Download or read book Pesticide Policies in Developing Countries written by Jumanah Farah and published by Washington, DC : World Bank. This book was released on 1994 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural pests and diseases increased with the intensification of agricultural production resulting in a worldwide increase in pesticide use. The rate of increase was greatest in the developing countries, although the bulk of pesticides is still used in the developed countries. The heavy reliance on chemical pesticides is mainly due to the fact that, in the post-World War II era, synthetic pesticides seemed to provide a quick and easy solution to pests and diseases. Little was known then about their adverce, even dangeorus, sid-effects and externalities on human welfare and the environment. When problems associated with pesticide use became obvious and critical, research on alternative methods of pest management was speeded up and has yielded a new approach to pest control, the integrated pest management (IPM) concept which combines several pest control techniques, including adapted crop management practices, and biological, mechanical and chemical pest control measures. By using non-chemical as well as chemical control measures. IPM reduces the extent of use of pesticides. However, although IPM has proved to be successful in several instances and in different areas of the world, it has not been widely adopted by farmers in developing countries. It is suggested here that an important reason why IPM is not widely in practice in developing countries (the focus of this report), is that the current economic environment and government policies related to pesticides, and to pest management in general, induce an excessive (above the socially optimal level) chemical pesticide use. It is argued here that, the excessive and non-judicious use of pesticides being always associated with negative externalities, governments' interventions through taxation and regulations are needed to minimize these adverse effects. The paper analyzes the pesticide-related policies of a large number of developing countries (pesticides in crop protection and public health uses) using a conceptual framework which distinguishes between price and non-price factors that encourage the execessive and non-judicious use of pesticides. The price factors include all forms of subsidies provided for pesticide imports, local manufacture and use, e.g. preferential foreign exhange rates for imports, reduced or exempted taxes on imports, sales and domestic manufacture, provision of free pesticides, etc.; while the non-price factors include excessive investments in pesticide research and farmers' training in pesticide use while neglecting alternatives, extension focusing on pesticides, lack of information to officials at the policy level and to farmers on alternative pest management technology, etc. On the findings of this report is that the majority of the developing countries are providing financial incentives to farmers to use pesticides and are directly and indirectly subsidizing pesticide imports, domestic manufacture, sales ans use with a combination of mechanisms. Similarly, a number of non-price policies encourage pesticide use in some developing countries where relatively little emphasis is placed on research, extension and farmers' training in IPM as against the pronounced emphasis on chemical pesticides.
Download or read book Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many of the pesticides applied to food crops in this country are present in foods and may pose risks to human health. Current regulations are intended to protect the health of the general population by controlling pesticide use. This book explores whether the present regulatory approaches adequately protect infants and children, who may differ from adults in susceptibility and in dietary exposures to pesticide residues. The committee focuses on four major areas: Susceptibility: Are children more susceptible or less susceptible than adults to the effects of dietary exposure to pesticides? Exposure: What foods do infants and children eat, and which pesticides and how much of them are present in those foods? Is the current information on consumption and residues adequate to estimate exposure? Toxicity: Are toxicity tests in laboratory animals adequate to predict toxicity in human infants and children? Do the extent and type of toxicity of some chemicals vary by species and by age? Assessing risk: How is dietary exposure to pesticide residues associated with response? How can laboratory data on lifetime exposures of animals be used to derive meaningful estimates of risk to children? Does risk accumulate more rapidly during the early years of life? This book will be of interest to policymakers, administrators of research in the public and private sectors, toxicologists, pediatricians and other health professionals, and the pesticide industry.
Download or read book Public Health Impact of Pesticides Used in Agriculture written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Production and use of pesticides - Toxic effects of pesticides - Short and long-term health effects of pesticides : epidemiological data - Populations at risk - Public health impact - Prevention of pesticide poisoning.
Download or read book Impact of Pesticide Use on Health in Developing Countries written by Tracey Goodman and published by International Development Research Centre Books. This book was released on 1993 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Impact of Pesticide Use on Health in Developing Countries: Proceedings of a symposium held in Ottawa, Canada, 17-20 September 1990
Download or read book International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2023-04-29 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this guidance on fulfilling the reporting requirements of Article 12 of the Code of Conduct is to obtain a regular flow of information on its observance to strengthen implementation of the Code, to provide data for its future revisions and improvement, and, most importantly, to improve the protection of human health and the environment related to pesticide use and management in agriculture and public health. The guidance was prepared in compliance with the FAO/WHO International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management, which sets out a framework and voluntary standards of conduct for stakeholders in pesticide management, in particular governments and the pesticide industry. Endorsed by FAO, WHO, governments, pesticide producers, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders, the Code outlines their shared responsibility to promote best practice and risk reduction throughout the pesticide life cycle. The Code of Conduct thereby establishes the commitment and moral obligation of stakeholders to comply with the agreed standards of conduct and to assume their respective responsibilities. These include governments’ responsibility to promote pesticide risk reduction and the industry’s responsibility to produce products that are adapted to the context of their use and to provide stewardship of those products throughout their life cycle. This guidance was prepared with the support of the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Management (JMPM) to provide further guidance on the provisions of the Code of Conduct related to its observance and implementation. It reflects the joint FAO/WHO approach to pesticide management, thus addressing the topic in both agricultural and public health settings.
Download or read book The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-11-02 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although chemical pesticides safeguard crops and improve farm productivity, they are increasingly feared for their potentially dangerous residues and their effects on ecosystems. The Future Role of Pesticides explores the role of chemical pesticides in the decade ahead and identifies the most promising opportunities for increasing the benefits and reducing the risks of pesticide use. The committee recommends R&D, program, and policy initiatives for federal agriculture authorities and other stakeholders in the public and private sectors. This book presents clear overviews of key factors in chemical pesticide use, including: Advances in genetic engineering not only of pest-resistant crops but also of pests themselves. Problems in pesticide useâ€"concerns about the health of agricultural workers, the ability of pests to develop resistance, issues of public perception, and more. Impending shifts in agricultureâ€"globalization of the economy, biological "invasions" of organisms, rising sensitivity toward cross-border environmental issues, and other trends. With a model and working examples, this book offers guidance on how to assess various pest control strategies available to today's agriculturist.
Download or read book Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa written by Charles L. Wilson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-07-06 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A UN report presented to the UN Human Rights Council in 2017 recognized that, “although pesticide use has been correlated with a rise in food production, it has had catastrophic impacts" on human health and the environment. The report acknowledged that “increased food production has not succeeded in eliminating hunger worldwide because of the many interacting factors involved. Reliance on hazardous pesticides is a short-term solution that undermines the rights to adequate food and health for present and future generations." It is hoped that the knowledge available in Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa: Impact on People, Animals, and the Environment will both enlighten the reader to present serious concerns on the use of synthetic pesticides, and motivate society to make the changes necessary for the sustainable production of safe, nutritious, and affordable food for the anticipated 9.6 billion inhabitants of this Earth in 2050. Key Features: • Explains the relationship of synthetic pesticides to escalating noncommunicable human and animal diseases in Africa and developing countries. • Discusses the impact of the herbicide glyphosate on the health of humans, animals, and the environment. • Reviews the disease causing mode of action of glyphosate and other synthetic pesticides on nutrient density and human and animal bodies. • Warns of the special vulnerability of children to synthetic pesticide toxicity. • Recommends needed legal initiatives to use synthetic pesticides more judiciously. The book is divided into seven (7) sections: I. General Impact, explains the general impact of synthetic pesticides on the African people, their animals, and environment. II. Human Health, covers the impact of synthetic pesticides on the human body, while III, Children’s Health, focuses on the special vulnerability of children to synthetic pesticides. IV. Animal Health describes the synthetic pesticide threats to animal production and sustainability. V. Environmental Health presents the threat of synthetic pesticides to soil microbiota and sustainable remediations. VI. Control Strategies discusses biologically-based alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Finally, VII. Reglatory Control presents some legal initiatives to combat the misuse of synthetic pesticides.
Download or read book Emerging Freshwater Pollutants written by Tatenda Dalu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-01-29 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Freshwater Pollutants: Analysis, Fate and Regulations comprises of 20 chapters, all written by leading experts. This book is written in the most practical terms and is easy to understand, with numerous helpful examples and case studies and can be used as a practical guide and important educational tool on issues concerning freshwater emerging pollutants. The organisation of the book exposes the reader in logical succession to the full range of complex scientific and management aspects of emerging freshwater pollutants in the developing world. The book recognises that water chemistry, emerging freshwater pollutants and management are inter-dependent disciplines. The book covers (i) the different monitoring techniques, current analytical approaches and instrumental analyses, (ii) fate and occurrence of emerging pollutants in aquatic systems and (iii) management policies and legislations on emerging pollutants. Thus, subsequent chapters elucidate chemicals with pollution potential, multi-detection approaches to analysis of organic pollutants in water, microplastics effects and photochemical transformation of emerging pollutants in freshwater systems. Whereas, other chapters address oxidation of organic compounds in aquatic systems, biomonitoring systems for detection of toxic levels of water pollutants, and health aspects of water recycling practices. This book melds several different perspectives on the subject of freshwater emerging pollutants and shows the interrelationships between the various professions that deal with water quality issues. Further, within the presentation of each separate chapter is discussion of how the various scientific and management aspects of the subject interrelate. Includes case studies and practical examples in each chapter Presents a much-needed interdisciplinary approach, representing the overlap between water chemistry and emerging freshwater pollutants Provides a thorough introduction to emerging tropical and freshwater pollutants that typically occur in these systems
Download or read book The Political Ecology of Pesticide Use in Developing Countries written by Lori Ann Thrupp and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Health Effects and Pesticide Perception as Determinants of Pesticide Use written by Susmita Dasgupta and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2005 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In a recent survey of 820 Boro (winter rice), potato, bean, eggplant, cabbage, sugarcane, and mango farmers in Bangladesh, over 47 percent of farmers were found to be overusing pesticides. With only 4 percent of farmers formally trained in pesticide use or handling, and over 87 percent openly admitting to using little or no protective measures while applying pesticides, overuse is potentially a threatening problem to farmer health as well as the environment. To model pesticide overuse, the authors used a 3-equation, trivariate probit framework, with health effects and misperception of pesticide risk as endogenous dummy variables. Health effects (the first equation) were found to be strictly a function of the amount of pesticides used in production, while misperception of pesticide risk (the second equation) was determined by health impairments from pesticides and the toxicity of chemicals used. Pesticide overuse (the third equation) was significantly determined by variation in income, farm ownership, the toxicity of chemicals used, crop composition, and geographical location. The results highlight the necessity for policymakers to design effective and targeted outreach programs that deal specifically with pesticide risk, safe handling, and averting behavior. Ideally, the approach would be participatory in nature to address key informational gaps, as well as increasing a farmers' awareness retention. The results also point to specific crops and locations experiencing a higher prevalence of overuse-bean and eggplant in general-and overall production in the districts of Chapainawabganj, Chittagong, Comilla, Jessore, Narshingdi, Rajshahi, and Rangpur. Focusing efforts in these crop and geographical areas may have the most measurable effects on pesticide overuse. "--World Bank web site.
Download or read book Crop Protection Vector Control and Pesticide Use in Developing Countries written by Jan H. Oudejans and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: LNV report
Download or read book Health Effects of Pesticides written by A. K. Srivastava and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-01-08 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health Effects of Pesticides covers various aspects of the use of pesticides, their behaviour, degradation, and impacts on the agrarian environment. It focuses on pesticide poisoning incidents and farm practices in developing countries. The health impacts of pesticides, including neurological, respiratory, and dermal effects, are examined. Other repercussions caused as a result of pesticides, including reproductive abnormalities and cancer, are comprehensively discussed. Effects of pesticides on general health and agrarian health surveys have been touched upon. Please note: This volume is Co-published with The Energy and Resources Institute Press, New Delhi. Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
Download or read book Ecological Impact of Pesticide Use in Developing Countries written by H. C. H. G. van der Valk and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Growing Problem written by David Bull and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive review of pesticide problems in the Third World. Its main subjects are the problem of resistance, occupational and accidental poisoning, residues in food and environment, advertising and promotion activities to sell pesticides, cost and benefit balances for the poorest and finally the possibilities of integrated pest management for the poor farmer
Download or read book Growing Food Security written by Barbara Dinham and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Integrated Pest Management for Developing Countries written by Chigozie Jesse Uneke and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pests are defined purely from anthropocentric perspective. An organism is not considered a pest until its activities and life processes interfere with human health, convenience, comfort or profits. The importance of health education in the control of vector-borne diseases cannot be overstated. This should particularly be targeted at rural communities where the scourges of these diseases are most pronounced. With adequate commitment by the government at the federal, state and local levels as well as from private sectors, considerable success could be achieved in the battle against pests. This book represents an excellent addition to the literature on Integrated Pest Management (IPM). A historical overview traces the origins and concepts of pest organisms, their classification and general characteristics and the basic terminologies are given. The philosophy and goal of IPM and specific examples of chemical, cultural, biological, physical and mechanical approaches to IPM are discussed. The book is enriched with accounts of IPM practices and progression in the developing countries and the problems and prospects of implementation and the future of IPM highlighted. Also included is an interesting account of medical important arthropods and their management. A rich bibliography accompanies every chapter.
Download or read book Circle of Poison written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
