Download or read book Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Rapid and Slow Acting Antimalarial Drugs written by Qigui Li and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artemisinin and its derivatives are highly effective antimalarial drugs. These compounds combine potent and rapid antimalarial activity with a wide therapeutic index. An initiation of artemisinin resistance, described by a delayed parasite clearance time, is unlikely to cause high-level resistance. Artemisinins as a class demonstrate poor efficacy as monotherapy. This shortcoming can be overcome using oral artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) and intravenous-artesunate (IV-AS) in combination with slow-acting partner drugs. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) evaluation demonstrates that the rapid efficacy of artemisinins is largely due to drug peak concentrations. Critical evaluation also demonstrates that AS is superior in PK/PD either following oral or intravenous administration when compared to the other rapid-acting artemisinins. This rapid efficacy and decreased mortality demonstrates that currently available artemisinins have a great advantage when combined with slow-acting antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated malaria or in sequential therapy with AS injection initially for severe and complicated malaria. Compared to other ACTs, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) demonstrates a superior in PK/PD profile, most likely due to the long half-life of piperaquine. These findings will help us better understand the PK/PD profiles of rapid-acting (artemisinins) and slow-acting (piperaquine) drugs, and suggest how to best use ACTs in the future.
Download or read book Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antimalarial Drugs Used in Combination Therapy written by Qigui Li and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2015-06-04 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malaria takes a great toll on human health and well-being, particularly in tropical regions including Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Oceania and parts of the Americas. In recent years, some Plasmodium strains have become increasingly resistant to all classes of conventional antimalarial drugs currently in use. Researchers have, therefore, stepped up efforts to revise atimalarial drug policies, develop new drugs, and implement new strategies to combat this disease. In order to prevent widespread resistance, antimalarial combination therapies (ACTs) have been deployed and a World Antimalarial Resistance Network has been established as a means of anitimalarial drug resistance surveillance. Artemisinin-based combination therapies have proven to be useful as a replacement for standard regimens. Currently, these ACTs successfully cure patients suffering from uncomplicated malaria with superior efficacy and lower toxicity, but there remains a huge challenge (high mortality rate) associated with treatment of severe malaria. Studies of drug disposition and drug efficacy (PK/PD evaluations) are essential to understanding why drugs work as antimalarials as they illustrate issues with drug resistance, drug safety and drug toxicity that are critical to finding the appropriate drug dose for patients. This eBook illustrates how currently available combination antimalarial drugs can be optimized for effective malaria treatment. Chapters in this book explain methods to select combination drugs based on PK/PD evaluations followed by methods o reduce drug toxicity based on these evaluations. The book also summarizes efforts that are being made by the research community to improve ACT. It is, therefore, a handy reference for medical professionals and pharmacologists working on antimalarial drugs.
Download or read book Saving Lives Buying Time written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-09-09 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than 50 years, low-cost antimalarial drugs silently saved millions of lives and cured billions of debilitating infections. Today, however, these drugs no longer work against the deadliest form of malaria that exists throughout the world. Malaria deaths in sub-Saharan Africaâ€"currently just over one million per yearâ€"are rising because of increased resistance to the old, inexpensive drugs. Although effective new drugs called "artemisinins" are available, they are unaffordable for the majority of the affected population, even at a cost of one dollar per course. Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance examines the history of malaria treatments, provides an overview of the current drug crisis, and offers recommendations on maximizing access to and effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. The book finds that most people in endemic countries will not have access to currently effective combination treatments, which should include an artemisinin, without financing from the global community. Without funding for effective treatment, malaria mortality could double over the next 10 to 20 years and transmission will intensify.
Download or read book Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria Third Edition written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2015-08-13 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malaria remains an important cause of illness and death in children and adults in countries in which it is endemic. Malaria control requires an integrated approach including prevention (primarily vector control) and prompt treatment with effective antimalarial agents. Malaria case management consisting of prompt diagnosis and effective treatment remains a vital component of malaria control and elimination strategies. Since the publication of the first edition of the Guidelines for the treatment of malaria in 2006 and the second edition in 2010 all countries in which P. falciparum malaria is endemic have progressively updated their treatment policy from use of ineffective monotherapy to the currently recommended artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT). This has contributed substantially to current reductions in global morbidity and mortality from malaria. Unfortunately resistance to artemisinins has arisen recently in P. falciparum in South-East Asia which threatens these gains. This third edition of the WHO Guidelines for the treatment of malaria contains updated recommendations based on a firmer evidence base for most antimalarial drugs and in addition include recommendation on the use of drugs to prevent malaria in groups at high risk. The Guidelines provide a framework for designing specific detailed national treatment protocols taking into account local patterns of resistance to antimalarial drugs and health service capacity. It provides recommendations on treatment of uncomplicated and severe malaria in all age groups all endemic areas in special populations and several complex situations. In addition on the use of antimalarial drugs as preventive therapy in healthy people living in malaria-endemic areas who are high risk in order to reduce morbidity and mortality from malaria. The Guidelines are designed primarily for policy-makers in ministries of health who formulate country-specific treatment guidelines. Other groups that may find them useful include health professionals and public health and policy specialists that are partners in health or malaria control and the pharmaceutical industry. The treatment recommendations in the main document are brief; for those who wish to study the evidence base in more detail a series of annexes is provided with references to the appropriate sections of the main document.
Download or read book Malaria written by and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-12-11 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year, malaria kills almost half a million people despite the fact that it is a preventable and curable disease. Malaria has a direct correlation with economic loss due to the need for people to take time off work and the cost of hospital treatments. Undertaking decisive measures to combat malaria is necessary. This book aims to present current approaches in the treatment of malaria. It will be a guide to those working in malaria-endemic regions and cover both diagnosis and treatment. It will also be useful for medical workers in western countries where malaria is not as common. Considering that malaria causes morbidity and mortality, more especially among children below five years of age and pregnant mothers, it is therefore imperative that people from all walks of life should join hands to address this public health problem.
Download or read book Assessment of Long Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs When Used for Prophylaxis written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the many who serve in the United States Armed Forces and who are deployed to distant locations around the world, myriad health threats are encountered. In addition to those associated with the disruption of their home life and potential for combat, they may face distinctive disease threats that are specific to the locations to which they are deployed. U.S. forces have been deployed many times over the years to areas in which malaria is endemic, including in parts of Afghanistan and Iraq. Department of Defense (DoD) policy requires that antimalarial drugs be issued and regimens adhered to for deployments to malaria-endemic areas. Policies directing which should be used as first and as second-line agents have evolved over time based on new data regarding adverse events or precautions for specific underlying health conditions, areas of deployment, and other operational factors At the request of the Veterans Administration, Assessment of Long-Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs When Used for Prophylaxis assesses the scientific evidence regarding the potential for long-term health effects resulting from the use of antimalarial drugs that were approved by FDA or used by U.S. service members for malaria prophylaxis, with a focus on mefloquine, tafenoquine, and other antimalarial drugs that have been used by DoD in the past 25 years. This report offers conclusions based on available evidence regarding associations of persistent or latent adverse events.
Download or read book Global Report on Antimalarial Drug Efficacy and Drug Resistance written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides a comprehensive, global overview of antimalarial drug efficacy and the resistance of malaria parasites to the antimalarial medicines used between 2000 and June 2010. Policy-makers in national ministries of health will benefit from this document, as it provides both a global and a regional picture of the efficacy of the antimalarial medicines currently used in national treatment programmes. In addition, the report will be a reference for scientists, enhancing their understanding of the complexity of antimalarial drug resistance.
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Download or read book World Malaria Report 2014 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2015-07-07 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World malaria report 2014 summarizes information received from 97 malaria endemic countries and other sources and updates the analyses presented in 2013. It assesses global and regional malaria trends highlights progress made towards global targets and describes opportunities and challenges in controlling and eliminating the disease. Most of the data presented in this report are for 2013.
Download or read book Artemisinin Based and Other Antimalarials written by Guoqiao Li and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artemisinin-Based and Other Antimalarials: Detailed Account of Studies by Chinese Scientists Who Discovered and Developed Them provides a historical and scientific background of the discovery and development of artemisinin, artemisinin derivatives, combination drugs and related chemicals. It is a historical document, a scientific treatise, and a fascinating description of innovative research on new drug development that is carried out under extremely difficult conditions. The book also includes detailed experiments, physical-chemical procedures, practical methodologies and clinical trials. It is a valuable reference for students and researchers in the fields of scientific history, medicine, pharmaceutical science, chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Presents details of all stages of drug development, including in vitro experiment, animal exploratory studies, animal tests for toxicity, safety and efficacy followed by stages I, II, III and IV, safety and efficacy in human volunteers and patients with malaria Provides many physical-chemical laboratory procedures, such as NMR, MS, HPLC and X-ray diffraction used in drug development Includes practical methodology of clinical trials from many research centers and countries to demonstrate the importance of this discovery
Download or read book Antimalarial Drugs written by Qigui Li and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anti-malarial drugs are medicines that prevent or treat malaria, a disease which takes a great toll on human health and well-being, particularly in tropical regions including Africa south of the Sahara, South and Southeast Asia, Oceania, and parts of the Americas. In recent years, strains of Plasmodium have become increasingly resistant to more anti-malarial drugs and researchers have stepped up efforts to revise anti-malarial drug policies and develop new anti-malarial strategies. Resistance has arisen to all classes of antimalarials (chloroquine, amodiaquine, mefloquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine) except, as yet, definitively to the artemisinin derivatives. In order to prevent widespread resistance, the concept of anti-malarial combination therapy (CT) has been employed and a global resistance surveillance system (World Anti-malarial Resistance Networks) has been established. This book explores the use of these drugs in current health care.
Download or read book Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The purpose of this document is to provide comprehensible, global, evidence-based guidelines to help formulate policies and protocols for the treatment of malaria. Information is presented on the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, including disease in special groups (young children, pregnant women, people who are HIV positive, travellers from non-malaria endemic regions) and in complex emergency situations and severe malaria."--Publisher's description.
Download or read book Treatment and Prevention of Malaria written by Henry M. Staines and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-06 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malaria has defeated previous efforts at eradication and remains a massive global public health problem despite being readily preventable and treatable. It is a devastating disease that also extracts huge economic costs from the poorest countries in endemic regions. Starting with an overview of the disease and its current political, financial and technical context, this Milestones in Drug Therapy volume describes the history, chemistry, mechanisms of action and resistance, preclinical and clinical use, pharmacokinetics and safety and tolerability of the current range of antimalarial drugs. There is particular emphasis on artemisinins and related peroxides, as these drugs have now become the frontline treatment for malaria. Next generation antimalarials, molecular markers for detecting resistance, the importance of diagnostics and disease prevention are also covered in detail.
Download or read book World Malaria Report 2018 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2019-02-12 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This year s report shows that after an unprecedented period of success in global malaria control progress has stalled. Data from 2015?2017 highlight that no significant progress in reducing global malaria cases was made in this period. There were an estimated 219 million cases and 435 000 related deaths in 2017. The World malaria report 2018 draws on data from 90 countries and areas with ongoing malaria transmission. The information is supplemented by data from national household surveys and databases held by other organizations.
Download or read book Long Acting Injections and Implants written by Jeremy C. Wright and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-29 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long acting injections and implants improve therapy, enhance patient compliance, improve dosing convenience, and are the most appropriate formulation choice for drugs that undergo extensive first pass metabolism or that exhibit poor oral bioavailability. An intriguing variety of technologies have been developed to provide long acting injections and implants. Many considerations need to go into the design of these systems in order to translate a concept from the lab bench to actual therapy for a patient. This book surveys and summarizes the field. Topics covered in Long Acting Injections and Implants include the historical development of the field, drugs, diseases and clinical applications for long acting injections and implants, anatomy and physiology for these systems, specific injectable technologies (including lipophilic solutions, aqueous suspensions, microspheres, liposomes, in situ forming depots and self-assembling lipid formulations), specific implantable technologies (including osmotic implants, drug eluting stents and microfabricated systems), peptide, protein and vaccine delivery, sterilization, drug release testing and regulatory aspects of long acting injections and implants. This volume provides essential information for experienced development professionals but was also written to be useful for scientists just beginning work in the field and for others who need an understanding of long acting injections and implants. This book will also be ideal as a graduate textbook.
Download or read book Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases written by Michel Tibayrenc and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-12-17 with total page 773 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases is at the crossroads between two major scientific fields of the 21st century: evolutionary biology and infectious diseases. The genomic revolution has upset modern biology and has revolutionized our approach to ancient disciplines such as evolutionary studies. In particular, this revolution is profoundly changing our view on genetically driven human phenotypic diversity, and this is especially true in disease genetic susceptibility. Infectious diseases are indisputably the major challenge of medicine. When looking globally, they are the number one killer of humans and therefore the main selective pressure exerted on our species. Even in industrial countries, infectious diseases are now far less under control than 20 years ago. The first part of this book covers the main features and applications of modern technologies in the study of infectious diseases. The second part provides detailed information on a number of the key infectious diseases such as malaria, SARS, avian flu, HIV, tuberculosis, nosocomial infections and a few other pathogens that will be taken as examples to illustrate the power of modern technologies and the value of evolutionary approaches. Takes an integrated approach to infectious diseases Includes contributions from leading authorities Provides the latest developments in the field
Download or read book Handbook of Drug Nutrient Interactions written by Joseph I. Boullata and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-17 with total page 823 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Drug-Nutrient Interactions, Second Edition is an essential new work that provides a scientific look behind many drug-nutrient interactions, examines their relevance, offers recommendations, and suggests research questions to be explored. In the five years since publication of the first edition of the Handbook of Drug-Nutrient Interactions new perspectives have emerged and new data have been generated on the subject matter. Providing both the scientific basis and clinical relevance with appropriate recommendations for many interactions, the topic of drug-nutrient interactions is significant for clinicians and researchers alike. For clinicians in particular, the book offers a guide for understanding, identifying or predicting, and ultimately preventing or managing drug-nutrient interactions to optimize patient care. Divided into six sections all chapters have been revised or are new to this edition. Chapters balance the most technical information with practical discussions and include outlines that reflect the content; discussion questions that can guide the reader to the critical areas covered in each chapter, complete definitions of terms with the abbreviation fully defined and consistent use of terms between chapters. The editors have performed an outstanding service to clinical pharmacology and pharmaco-nutrition by bringing together a multi-disciplinary group of authors. Handbook of Drug-Nutrient Interactions, Second Edition is a comprehensive up-to-date text for the total management of patients on drug and/or nutrition therapy but also an insight into the recent developments in drug-nutrition interactions which will act as a reliable reference for clinicians and students for many years to come.
