - connecting phrases and sentences together being concise and removing redundancy ambiguity and political correctness paraphrasing and avoiding plagiarism defining, comparing, evaluating and highlighting anticipating possible objections, indicating level of certainty, discussion limitations, hedging, future work writing each section of a paper Some exercises require no actual writing but simply choosing between various options, thus facilitating self-study, e-reading and rapid progress. In those exercises where extended writing is required, model answers are given. Exercise types are repeated for different contexts, for example the importance of being concise is tested for use in papers, referees' reports, and emails of various types. Such repetition of similar types of exercises is design ed to facilitate revision. The exercises can also be integrated into English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and English for Special Purposes (ESP) courses at universities and research institutes. The book can be used in conjunction with the other exercise books in the series and is cross-referenced to: English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar English for Writing Research Papers

Book The Student Mindset

    Book Details:
  • Author : Steve Oakes
  • Publisher : Crown House Publishing Ltd
  • Release : 2018-11-28
  • ISBN : 1785833936
  • Pages : 150 pages

Download or read book The Student Mindset written by Steve Oakes and published by Crown House Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2018-11-28 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Student Mindset: A 30-item toolkit for anyone learning anything, Steve Oakes and Martin Griffin provide clear, effective and engaging tools designed to help students plan, organise and execute successful learning. Successful students find a way to succeed. They get the results they want. And they achieve this not by superior ability, but by sticking to habits, routines and strategies that deliver those results. By cutting through the noise surrounding academic success and character development, bestselling authors Steve Oakes and Martin Griffin have identified the five key traits and behaviours that all students need in order to achieve their goals: vision, effort, systems, practice and attitude (VESPA). These characteristics beat cognition hands down, and in The Student Mindset Steve and Martin provide a ready-made series of study strategies, approaches and tactics designed to nurture these qualities and transform your motivation, commitment and productivity. The book's thirty activities, while categorised thematically under the VESPA umbrella, have been organised around six key phases of learning so that you can recognise which phase you're in before choosing from the range of tools and techniques to help you get through it. The six co-existing key phases are: preparation; starting study; collecting and shaping; adapting, testing and performing; flow and feedback; and dealing with the dip. At each phase you'll experience challenges and discover new ways of working, and this book's activities have been designed to help you gain control and become a better learner by sharing workload management tactics and revision strategies associated with calm, purposeful study and ultimately getting good results. These tools include a range of effective prioritisation, stress reduction, procrastination-busting and mindset development approaches all neatly packaged into this outstanding practical guide to becoming a successful and confident student. Suitable for all students. Shortlisted for the Non Obvious Book Award.

Book Writing Up Research

Download or read book Writing Up Research written by Robert Weissberg and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1990-01-01 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text is for students who are entering graduate-level studies in their academic fields and/or who need to write research results in the form of technical papers, journal articles, theses, or dissertations.

Book Writing Essays For Dummies  UK Edition

Download or read book Writing Essays For Dummies UK Edition written by Mary Page and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-12-23 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This straight-talking guide will help you develop your essay-writing skills and achieve higher marks Do ever wish that you could write the perfect university essay? Are you left baffled about where to start? This easy-to-use guide walks you through the nuts and bolts of academic writing, helping you develop your essay-writing skills and achieve higher marks. From identifying the essay type and planning a structure, to honing your research skills, managing your time, finding an essay voice, and referencing correctly, Writing Essays For Dummies shows you how to stay on top of each stage of the essay-writing process, to help you produce a well-crafted and confident final document. Writing Essays For Dummies covers: Part I: Navigating a World of Information Chapter 1: Mapping Your Way: Starting to Write Essays Chapter 2: Identifying the essay type Part II: Researching, Recording and Reformulating Chapter 3: Eyes Down: Academic reading Chapter 4: Researching Online Chapter 5: Note-taking and Organising your Material Chapter 6: Avoiding Plagiarism Part III: Putting Pen to Paper Chapter 7: Writing as a process Chapter 8: Getting Going and Keeping Going Part IV: Mastering Language and Style Chapter 9: Writing with Confidence Chapter 10: Penning the Perfect Paragraph Chapter 11: Finding Your Voice Part V: Tightening Your Structure and Organisation Chapter 12: Preparing the Aperitif: The Introduction Chapter 13: Serving the Main Course: The Essay’s Body Chapter 14: Dishing up Dessert: The Conclusion Chapter 15: Acknowledging Sources of Information Part VI: Finishing with a Flourish: The Final Touches Chapter 16: It’s all in the detail Chapter 17: Perfecting Your Presentation Chapter 18: The afterglow Part VII: Part of Tens Chapter 19: Ten Tips to Avoid Things Going Wrong Chapter 20: Ten Ways to Make Your Essay Stand Out

Book The Craft of Research  2nd edition

Download or read book The Craft of Research 2nd edition written by Wayne C. Booth and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1995, more than 150,000 students and researchers have turned to The Craft of Research for clear and helpful guidance on how to conduct research and report it effectively . Now, master teachers Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams present a completely revised and updated version of their classic handbook. Like its predecessor, this new edition reflects the way researchers actually work: in a complex circuit of thinking, writing, revising, and rethinking. It shows how each part of this process influences the others and how a successful research report is an orchestrated conversation between a researcher and a reader. Along with many other topics, The Craft of Research explains how to build an argument that motivates readers to accept a claim; how to anticipate the reservations of thoughtful yet critical readers and to respond to them appropriately; and how to create introductions and conclusions that answer that most demanding question, "So what?" Celebrated by reviewers for its logic and clarity, this popular book retains its five-part structure. Part 1 provides an orientation to the research process and begins the discussion of what motivates researchers and their readers. Part 2 focuses on finding a topic, planning the project, and locating appropriate sources. This section is brought up to date with new information on the role of the Internet in research, including how to find and evaluate sources, avoid their misuse, and test their reliability. Part 3 explains the art of making an argument and supporting it. The authors have extensively revised this section to present the structure of an argument in clearer and more accessible terms than in the first edition. New distinctions are made among reasons, evidence, and reports of evidence. The concepts of qualifications and rebuttals are recast as acknowledgment and response. Part 4 covers drafting and revising, and offers new information on the visual representation of data. Part 5 concludes the book with an updated discussion of the ethics of research, as well as an expanded bibliography that includes many electronic sources. The new edition retains the accessibility, insights, and directness that have made The Craft of Research an indispensable guide for anyone doing research, from students in high school through advanced graduate study to businesspeople and government employees. The authors demonstrate convincingly that researching and reporting skills can be learned and used by all who undertake research projects. New to this edition: Extensive coverage of how to do research on the internet, including how to evaluate and test the reliability of sources New information on the visual representation of data Expanded bibliography with many electronic sources

Book Introduction to Academic Writing

Download or read book Introduction to Academic Writing written by Alice Oshima and published by Longman Publishing Group. This book was released on 2007 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book helps "students to master the standard organizational patterns of the paragraph and the basic concepts of essay writing. The text's time-proven approach integrates the study of rhetorical patterns and the writing process with extensive practice in sentence structure and mechanics." - product description.

Book Writing Science

Download or read book Writing Science written by Joshua Schimel and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2012-01-26 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes an integrated approach, using the principles of story structure to discuss every aspect of successful science writing, from the overall structure of a paper or proposal to individual sections, paragraphs, sentences, and words. It begins by building core arguments, analyzing why some stories are engaging and memorable while others are quickly forgotten, and proceeds to the elements of story structure, showing how the structures scientists and researchers use in papers and proposals fit into classical models. The book targets the internal structure of a paper, explaining how to write clear and professional sections, paragraphs, and sentences in a way that is clear and compelling.

Book English for Academic Purposes

Download or read book English for Academic Purposes written by Andrew Graham and published by Critical Publishing. This book was released on 2018-10-01 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Useful as a course book or as a self-study guide, this text is essential reading for all international students studying for a British qualification at university. It provides a clear guide to the areas that need to be considered in order to research and produce a well presented and cohesive piece of academic writing. The steps outlined, and the language used, are accessible, and graded to a level that steadily introduces new writing concepts to students studying for a degree in a second or additional language. In particular it covers planning, conducting research, critical thinking, structuring an essay, use of sources and referencing, and feedback and revision.

Book Your First Research Paper

Download or read book Your First Research Paper written by Henry Burton and published by . This book was released on 2021-03-21 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Need to write a top quality research paper - even if you have never written one before and don't know where to start? If you need to submit a formal paper to pass that class you probably want to be able to get it right the first time. You might wonder how you can achieve a top result. This book is here to teach you exactly that. You will learn everything you need to know to make sure that your paper is of top quality, publishable, and prepared to be submitted on time. Did you know that writing a successful research paper does not need to be difficult? In this book you will learn how to best approach the writing process, set up an effective structure for your paper and get started - which is often the hardest part. With these learnings you will be able to design a thesis, present your data, and convey everything in a manner that is effective and to academic standards. In this comprehensive guide you will learn: How to create a solid research question (with examples) The standard formatting of a research paper (as well as the purpose of each section of it) Everything you need to know about intellectual property rights How to use references and footnotes How to get published You will also learn: How to overcome writer's block, stay on track, and make sure that you complete the writing process as painlessly as possible and on time How to adapt an academic writing style and improve the quality of your writing (with examples) A secret formula on how to make your paper effective A checklist with all the must-do's before submitting your paper to ensure you're getting a top result Are you ready to write a quality research paper that brings results? Do not hesitate--you can start writing proper, formal research papers today if you scroll up right now, click the "Buy Now" button at the top of the page and start working through this proven guide with ease. The hardest part is getting started--and you can start now!

Book How to Write a Scientific Paper

    Book Details:
  • Author : Jari Saramäki
  • Publisher : Independently Published
  • Release : 2018-11-03
  • ISBN : 9781730784163
  • Pages : 120 pages

Download or read book How to Write a Scientific Paper written by Jari Saramäki and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2018-11-03 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What if writing scientific papers was faster, easier, and a bit less painful? This book provides a step-by-step, top-down approach that makes it easier to turn your hard-won results into research papers that your fellow scientists want to read and cite. "I just wrote a (rough) first draft of a paper during a 3-hour flight, and if it wasn't for these teachings, this would have taken me days (if not weeks)!" -Talayeh Aledavood, James S. McDonnell Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Helsinki The book's systematic approach builds on what I've learned through coauthoring close to 100 research papers with students. You'll learn how to outline your paper from top to down, how to develop your story, and how to think about what to write before you write it. You'll also learn how to deal with many issues that writers of science commonly face, from the fear of the blank page to dealing with critical reviews. Here's what you get: A complete step-by-step plan for writing a scientific paper, from choosing which results to include to wrapping up the paper in the Discussion section Concrete, actionable, and practical advice, from a paragraph-level template for the Introduction to guidance on preparing plots and figures Lots of writing tips, from placing signposts in your text to shortening and straightening your sentences This book has been written for the PhD student who is aiming to write a journal article on her research results, but it should also be useful to any scientist who has ever found writing difficult. Whatever the stage of your career, if you'd like to learn how to write research papers systematically and efficiently, this is the book for you! The book includes PART I: STORY 1. How To Choose The Key Point Of Your Paper 2. How To Choose The Supporting Results 3. How To Write The Abstract 4. How To Choose The Title PART II: OUTLINE 5. The Power Of Outlining 6. How To Write The Introduction, Part I: Structure 7. How To Write The Introduction, Part II: A Four-Paragraph Template 8. How To Write The Introduction, Part III: The Lede 9. How To Write The Materials And Methods 10. How To Write The Results, Part I: Figures 11. How To Write The Results, Part II: Text 12. How To Write The Discussion PART III: WORDS 13. How Does Your Reader Read? 14. How To Write Your First Draft 15. How To Edit Your First Draft 16. Tips For Revising Content And Structure 17. Tips For Editing Sentences PART IV: IT'S NOT OVER YET 18. How To Write The Cover Letter 19. How To Deal With Reviews About the author I am a professor of computational science and an experienced academic with around 100 published papers. My research is interdisciplinary, to say the least: I have studied the social fabric of smartphone users, the genetic structure of ant supercolonies, the connectome of the human brain, networks of public transport, and the molecular biology of the human immune system, to name a few. So one could say that I have a broad range of scientific interests (or that I simply cannot choose). But that's exactly the way I like it!

Book Write an Impactful Research Paper

Download or read book Write an Impactful Research Paper written by Martins Zaumanis and published by . This book was released on 2021-04-11 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forget the struggles of writing a research paper - there is no need for headaches, self-doubt, and endless revisions. This book offers a blueprint for confident scientific writing even if you don't possess the writing gene. You will learn: How to become a prolific writer using four research paper writing steps called the "LEAP" How to make sense of research results and frame a message that convinces the readers How to answer viscous reviewers and get your paper accepted at the best journals What eight unwritten academic publishing rules you should follow to attract many citations Instead of fearing the writing process, the book will show you how to leverage it as a way of understanding the research results. What's included: * A book full of actionable advice for becoming efficient at writing papers * Free tools, templates, and internet resources for writing, grammar editing, collaborative writing, journal selection, and more * Two printable cheat sheets that summarize the advice from this book

Book Academic Writing Genres  Essays  Reports   Other Genres

Download or read book Academic Writing Genres Essays Reports Other Genres written by Sheldon Smith and published by Eap Foundation. This book was released on 2019-04-19 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overview of EAP Foundation: Academic Writing Genres Students at university are expected to write in a range of forms, from essays to reports and other genres. EAP Foundation: Academic Writing Genres, part of the EAP Foundation series of books, examines frequently encountered forms of academic writing, identifying common features such as structure and language, and providing clear models, in order to scaffold learning and provide a way for students to master each one. Contents of the book The first section of the book looks in detail at essay writing, the most common genre for academic study. It begins by looking at the content and structure of a typical essay, then looks at different essay types, namely comparison and contrast, cause and effect, problem-solution, classification, argument, discussion, definition, process, exemplification, and description. The second section of the book looks at report writing, the next most common genre for academic study, beginning with an overview of report writing, followed by a detailed look at the two most common report types, namely laboratory reports and business reports. Other report types are also covered. The third section covers other genres which do not fit into the essay or report category. They are posters, reflective writing, book reviews, research proposals, and theses/dissertations. The fourth and final section considers genre elements. These are types of writing which can form part of other genres, but can also be stand-alone pieces of writing, and need looking at in detail. They are abstracts and literature reviews. About the EAP Foundation series The EAP Foundation series of books is written for students who are preparing for, or currently studying at, a Western university, including those on foundation or pre-sessional courses. The units focus on presenting practical information in a straightforward and readable manner. There are additional tips in each unit to help students perform well, and numerous 'In short' boxes which give a summary of the main points, for quick previewing and reviewing of the unit. Each unit contains a checklist, which can be used to give feedback on writing (self or peer). Each unit concludes with a range of exercises to check comprehension and deepen understanding. Full answers to exercises are provided at the end of the book. All books in the series come with free additional online resources, accessed via the code given in the Appendices. In short Whatever your course of study, this book will provide an indispensable guide to all forms of writing you will encounter.