Download or read book Pesticide Use Habitat Manipulation and Management Changes as Factors in Pollinator Sustainability in Pennsylvania Apple Orchards written by Sarah Shugrue and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollinator declines, and their impact on crop production, have become a major concern in recent years. A variety of factors have been implicated in the wild and managed bee declines including pathogens, parasites, pesticides, and habitat loss. This thesis focuses specifically on the assessment of pesticide exposure to pollinators, differences in pollinator community composition associated with orchards and floral enhancement plantings, and the interaction between pest management practices and pollinator health. Pesticide residue levels in apple pollen and nectar were measured to determine the oral exposure of bees to pesticides, and dose mortality curves depicting the oral toxicity of commonly used pesticides to honey bees were created. Furthermore, the bee communities in commercial apple orchards were compared to the bee communities in government-funded pollinator habitats. Pesticide residue levels in the pollen and nectar were significantly lower than the application rate, and laboratory assays indicate that these levels did not pose a threat to honey bees. Additionally, the bee communities in the orchards were different from the bee communities in the managed pollinator habitat, but the pollinator habitats did not support more tree fruit pollinating or rare bee species than the orchards did. The results from these experiments should be influential in instructing new policy regarding pollinator health, specifically pesticide toxicity testing on pollinators, and the use of managed bee habitats as a conservation tool.
Download or read book Biorational Tree fruit Pest Management written by Martin Aluja and published by CABI. This book was released on 2009 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains 9 chapters that cover topics on: conceptual framework for integrated pest management of tree-fruit pests; the evolution of key tree-fruit pests (classical cases); functional and behavioural ecology of tree-fruit pests; how do key tree-fruit pests detect and colonize their hosts (mechanisms and applications for integrated pest management); monitoring and management of the apple maggot fly and the plum curculio; trying to build an ecological orchards (a history of apple integrated pest management in Massachusetts, USA); managing pestiferous fruit flies through environmental manipulation; biorational approaches to disease management in apples; speciation, consumers and the market.
Download or read book Bioassay Development Pesticide Risk Assessment for Integrated Pest Pollinator Management of the Solitary Bee Osmia Cornifrons in Eastern U S Apple Orchards and the International Pesticide Regulation written by Ngoc Phan and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pesticides are believed to be a major contributor to regional pollinator declines which hassled to pollination insecurity. This dissertation furthers the evolving process of integrating pollinator health into the Eastern US apple orchard IPM program that has been termed IPPM. It focuses on the pesticide risk assessment for orchard pollinators by measuring species-based differences in toxicity responses of wild bees and honey bees to pesticide exposure through ingestion by measuring delayed mortality and sublethal developmental effects on adults and larvae. We also compare pesticide regulations between the US and the EU that shows the pros and cons in present pesticide regulatory decisions of these countries, and suggest future directions in instructing new policies regarding pollinator health. Previously in this lab, pesticide residue levels in apple pollen and nectar were measured to quantify the ingestion exposure of adult and larval bees to commonly used orchard pesticides. In this study, we developed a new ingestion bioassay protocol for assessing pesticide toxicity to the larvae and adults of a solitary bee (Megachilidae: Osmia cornifrons) to compare its toxicity profile to the European honey bee. Results from several bioassays allowed us to evaluate the effectiveness of present IPPM pesticide recommendations and have already informed our decision to modify the timing and selection of several insecticide and fungicide pest control tactics to increase the safety to both managed and wild pollinators regionally. This information will also influence pesticide registration decisions and pesticide regulatory frameworks for pollinator protection in the future.
Download or read book Cultivating Alternative Apple Pollinators written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: North America is home to over 4,000 native, wild bee species that could replace or supplement managed honey bees for crop pollination. However, the ability of wild bees to fully pollinate crops will depend on their populations at local spatial scales. In this research, I examined the relative effects of landscape structure and pesticides on wild bee populations within orchards, and determined the contribution of both wild bees and managed honey bees to apple pollination. I sampled wild bees within 35 Wisconsin orchards over three years, and for each orchard, developed pesticide toxicity scores and measured the surrounding landscape diversity. To examine whether diverse landscapes contain complementary floral resources for bees, I measured flowers in different habitat types throughout the growing season. I additionally determined wild bees' pollination contribution by comparing apple fruit set at orchards using managed honey bees to orchards relying solely on wild bees. Wild bee abundance and species richness within orchards increased with greater landscape diversity surrounding orchards. Different habitat types, including woodlands, grasslands, and orchards, complemented one another by providing different species of flowers that bloomed at different times, and supported different wild bee communities. While total wild bee abundance and species richness within orchards were not related to orchards' pesticide toxicity scores, small-bodied bee abundance and species richness were negatively related. Furthermore, sentinel bumble bee colony growth was lower at orchards with high toxicity scores, suggesting that responses to pesticide use may vary across bee taxa and life history traits. Apples were highly dependent on pollinators, but fruit set was not greater at orchards with managed honey bees. However, fruit set did increase with higher wild bee species richness. Honey bees displayed behaviors of ineffective pollinators, including foraging for nectar only and making numerous sequential visits to flowers on the same tree, while wild bees more frequently collected pollen and foraged across apple trees, thereby potentially cross-pollinating. My research suggests that conserving a species rich wild bee community will have positive effects on apple pollination, and that this may be achieved through maintaining a diversity of complementary habitat types within the landscape.
Download or read book Integrated Pest Management for Apples Pears 2nd Edition written by BARBARA OHLENDORF and published by University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. This book was released on 1999 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inside you'll find a detailed index, a completely revised section on codling moth management with detailed information on mating disruption, revision of leafroller management practices, updates on oak root fungus and wild asparagus, biological control of fireblight, and new control strategies for pear psylla. The emphasis is on least-toxic control methods, selective pesticides, and cultural and biological controls. Also includes a section on organically acceptable control methods. More than 200 color photos and 100 figures and tables.
Download or read book The Status of Pest Management on Apples in the Northeastern and Appalachian States with Emphasis on Pennsylvania New York and New Jersey written by T. E. Fortier and published by Burnaby, B.C. : Pest Management Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University. This book was released on 1981 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Two Studies Toward Reducing Pesticide Use written by Tracy Leigh Frisch and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Integrated Pest Management in Apple and Peach Orchards Working Group Meeting written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pest Management Regulatory Agency has initiated a Working Group to develop a national strategy for a more sustainable apple and peach integrated pest management (IPM) approach. The Working Group includes apple and peach growers, pest management researchers, provincial extension experts, provincial regulators and pesticide manufacturers. This report summarizes the current status of IPM in Canada's regions and discusses various strategies for pest management in orchards, including resistance management, disease management, semiochemicals, and biocontrol. The report also provides a summary of session discussions at the Working Group meeting.
Download or read book Natural Enemy Ecology in Apple Orchards written by Tara E. Sackett and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Integrated pest management (IPM) uses multiple approaches to keep pest levels below economic injury levels. Integrated pest management combines preventative methods such as biocontrol with curative methods; this synthesis requires an understanding of the ecology of natural enemies in the agroecosystem. Arthropod natural enemy communities in apple orchards are diverse, and spiders (Araneae) are particularly abundant and species rich. Orchard arthropods are affected by multiple factors, both external (e.g. immigration) and internal (e.g. pesticides) to the orchard environment. In this thesis I explored the influence of these factors on natural enemy communities in apple orchards. I investigated which natural habitats adjacent to orchards are potential sources of spiders, and the influence of distance from a source habitat on the composition of colonizing spider assemblages. I tested how kaolin clay, a pest management technique, affects orchard generalist predator communities and the parasitoids of a pest species and prey item of spiders, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). I also examined how applications of kaolin to apple foliage affect the behaviour of C. rosaceana larvae and whether this alters the predation on larvae by spiders. Comparisons of spider assemblages in natural habitats adjacent to apple orchards in southern Qu©♭bec indicated that deciduous forest had spider assemblages similar in to those in the orchard foliage. The composition of the spiders that colonized the apple orchards changed over a small spatial scale (10-50 m). The relative abundance of individuals among spider species in older orchards was more evenly distributed than in assemblages of recently colonized spiders, suggesting that local dynamics also shape the composition of the spider assemblages over time. Kaolin on apple leaves changed C. rosaceana larval behaviour: third and fourth instar larvae and neonates took longer to build leaf shelters, and ne" --
Download or read book Landscape Enhancement Options to Reduce Pesticide Contamination in Pollinator Habitats and Increase Forage for Beneficial Insects in Agroecosystems written by Surabhi Gupta Vakil and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade, there have been reports of pollinator decline, including the abundance of wild bees declining by 23%, commercially-managed honey bee colony losses averaging 40% annually, and 15% reduction in the population of monarch butterflies across the midwestern US. Major factors responsible for pollinator health decline include diminishing habitat and exposure to agrochemicals (as reviewed in Chapter 1). To mitigate further losses, recommendations promote pollinator habitats in agricultural, urban, and natural landscapes, however, improperly placed plantings, may unintentionally expose pollinators to agrochemicals. This dissertation examines five landscape enhancement treatments ((A) no enhancement control, (B) irrigated, (C) adjacent pollinator-friendly cover crops, (D) adjacent trees that act as pesticide drift barriers in between habitat and crop field, and (E) with drift barriers and adjacent cover crops) distributed on 17 newly established pollinator habitats and the role they play on mitigating pesticide contamination. In Chapter 2, sticky traps were used to capture neonicotinoid-laden field dust drifting off crop fields during corn planting and residues were compared across treatments to assess the role enhancements play in mitigating pesticide contamination from crop fields and into pollinator habitats. In Chapter 3, a modified method for quantifying air-borne pesticide residues from conventional seed coat treatments was described to better assess exposure risk to foraging pollinators during maize planting. Lastly, in Chapter 4, the abundance and diversity of forbs, insect pollinators, and bees in pollinator habitats were assessed using transect surveys to evaluate the effect enhancement treatments have on promoting plant-pollinator communities. The overall findings in this dissertation indicate that landscape enhancements, such as pollinator habitats adjacent drift barriers, were effective in reducing off-target pesticide contamination. Further, results strongly support that the addition of diverse plants in high crop production areas will attract pollinators into previously devoid areas. However, it also highlights the need for well-designed placement of pollinator habitats in agricultural landscapes that protect these critical resources from unintended pesticide exposure.
Download or read book Habitat Management to Enhance Natural Enemy Impact in an Organic Apple Orchard in Wisconsin written by Paul M. Whitaker and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems written by Miguel Altieri and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore the latest research on biological control! Completely updated for 2004, this new edition examines methods for making agricultural systems less susceptible to insect pests. Containing new findings and reports of strategies, Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Edition will show you how pests can be managed by enhancing beneficial biodiversity using agroecological diversification methods. Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Edition provides you with an essential overview of the role of biodiversity in agriculture and then gets specific, with new and updated information on: the agroecology of pest management plant diversity and pest outbreaks within agroecosystems diversification strategies for pest management how sustainable farming systems are designed You'll also explore: the role of plant diversity on the biology of beneficial insects insect regulation in diverse agroecosystems manipulation of plant diversity in agroecosystems ecological and socioeconomic implications The fact is, many modern agroecosystems are unstable as a consequence of constant human intervention in crop systems which ignore ecological principles. With case studies on a variety of crops and pests, Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Edition explores entomological aspects of agriculture and analyzes the ecological basis for the maintenance of biodiversity. It will familiarize you with the theory and practice of enhancing biological pest control in agricultural systems by managing vegetational diversity via multiple cropping, cover cropping, rotations, and other spatial and temporal designs. With studies on intercropping, cover cropping, weed management, and crop-field border vegetation manipulation, this book covers the effects of these diverse systems on pest population density and the mechanisms underlying pest reduction in polycultures. Make it a part of your reference/teaching collection today!
Download or read book Managing Alternative Pollinators written by Eric Mader and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Examines the history of the British fire service from 1800-1980, embracing certain key themes of modern British history: the impact of industrial change on urban development, the effect of disaster on political reform, the growth of the state, and the relationship between masculinity and trade unionism in creating a professional identity"--Provided by publisher.
Download or read book Insects as Sustainable Food Ingredients written by Aaron T. Dossey and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-06-23 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insects as Sustainable Food Ingredients: Production, Processing and Food Applications describes how insects can be mass produced and incorporated into our food supply at an industrial and cost-effective scale, providing valuable guidance on how to build the insect-based agriculture and the food and biomaterial industry. Editor Aaron Dossey, a pioneer in the processing of insects for human consumption, brings together a team of international experts who effectively summarize the current state-of-the-art, providing helpful recommendations on which readers can build companies, products, and research programs. Researchers, entrepreneurs, farmers, policymakers, and anyone interested in insect mass production and the industrial use of insects will benefit from the content in this comprehensive reference. The book contains all the information a basic practitioner in the field needs, making this a useful resource for those writing a grant, a research or review article, a press article, or news clip, or for those deciding how to enter the world of insect based food ingredients. Details the current state and future direction of insects as a sustainable source of protein, food, feed, medicine, and other useful biomaterials Provides valuable guidance that is useful to anyone interested in utilizing insects as food ingredients Presents insects as an alternative protein/nutrient source that is ideal for food companies, nutritionists, entomologists, food entrepreneurs, and athletes, etc. Summarizes the current state-of-the-art, providing helpful recommendations on building companies, products, and research programs Ideal reference for researchers, entrepreneurs, farmers, policymakers, and anyone interested in insect mass production and the industrial use of insects Outlines the challenges and opportunities within this emerging industry
Download or read book Conservation Biological Control written by Pedro A. Barbosa and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-06-26 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a comprehensive treatment of how the principles of ecology and conservation biology can be used to maximize biological control. Conservation Biological Control presents various means to modify or manipulate the environment to enhance the activities of natural enemies of pests. It establishes a conceptual link between ecology and the agricultural use of agents for biological control, and discusses both theoretical issues as well as practical management concerns. Certain to be interesting to ecologists and entomologists, this volume will also appeal to scientists, faculty, researchers and students interested in pest management, horticulture, plant sciences, and agriculture. - Contains chapters by an international team of leading authorities - Establishes a conceptual link between ecology and the agricultural use of agents for biological control - Discusses both theoretical issues as well as practical management concerns - Provides specific examples of how conservation principles are used to maximize the biological control of pests
Download or read book The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-11-02 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although chemical pesticides safeguard crops and improve farm productivity, they are increasingly feared for their potentially dangerous residues and their effects on ecosystems. The Future Role of Pesticides explores the role of chemical pesticides in the decade ahead and identifies the most promising opportunities for increasing the benefits and reducing the risks of pesticide use. The committee recommends R&D, program, and policy initiatives for federal agriculture authorities and other stakeholders in the public and private sectors. This book presents clear overviews of key factors in chemical pesticide use, including: Advances in genetic engineering not only of pest-resistant crops but also of pests themselves. Problems in pesticide useâ€"concerns about the health of agricultural workers, the ability of pests to develop resistance, issues of public perception, and more. Impending shifts in agricultureâ€"globalization of the economy, biological "invasions" of organisms, rising sensitivity toward cross-border environmental issues, and other trends. With a model and working examples, this book offers guidance on how to assess various pest control strategies available to today's agriculturist.
Download or read book The Natural History of Hoverflies written by Graham E. Rotheray and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
