Download or read book Photo generated Electrons in TiO2 Properties Behaviors Reactions and Applications written by Jiawei Liu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and TiO2-based materials are one of the most promising photocatalysts known today due to its stable, widespread, low-cost properties and suitable band position. Since the first discovery of TiO2's photocatalytic activity in 1972, it has been extensively studied for the application in solar energy utilization, including solar cell, waste water/VOCs control, hydrogen production, and photocatalytic conversion of solar energy to chemical energy (artificial photosynthesis). Despite the fact that TiO2 and TiO2-based photocatalysts suffer the disadvantages of wide band gap and relatively slow reaction rate, many applications have been available on market such as the UV/TiO2 indoor air purifier, self-cleaning coatings, and solar cells. In order to further improve the performance, the fundamental research of the mechanism and reaction pathways have attracted much attention on the steps of photoexcitation, the subsequent diffusion and accumulation of charges, and the photoreduction/oxidation reactions. In this dissertation, the accumulation and diffusion of photo-generated conduction-band electrons (e-CB) and shallow-trap electrons (e-ST), which are considered as key steps in photocatalysis, is studied in detail with the help of in situ Infrared (IR) techniques. e-CB was produced by light faster than e-ST, and then injected to the trap sites. N-doping onto TiO2 produced a higher population of e-ST and generated e-ST and e-CB at a lower rate than TiO2. The average energy level of e-ST was determined to be 0.30 eV for TiO2 and 0.26 eV for N-TiO2 below the conduction band. Comparison study of 5 organic hole scavengers on TiO2 illustrates the critical correlation of photo-generated electrons with two key chemical bonds: (i) e-ST influences the surface electrical field, leading to the Stark effect (C-H), and (ii) e-CB fills in the Ti 3d orbitals, which reversibly breaks Ti-O bonds. The tunability of photo-generated electrons and reaction pathways by organic hole scavengers were achieved, leading to different final products. Finally, the study of photo-generated electrons in TiO2 and N-TiO2 Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) suggests that nitrogen (N-) doping on TiO2 blocked linear OH, exhibiting a more hydrophobic surface characteristic than undoped TiO2. N-doping further increased the electron-hole separation by solar light on working electrode and the current density in the DSSC.We hope this systematic study on photo-generated electrons will shed light on the understanding of fundamental photocatalytic processes and be beneficial for the future design of catalysts, devices, and processes.

Download or read book TiO2 Photocatalysis written by Akira Fujishima and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Titanium Dioxide TiO2 and Its Applications written by Francesco Parrino and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-11-29 with total page 735 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific interest in TiO2-based materials has exponentially grown in the last few decades. Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Its Applications introduces the main physicochemical properties of TiO2 which are the basis of its applications in various fields. While the basic principles of the TiO2 properties have been the subject of various previous publications, this book is mainly devoted to TiO2 applications. The book includes contributions written by experts from a wide range of disciplines in order to address titanium dioxide's utilization in energy, consumer, materials, devices, and catalytic applications. The various applications identified include: photocatalysis, catalysis, optics, electronics, energy storage and production, ceramics, pigments, cosmetics, sensors, and heat transfer. Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Its Applications is suitable for a wide readership in the disciplines of materials science, chemistry, and engineering in both academia and industry. - Includes a wide range of current and emerging applications of titanium dioxide in the fields of energy, consumer applications, materials, and devices - Provides a brief overview of titanium dioxide and its properties, as well as techniques to design, deposit, and study the material - Discusses the relevant properties, preparation methods, and other apposite considerations in each application-focused chapter

Download or read book Synthesis Properties and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials written by José A. Rodriguez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-03-30 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current oxide nanomaterials knowledge to draw from and build on Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials summarizes the existing knowledge in oxide-based materials research. It gives researchers one comprehensive resource that consolidates general theoretical knowledge alongside practical applications. Organized by topic for easy access, this reference: * Covers the fundamental science, synthesis, characterization, physicochemical properties, and applications of oxide nanomaterials * Explains the fundamental aspects (quantum-mechanical and thermodynamic) that determine the behavior and growth mode of nanostructured oxides * Examines synthetic procedures using top-down and bottom-up fabrication technologies involving liquid-solid or gas-solid transformations * Discusses the sophisticated experimental techniques and state-of-the-art theory used to characterize the structural and electronic properties of nanostructured oxides * Describes applications such as sorbents, sensors, ceramic materials, electrochemical and photochemical devices, and catalysts for reducing environmental pollution, transforming hydrocarbons, and producing hydrogen With its combination of theory and real-world applications plus extensive bibliographic references, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials consolidates a wealth of current, complex information in one volume for practicing chemists, physicists, and materials scientists, and for engineers and researchers in government, industry, and academia. It's also an outstanding reference for graduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering, physics, and materials science.

Download or read book Photocatalysts written by Sher Bahadar Khan and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-03-06 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book enlightens the type, chemical structure, and application of photo-catalysts. It covers the recent developments in photo-catalysts and their applications, particularly in photo-catalytic degradation of different organic pollutants, hydrogen production, etc. It provides a concise but complete coverage and overview of photocatalysts and their recent advances for a broad audience: beginners, graduate students, and specialists in both academic and industrial sectors.

Download or read book Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis written by Vladimiro Dal Santo and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-05-27 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although the seminal work of Fujishima et al. dates back to 1971, TiO2 still remains the most diffused and studied semiconductor, employed in photo-oxidation processes for cleantech (i.e., polluted water and air treatment), in solar fuel production (mainly hydrogen production by water photo splitting), and in Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) processes by CO2 photoreduction. The eleven articles, among them three reviews, in this book cover recent results and research trends of various aspects of titanium dioxide photocatalysis, with the chief aim of improving the final efficiency of TiO2-based materials. Strategies include doping, metal co-catalyst deposition, and the realization of composites with plasmonic materials, other semiconductors, and graphene. Photocatalysts with high efficiency and selectivity can be also obtained by controlling the precise crystal shape (and homogeneous size) and the organization in superstructures from ultrathin films to hierarchical nanostructures. Finally, the theoretical modeling of TiO2 nanoparticles is discussed and highlighted. The range of topics addressed in this book will stimulate the reader’s interest as well as provide a valuable source of information for researchers in academia and industry.

Download or read book Semiconductor Photocatalysis written by Wenbin Cao and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 678 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photocatalysis is a hot topic because it is an environmentally friendly approach toward the conversion of light energy into chemical energy at mild reaction environments. Also, it is well applied in several major areas such as water splitting, bacterial inactivation, and pollutants elimination, which is a possible solution to energy shortage and environmental issues. The fundamental knowledge and the frontier research progress in typical photocatalytic materials, such as TiO2-based and non-TiO2-based photocatalysts, are included in this book. Methods to improve the photocatalytic efficiency and to provide a hint for the rational design of the new photocatalysts are covered.

Download or read book Applications of Titanium Dioxide Materials written by xiaoping wu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a stable, non-toxic inorganic material. Because of very high refractive index, TiO2 has been widely used as a white pigment. The optimal particle sizes of TiO2 for pigment applications are around 250 nm. The pigmentary applications of TiO2 can be found in many common products such as paints, plastics, paper and ink. Global titanium dioxide pigment sales have reached several million tons annually. Titanium dioxide is also a semiconducting material. When excited by photons which have energy equal to or higher than the band gap of TiO2, electron/hole pairs can be generated. The dynamics of the photo-generated electron/hole pairs of TiO2 is fundamentally important to its photocatalytic properties. More recently, nano-structured TiO2 has raised a great deal of interests in research after the discoveries of the important potentials for applications. The enormous efforts have been put in the preparation, characterization, scientific understandings, and modifications of the photocatalytic properties of TiO2. The applications of nano-structured TiO2 can be now found in a wide range of areas including electronic materials, energy, environment, health & medicine, catalysts, etc. This chapter has discussed and highlighted the development of the applications of titanium dioxide materials in many of those areas.

Download or read book TiO2 Nanoparticles written by Aiguo Wu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique book that summarizes the properties, toxicology, and biomedical applications of TiO2-based nanoparticles Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important for products used in our daily lives. Nanometer-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) are widely used in industry for different purposes, such as painting, sunscreen, printing, cosmetics, biomedicine, and so on. This book summarizes the advances of TiO2 based nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine, covering materials properties, toxicological research, and biomedical application, such as antibacter, biosensing, and cancer theranostics. It uniquely integrates the TiO2 applications from physical properties, toxicology to various biomedical applications, and includes black TiO2 based cancer theranostics. Beginning with a comprehensive introduction to the properties and applications of nanoparticles, TiO2 Nanoparticles: Applications in Nanobiotechnology, Theranostics and Nanomedicine offers chapters on: Toxicity of TiO2 Nanoparticles; Antibacterial Applications of TiO2 Nanoparticles; Surface Enhanced Raman Spectrum of TiO2 Nanoparticle for Biosensing (TiO2 Nanoparticle Served as SERS Sensing Substrate); TiO2 as Inorganic Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy; Cancer Theranostics of Black TiO2 Nanoparticles; and Neurodegenerative Disease Diagnostics and Therapy of TiO2-Based Nanoparticles. This title: -Blends the physical properties, toxicology of TiO2 nanoparticles to the many biomedical applications -Includes black TiO2 based cancer theranostics in its coverage -Appeals to a broad audience of researchers in academia and industry working on nanomaterials-based biosensing, drug delivery, nanomedicine TiO2 Nanoparticles: Applications in Nanobiotechnology, Theranostics and Nanomedicine is an ideal book for medicinal chemists, analytical chemists, biochemists, materials scientists, toxicologists, and those in the pharmaceutical industry.

Download or read book Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications written by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-07-19 with total page 1143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications explores the use of novel nanomaterials in the industrial arena. The book covers nanomaterials and the techniques that can play vital roles in many industrial procedures, such as increasing sensitivity, magnifying precision and improving production limits. In addition, the book stresses that these approaches tend to provide green, sustainable solutions for industrial developments. Finally, the legal, economical and toxicity aspects of nanomaterials are covered in detail, making this is a comprehensive, important resource for anyone wanting to learn more about how nanomaterials are changing the way we create products in modern industry. - Demonstrates how cutting-edge developments in nanomaterials translate into real-world innovations in a range of industry sectors - Explores how using nanomaterials can help engineers to create innovative consumer products - Discusses the legal, economical and toxicity issues arising from the industrial applications of nanomaterials

Download or read book Synthesis of TiO2 based nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications written by Kranthi Kumar Akurati and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2008-10-27 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Various gas phase synthesis routes have been employed to produce TiO2 based nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications. Synthesis routes have been selected depending up on the feasibility/constraints of the particular process to produce a given kind of material. The first attempt at producing the photocatalysts involved the synthesis of pure TiO2 nanoparticles by a flame aerosol process. The growth behaviour of TiO2 particles which has significant influence on their crystallinity and surface area, has been controlled by varying the process parameters and selecting suitable flame configurations. An existing method to determine the crystallinity of the powder has been modified which facilitates comparison of the degree of crystallinity of the nanoparticles synthesized by various methods. Resultant TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen physisorption to determine the degree of crystallinity quantitatively and surface area, respectively, and the decomposition rate of an industrial dye, methylene blue, has been taken as the measure of the photocatalytic activity (PCA). The importance of an optimum combination of crystallinity and surface area for improved PCA has been shown by comparing the PCA of the as-synthesized nanoparticles with commercial TiO2 (Degussa P25). By depositing another semiconductor material on TiO2, PCA of the resultant composite photocatalyst can be improved due to the effective separation of the charge carriers. The deposited semiconductor has been chosen by virtue of its conduction band potential which should be higher than that of the TiO2. Accordingly, SnO2/TiO2 composite nanoparticles have been synthesized in a single-step by feeding evaporated precursor mixtures into an atmospheric pressure diffusion flame. For the lowest concentration (3.4 mol %) of SnO2 employed in this study anatase phase of TiO2 is stabilized, while segregation of SnO2 is seen at medium (6.9 to 12.4 mol %) and high concentrations (20.3 mol %). Though the equilibrium phase diagram predicts complete solubility of one oxide in another at all compositions, segregation of SnO2 phase is observed which is explained by the usage of diffusion flame in the present study. A particle formation mechanism of SnO2/TiO2 composites is proposed based on the single component aerosol formation. Photocatalytic activity of the composite particles is tested for the degradation of methylene blue and is compared with pure TiO2 synthesized under similar conditions. Improved photocatalytic activity of the composite particles is attributed to the stabilized anatase phase and better charge separation due to the coupling of TiO2 and SnO2 within the composite nanoparticles. The adsorption properties of the SnO2/TiO2 particles are similar to the pure TiO2 particles and the PCA can be further improved coupling the advantages of adsorption properties and charge carrier separation in a single system. WO3 is the kind of semiconductor material that has suitable conduction band potential and surface acidity to perform the dual function mentioned above. Due to the non-availability of the suitable volatile precursor for WO3, WO3/TiO2 composite nanoparticles have been synthesized by using flame spray synthesis. W and Ti precursors were dissolved in a suitable solvent and sprayed into the high temperature acetylene flame using an atomizing gas. Particles with controlled W:Ti ratios were produced at various flow rates of precursor solution and the resulting powders were characterized by BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area analysis, XRD, TEM (Transmission electron microscopy), Raman and ATR-IR (Attenuated total reflection infrared) spectroscopy. Two-dimensional coordinatively unsaturated wolframyl species were well dispersed on the TiO2 surface for the samples equal to or less than 3.6 mol% WO3 and contributed to increase the surface acidity. Crystalline WO3 was formed for the samples above 3.6 mol% WO3. The formation of crystalline WO3 is attributed to the enhanced rate of condensation of W species with increasing loading of tungsten. The variation of lambda (defined as the ratio of the actual oxygen-to-fuel ratio of the reactants to the stoichiometric fuel-to-oxygen ratio) affects the type of surface species dispersed on TiO2 particles and thereby the resultant acidity. The improved photocatalytic activity of the composite particles is attributed to the increased surface acidity and better charge separation due to the coupling of WOx species and TiO2 within the composite nanoparticles. The development of a practical photocatalytic system focuses on the cost effectiveness of the process. The usage of the expensive solar concentrators and artificial ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for photocatalytic reactions has negative influences on the cost effectiveness. In addition to the cost effectiveness resulting from using solar energy, abundance of the visible light (55 % compared to 6 % of UV) motivates to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles that absorb visible light. Nitrogen doped TiO2 nanoparticles that absorbs visible light have been synthesized by hot-wall reactor synthesis. The extent of doping of nitrogen is controlled by varying the hot-wall reactor temperature and the flow rate of the gaseous reactants. Increasing the nitrogen concentration above a certain value reduces the PCA and is attributed to the formation of Ti3+ that act as recombination centre for the charge carriers. The concentration of nitrogen at which significant Ti3+ formation takes place has been systematically investigated by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurements.

Download or read book Emerging Trends in TiO2 Photocatalysis and Applications written by Trong-On Do and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-28 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been evolved as a prototypical material to understand the photocatalytic process, and has been demonstrated for various photocatalytic applications such as pollutants degradation, water splitting, heavy metal reduction, CO2 conversion, N2 fixation, bacterial disinfection, etc. Rigorous photocatalytic studies on TiO2 have paved the way to understanding the various chemical processes involved and the physical parameters (optical and electrical) required to design and construct diverse photocatalytic systems. Accordingly, it has been realized that an effective photocatalyst should have ideal band edge potential, narrow band gap energy, reduced charge recombination, enhanced charge separation, improved interfacial charge transfer, surface-rich catalytic sites, etc. As a result, many strategies have been developed to design a variety of photocatalytic systems, which include doping, composite formation, sensitization, co-catalyst loading, etc. Towards highlighting the above-mentioned diversities in TiO2 photocatalysis, there have been many interesting original research works on TiO2, involving material designs for various photocatalytic applications published in this Special Issue. In addition, some excellent review papers have also been published in this Special Issue, focusing on the various TiO2-based photocatalytic systems and their mechanisms and applications.

Download or read book Hierarchical Nanostructures for Energy Devices written by Seung H Ko and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2014-10-29 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface area has a directly relationship with the efficiency of energy devices. Hierarchical nanostructuring has the potential to greatly increase surface area, and their electrical properties are favourable, not only to energy generation and storage, but also energy-consuming electronic circuits. This book provides systematic coverage of how nanostructured materials can be applied to energy devices, with an emphasis on the process of generation to storage and consumption. The fundamentals (including properties, characterisation and synthesis) are clearly presented across the first chapters of the book, providing readers new to the field with a clear overview of this expanding topic. The detailed discussion of applications will be an inspiration to those already well-versed in the field. The editors have more than a decade of experience in working on all aspects of energy generation and storage - in academia, national laboratories and industry. The book presents a balanced view from all sectors and is presented in a format accessible by postgraduate students and professional researchers alike.

Download or read book Nanocarbon and Its Composites written by Anish Khan and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2018-11-30 with total page 874 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanocarbon and Its Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications provides a detailed and comprehensive review of all major innovations in the field of nanocarbons and their composites, including preparation, properties and applications. Coverage is broad and quite extensive, encouraging future research in carbon-based materials, which are in high demand due to the need to develop more sustainable, recyclable and eco-friendly methods for materials. Chapters are written by eminent scholars and leading experts from around the globe who discuss the properties and applications of carbon-based materials, such as nanotubes (buckytubes), fullerenes, cones, horns, rods, foams, nanodiamonds and carbon black, and much more. Chapters provide cutting-edge, up-to-date research findings on the use of carbon-based materials in different application fields and illustrate how to achieve significant enhancements in physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties. - Demonstrates systematic approaches and investigations from design, synthesis, characterization and applications of nanocarbon based composites - Aims to compile information on the various aspects of synthesis, properties and applications of nano-carbon based materials - Presents a useful reference and technical guide for university academics and postgraduate students (Masters and Ph.D.)

Download or read book Introduction to Photocatalysis written by Yoshio Nosaka and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-03-07 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the basic science of semiconductor photocatalysis together with the various practical applications, this textbook is ideal for graduate students. It covers fundamental principles and applicable techniques of light, solid state physics, electrochemistry, reaction kinetics, and materials processing. A solid understanding of semiconductor photoelectrochemistry is developed through discussing the basic properties of a representative photocatalytic material, TiO2; the basic science of the light absorption phenomenon and the application to the powder suspension useful for the photocatalytic research; and the electronic state of semiconductors. Following this, the textbook moves on to explore photoelectrochemistry; the mechanism and kinetic analysis of photocatalytic reactions; typical fabrication methods of common photocatalysts and the factors for improving photocatalytic activity; and evaluation methods of photocatalytic activity. The textbook concludes by looking at the future prospects of the applications of photocatalysis. This introductory textbook provides a foundation in photocatalysis to supplement graduate courses in catalysis, environmental science, materials science and chemical engineering.

Download or read book Titanium Dioxide written by Dongfang Yang and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-06-27 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Titanium dioxide is currently being used in many industrial products. It provides unique photocatalytic properties for water splitting and purification, bacterial inactivation, and organics degradation. It has also been widely used as the photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells and coatings for self-cleaning surfaces, biomedical implants, and nanomedicine. This book covers various aspects of titanium dioxide nanomaterials including their unique one-dimensional, two-dimensional, mesoporous, and hierarchical nanostructures and their synthetic methods such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, anodic oxidation, and electrophoretic deposition, as well as its key applications in environmental and energy sectors. Through these 24 chapters written by experts from the international scientific community, readers will have access to a comprehensive overview of the recent research and development findings on the titanium dioxide nanomaterials.

Download or read book Photocatalysis written by Dionysios D Dionysiou and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016-03-30 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From environmental remediation to alternative fuels, this book explores the numerous important applications of photocatalysis. The book covers topics such as the photocatalytic processes in the treatment of water and air; the fundamentals of solar photocatalysis; the challenges involved in developing self-cleaning photocatalytic materials; photocatalytic hydrogen generation; photocatalysts in the synthesis of chemicals; and photocatalysis in food packaging and biomedical and medical applications. The book also critically discusses concepts for the future of photocatalysis, providing a fascinating insight for researchers. Together with Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Perspectives, these volumes provide a complete overview to photocatalysis.