Download or read book Performance Evaluation Emulation and Control of Cross flow Hydrokinetic Turbines written by Robert J. Cavagnaro and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cross-flow hydrokinetic turbines are a promising option for effectively harvesting energy from fast-flowing streams or currents. This work describes the dynamics of such turbines, analyzes techniques used to scale turbine properties for prototyping, determines and demonstrates the limits of stability for cross-flow rotors, and discusses means and objectives of turbine control. This involves a progression from the analysis of a laboratory-scale prototype turbine to the emulation of a field-scale commercial turbine under realistic control. Understanding of turbine and system component dynamics and performance is leveraged at each phase, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the efficacy of prototype testing and enabling safer, more advanced control techniques. Novel control strategies are under development to utilize low-speed operation (slower than at maximum power point) as a means of shedding power under rated conditions. However, operation in this regime may be unstable. An experiment designed to characterize the stability of a laboratory-scale cross-flow turbine operating near a critically low speed yields evidence that system stall (complete loss of ability to rotate) occurs due, in part, to interactions with turbulent decreases in flow speed. The turbine is capable of maintaining 'stable' operation at critical speed for short duration (typically less than 10 s), as described by exponential decay. The presence of accelerated 'bypass' flow around the rotor and decelerated 'induction' region directly upstream of the rotor, both predicted by linear momentum theory, are observed and quantified with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements conducted upstream of the turbine. Additionally, general agreement is seen between PIV inflow measurements and those obtained by an advection-corrected acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) further upstream. Definitive evidence linking observable flow events to the onset of system stall is not found. However, a link between turbulent kinetic energy of the flow, the system time constant, and the turbine's dynamic response to turbulence indicates changes in the flow occurring over a horizon of several seconds create the conditions under which system stall is likely. Performance of a turbine at small (prototype) geometric scale may be prone to undesirable effects due to operation at low Reynolds number and in the presence of high channel blockage. Therefore, testing at larger scale, in open water is desirable. A cross-flow hydrokinetic turbine with a projected area (product of blade span and rotor diameter) of 0.7 m^2 is evaluated in open-water tow trials at three inflow speeds ranging from 1.0 m/s to 2.1 m/s. Measurements of the inflow velocity, the rotor mechanical power, and electrical power output of a complete power take-off (PTO) system are utilized to determine the rotor hydrodynamic efficiency (maximum of 17%) and total system efficiency (maximum of 9%). A lab-based dynamometry method yields individual component and total PTO efficiencies, shown to have high variability and strong influence on total system efficiency. The method of tow-testing is found effective, and when combined with PTO characterization, steady-state performance can be inferred solely from inflow velocity and turbine rotation rate. Dynamic efficiencies of PTO components can effect the overall efficiency of a turbine system, a result from field characterization. Thus, the ability to evaluate such components and their potential effects on turbine performance prior to field deployment is desirable. Before attempting control experiments with actual turbines, hardware-in-the-loop testing on controllable motor-generator sets or electromechanical emulation machines (EEMs) are explored to better understand power take-off response. The emulator control dynamic equations are presented, methods for scaling turbine parameters are developed and evaluated, and experimental results are presented from three EEMs programmed to emulate the same cross-flow turbine. Although hardware platforms and control implementations varied, results show that each EEM is successful in emulating the turbine model at different power levels, thus demonstrating the general feasibility of the approach. However, performance of motor control under torque command, current command, or speed command differed; torque methods required accurate characterization of the motors while speed methods utilized encoder feedback and more accurately tracked turbine dynamics. In a demonstration of an EEM for evaluating a hydrokinetic turbine implementation, a controller is used to track the maximum power-point of the turbine in response to turbulence. Utilizing realistic inflow conditions and control laws, the emulator dynamic speed response is shown to agree well at low frequencies with simulation but to deviate at high frequencies. The efficacy of an electromechanical emulator as an accurate representation of a fielded turbine is evaluated. A commercial horizontally-oriented cross-flow turbine is dynamically emulated on hardware to investigate control strategies and grid integration. A representative inflow time-series with a mean of 2 m/s is generated from high-resolution flow measurements of a riverine site and is used to drive emulation. Power output during emulation under similar input and loading conditions yields agreement with field measurements to within 3% at high power, near-optimal levels. Constant tip-speed ratio and constant speed proportional plus integral control schemes are compared to optimal nonlinear control and constant resistance regulation. All controllers yield similar results in terms of overall system efficiency. The emulated turbine is more responsive to turbulent inflow than the field turbine, as the model utilized to drive emulation does not account for a smoothing effect of turbulent fluctuations over the span of the fielded turbine's rotors. The turbine has a lower inertia than the demand of an isolated grid, indicating a secondary source of power with a similar frequency response is necessary if a single turbine cannot meet the entire demand. Major contributions of this work include exploration of the system time constant as an indicator of turbine dynamic response, evidence a turbine experiences system stall probabilistically, a reduced-complexity field performance characterization methodology, and demonstration of the effectiveness of electromechanical emulators at replicating turbine dynamics.

Download or read book Multi Mode Controller Development for Cross flow Hydrokinetic Turbines written by Dominic D. Forbush and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cross-flow turbines, in which the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the direction of inflow, have particular advantages over axial-flow turbines in aquatic settings, but are not as well understood. The applicability of axial-flow controls research to cross-flow systems is limited because cross-flow turbines have unique dynamics and fewer means of control actuation. This work explores the unique dynamics of cross-flow turbines, proposes a methodology for performance characterization in non-uniform inflow appropriate for field-scale devices, and investigates potential torque control strategies through computer simulation, laboratory experiment, and field-scale testing. The objective is to develop and evaluate control algorithms that are broadly applicable to cross-flow turbines. An emphasis is placed on simplicity: required sensing, the complexity of any necessary turbine characterization, and actuation requirements are minimized to ensure that proposed controllers are broadly implementable on extant turbines. The potential costs and benefits of added system complexity can then be considered against this benchmark on a device-specific basis. Firstly, a method is suggested to define an effective inflow velocity for turbine performance characterization from a series of point velocity measurements in a spatially non-uniform but temporally consistent flow field. This characterization is necessary to appropriately anticipate device power outputs, to evaluate controller performance, and to allow accurate turbine simulation. When paired with time-average estimates of turbine power output, the developed performance characterization curve is found to be consistent for temporally-separated power measurements. Turbine performance is found to be highly sensitive to flow measurement location when subject to a hypothetical control law relying on an upstream point-measurement of velocity. This implies that multiple sensors or a spatially-resolved measurement of inflow would be necessary for good turbine performance, which contravenes the control objective of minimal sensing requirements. Secondly, three potential power-maximizing controllers were considered in simulation, experiment, and at field-scale. While the field-scale and laboratory turbines were not directly geometrically or hydrodynamically scaled, they were morphologically similar (i.e., both were four-bladed helical turbines) and had similar normalized time-average performance curves. The effect of neglecting phase variations in turbine performance in simulation is considered, but is found to be insignificant because the helically-bladed turbines have relatively consistent power output. In addition, the ability to apply torque in the direction of turbine rotation (i.e, ``motoring'' the turbine) is not presumed: only resistive control torques are allowed. Simulation was found to predict controller behavior in both a time-resolved and statistical sense, and trends in controller performance in the laboratory were also observed at field-scale. The largest sources of simulation error were related to un-modeled dynamics of the physical control implementations and simplifications to the flow interaction model. Accurately modeling dynamics of the physical implementation is found to be critical for simulation to be reflective of physical testing, particularly when the implementation is non-ideal (i.e., latency, sensor noise, etc.), and these non-ideal elements are likely to vary device-by-device. One evaluated controller required an upstream measurement of inflow and an advection model: this was not found to enhance performance of the laboratory turbine and significantly complicated implementation. Nonlinear ``K[omega]2" control, which requires only a time-average turbine model and a measurement of angular velocity, showed the best performance of the evaluated controllers. Thirdly, the best-performing power-maximizing controller (a nonlinear controller) is incorporated with a nonlinear rated power-tracking controller and a strategy to transition between the objectives proposed. Power-tracking control is performed ``overspeed'' (i.e., the turbine accelerates to decrease power output) to provide superior stability properties to ``underspeed'' control. In keeping with controller objectives, each control law and the transition strategy requires only an angular velocity measurement and a time-average turbine characterization for implementation. The control law is examined in simulation and experiment for two cross-flow turbines: the helical turbine used in the previous study, and a turbine with two straight blades. Because the power output from the straight-bladed turbine is much more variable than for the helical turbine, these cases provide contrasting dynamics to evaluate controller effectiveness. Again, only resistive control torques were allowed, but because of the phase variation in power output, the simulation included phase-resolved turbine performance models. For both turbines, in all laboratory cases, constant power set points are closely tracked (less than 3\% mean absolute percentage error). The limited observed error has two contributing factors, both with a common cause. The combination of filtering, sensor sampling rate, and torque feedback loops present in experiment effectively delay control response. During relatively large flow accelerations, this delay results in a steady-state tracking error. Particularly for the straight-bladed turbine, the delay results in imperfect mitigation of the natural phase variation in power output. In simulation, steady-state error due to flow accelerations is negligible, but, as demonstrated via spectral analysis, unmitigated variations remain for the straight-bladed turbine. An analytical examination of phase-resolved turbine dynamics indicates that perfect mitigation is not generally possible under purely resistive torque, but scales favorably with turbine radius. Simulation suggests that this is not an issue for turbines with relatively constant power output, such as the helical turbine. These conclusions are extended to field-scale turbines and cross-flow wind applications. The presented controller can be broadly implemented on field-scale devices due to its minimal sensing and actuation requirements. However, it has yet to be demonstrated on a field-scale device. Additionally, the relationship between power-smoothing accomplished at the turbine (as investigated here) and that which can be performed by power electronics will vary by device. Thus, the presented algorithm is not expected to be generally optimal, but a useful benchmark against which the performance of more demanding implementations can be compared. Other areas suggested for future work include the exploration of optimal control trajectories for various cost-functions and actuation capabilities (e.g., the ability to motor the turbine) using phase-resolved turbine models. While these models are not expected to accurately predict physical turbine performance, the general form of the suggested optimal controller could serve as a starting point for the development of alternative control laws, specifically model-predictive control. The major contributions of this work are a method for performance characterization in non-uniform inflow, a demonstration of the extent to which simple simulation and laboratory-scale testing is predictive of field-scale response without explicit consideration of geometric or hydrodynamic scaling parameters, and a simple, general purpose turbine control law demonstrating good power-tracking performance and smooth, stable transitions between control objectives.

Download or read book Numerical Simulation of a Cross Flow Marine Hydrokinetic Turbine written by Taylor Jessica Hall and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the search for clean, renewable energy, the kinetic energy of water currents in oceans, rivers, and estuaries is being studied as a predictable and environmentally benign source. We investigate the flow past a cross flow hydrokinetic turbine (CFHT) in which a helical blade turns around a shaft perpendicular to the free stream under the hydrodynamic forces exerted by the flow. This type of turbine, while very different from the classical horizontal axis turbine commonly used in the wind energy field, presents advantages in the context of hydrokinetic energy harvesting, such as independence from current direction, including reversibility, stacking, and self-starting without complex pitch mechanisms. This thesis develops a numerical simulation methodology that applies the Reynolds Average Navier Stokes equations and the three-dimensional sliding mesh technique to model CFHTs. The methodology is validated against small scale experiments, available within NNMREC at the University of Washington and is used to investigate the efficiency of the energy capture and the hydrodynamic forces acting on the blades. First, we study the stationary turbine and conclude that the developed methodology accurately models the starting torque of a turbine initially in static conditions; some limitations are found, however, in predicting separated flow. The dynamic performance of the rotating turbine is predicted with reasonable accuracy using the sliding mesh technique. Excellent qualitative agreement with experimental trends is found in the results, and the actual predicted values from the simulations show good agreement with measurements. Though limitations in accurately modeling dynamic stall for the rotating turbine are confirmed, the good qualitative agreement suggests this methodology can be used to support turbine design and performance over a wide range of parameters, minimizing the number of prototypes to build and experiments to run in the pursuit of an optimized turbine. This methodology can also provide a cost-effective way of evaluating detailed full scale effects, such as mooring lines or local bottom bathymetry features, on both turbine performance and environmental assessment.

Download or read book Analytical and Numerical Modeling of Performance Characteristics of Cross flow Hydrokinetic Turbines written by Alex J. Johnston and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Performance Evaluation of Coaxial Horizontal Axis Hydrokinetic Turbines System written by Abdulaziz Mohammed Abutunis and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Hydrokinetic energy technologies are emerging as a viable solution for renewable power generation. Unlike conventional hydropower turbines, hydrokinetic turbines are environmentally friendly; they operate at zero-head, and do not need dams to preserve the water. Unfortunately, they have a low efficiency which makes their design a challenging task. This work was focused on the hydrodynamic performance of horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbines (HAHkTs) under different turbine arrangements and flow conditions. It was undertaken in an effort to improve the efficiency of small HAHkTs that harness a river’s kinetic energy. Four sets of experiments were performed in a water tunnel to investigate small-scale constant cross-section HAHkT models with various configurations. The first set of experiments provided insight into the operating characteristics of a 3-blade single turbine by varying its pitch angle ([theta]) , tip speed ratio (TSR), flow speed (U[sub infinity]), and applied load. A multi-turbine system of both two and three 3- blade rotors (mounted coaxially to the same shaft) was tested in the second set of experiments. The purpose was to decrease the turbine system solidity while increasing the blade number. Here, the number of and the distance between rotors as well as the rotors relative installation angle were investigated. A long duct reducer was used to shroud single turbine and multi- turbine system in the third set of experiments. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used in the final set of experiments to examine the flow patterns at different axial locations downstream from two different turbine configurations. The effect of the flow speed on the wake characteristics was also examined in this experiment"--Abstract, page iii.

Download or read book Design and Critical Performance Evaluation of Horizontal Axis Hydrokinetic Turbines written by Suchi Subhra Mukherji and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The current work discusses the hydrodynamic performance of horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbines (HAHkT) under different turbine geometries and flow conditions. Hydrokinetic turbines are a class of zero-head hydropower systems which utilize kinetic energy of flowing water to drive a generator. However, such turbines often suffer from low-efficiency. A detailed computational fluid dynamics study was performed using a low-order k-[omega] SST (Shear Stress Transport) turbulence model to examine the effect of each of tip-speed ratio, solidity, angle of attack and number of blades on the performance of small HAHkTs with a power capacity of 10 kW. The numerical models (both two-dimensional and three-dimensional) developed for these purposes were validated with blade element momentum theory. The two-dimensional numerical models suggest an optimum angle of attack that maximizes lift as well as lift to drag ratio thereby yielding the maximum power output. In addition, our three-dimensional model is used to estimate optimum turbine solidity and blade numbers that produces maximum power coefficient at a given tip speed ratio. Furthermore, the axial velocity deficit downstream of the turbine rotor provides quantitative details of energy loss suffered by each turbine at ambient flow conditions. The velocity distribution provides confirmation of the stall-delay phenomenon that occurs due to the rotation of the turbine. In addition, it provides further verification of optimum tip speed ratio corresponding to maximum power coefficient obtained from the solidity analysis"--Abstract, leaf iii.

Download or read book On the Effects of Unsteady Flow Conditions on the Performance of a Cross Flow Hydrokinetic Turbine written by Benjamin H. Bailin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrokinetic turbines convert the energy of flowing water into usable electricity. Axial flow and cross flow turbines are the most common forms of hydroNinetic turbine, however cross flow turbine performance and the impact of surface waves are not well understood. Tests were conducted to observe the effects of waves on the performance characteristics of a cross flow turbine promulgated by the Department of Energy’s Reference Model Project, specifically Reference Model 2. Testing of a 1:6 scale model was conducted in the large towing tank in the USNA Hydromechanics Laboratory. Baseline (no wave) turbine performance was compared to published data on the same model turbine. Additionally, tests were conducted with incident waves and at various turbine depths and various tow speeds. The average turbine performance characteristics improved slightly as depth decreased due to acceleration of the constricted flow near the surface. Waves did not significantly change the performance of the turbine when averaged over of an entire cycle and several wave periods. This was the case even though the test waves created a velocity shear across the entire span of the blade. The waves were found to impart cyclic signatures in the torque measurement which may have consequences for instantaneous blade loading and power output from the device. A computational model was developed to predict turbine performance and compares favorably to the experiment.

Download or read book Optimization Modeling and Control of Cross flow Turbine Arrays written by Isabel Scherl and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to understand unsteady fluid flows is foundational to advancing technologies in energy, health, transportation, and defense. This work uses data-driven methods (i.e., machine learning) to interpret and control unsteady fluid flows through experiments. Specifically, these methods are used to control, optimize, and model cross-flow turbines. Cross-flow turbines (i.e. vertical axis turbines), are devices that can be used to convert the kinetic energy in wind to electricity. A key advantage of cross-flow turbines over axial-flow turbines is that they can efficiently operate in close-proximity in arrays. We demonstrate how data-driven methods can be used to efficiently explore, model, and interpret the high-dimensional space cross-flow turbine dynamics occupy through the following three projects. First, robust principal component analysis (RPCA), a method borrowed from robust statistics, is used to improve flow-field data by leveraging global coherent structures to identify and replace spurious data points. We apply RPCA filtering to a range of fluid simulations and experiments of varying complexities and assess the accuracy of low-rank structure recovery. First, we analyze direct numerical simulations of flow past a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 100 with artificial outliers, alongside similar particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements at Reynolds number 413. Next, we apply RPCA filtering to a turbulent channel flow simulation from the Johns Hopkins Turbulence database, demonstrating that dominant coherent structures are preserved in the low-rank matrix. Finally, we investigate PIV measurements behind a two-bladed cross-flow turbine that exhibits both broadband and coherent phenomena. We demonstrate that more persistent dynamics can be identified when RPCA is utilized in lieu of traditional processing methods. In all cases, both simulated and experimental, we find that RPCA filtering extracts dominant coherent structures and identifies and fills in incorrect or missing measurements. Second, the performance of a two-turbine array in a recirculating water channel was experimentally optimized across 64 unique array configurations using a hardware-in-the-loop approach. For each configuration, turbine performance was optimized using tip-speed ratio control, where the rotation rate for each turbine is optimized individually, and using coordinated control, where the turbines are optimized to operate at synchronous rotation rates but with a phase difference. For each configuration and control strategy, the consequences of co- and counter-rotation were also evaluated. Arrays with well-considered geometries and control strategies are found to outperform isolated turbines by up to 30%. Third, the performance and wake of a two-turbine array in a fence configuration (side-by-side) are characterized. The turbines are operated under coordinated control. Measurements were made with turbines co-rotating, counter-rotating with the blades advancing upstream at the array midline, and counter-rotating with the blades retreating downstream at the array midline. From the performance and wake data, we found individual turbine and array efficiency to depend significantly on rotation direction and phase difference. Persistent dynamics that exist across all flow fields, as well as differences between cases are identified. Each of these projects demonstrate how data-driven methods can be used to explore, model, and interpret cross-flow turbine dynamics and other fluid systems.

Download or read book Development and Assessment of a Modeling Method for Hydrokinetic Turbines Operating in Arrays written by Sébastien Bourget and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to contribute to the development of the hydrokinetic power industry, a new line of research has been initiated recently at the Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides Numérique (LMFN) de l'Université Laval. It is related to the optimization of turbine farm layouts. As the numerical modeling of turbine farms has been little investigated in the past at the LMFN, the objectives of this work are to develop a numerical methodology that will allow the study of turbine farm layouts at reasonable simulation cost and to verify its reliability. Inspired from numerical models found in the available literature, an original modeling approach is developed. This modeling approach is referred-to as the Effective Performance Turbine Model, or EPTM. The EPTM reliability is assessed in terms of its capacity to predict correctly the mean performances and the wake recovery of the turbines. The results of "high-fidelity" CFD simulations, which include at high cost the complete rotor geometry, are used as a reference. Results of the performance assessment show that the EPTM approach is appropriate for the modeling of both axial-flow (horizontal-axis) turbines and cross-flow (vertical-axis) turbines operating in clean flow conditions. Indeed, the EPTM provides very good predictions of the value of the optimal angular speed at which the rotor should be rotating to operate near maximum power extraction, the magnitude of the mean forces acting on the turbine and the mean power it extracts from the flow. The EPTM also succeeds to generate the adequate nearwake flow topology of each of the reference turbine investigated. However, the steady turbulence modeling approach used in the EPTM simulations appears inadequate in some cases. Possible model improvements are discussed as a conclusion.

Download or read book Wind Turbine Aerodynamics and Vorticity Based Methods written by Emmanuel Branlard and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-05 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book introduces the fundamentals of fluid-mechanics, momentum theories, vortex theories and vortex methods necessary for the study of rotors aerodynamics and wind-turbines aerodynamics in particular. Rotor theories are presented in a great level of details at the beginning of the book. These theories include: the blade element theory, the Kutta-Joukowski theory, the momentum theory and the blade element momentum method. A part of the book is dedicated to the description and implementation of vortex methods. The remaining of the book focuses on the study of wind turbine aerodynamics using vortex-theory analyses or vortex-methods. Examples of vortex-theory applications are: optimal rotor design, tip-loss corrections, yaw-models and dynamic inflow models. Historical derivations and recent extensions of the models are presented. The cylindrical vortex model is another example of a simple analytical vortex model presented in this book. This model leads to the development of different BEM models and it is also used to provide the analytical velocity field upstream of a turbine or a wind farm under aligned or yawed conditions. Different applications of numerical vortex methods are presented. Numerical methods are used for instance to investigate the influence of a wind turbine on the incoming turbulence. Sheared inflows and aero-elastic simulations are investigated using vortex methods for the first time. Many analytical flows are derived in details: vortex rings, vortex cylinders, Hill's vortex, vortex blobs etc. They are used throughout the book to devise simple rotor models or to validate the implementation of numerical methods. Several Matlab programs are provided to ease some of the most complex implementations.

Download or read book Electrical Design for Ocean Wave and Tidal Energy Systems written by Raymond Alcorn and published by IET. This book was released on 2013-11-22 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrical Design for Ocean Wave and Tidal Energy Systems provides an electrical engineering perspective on offshore power stations and their integration to the grid. With contributions from a panel of leading international experts, this book is essential reading for those working in ocean energy development and renewable energy. Wave and tidal energy engineering has developed strongly in the past decade, with hundred-MW arrays of full scale grid connected wave and tidal devices planned for the next few years. Electrical Design for Ocean Wave and Tidal Energy Systems provides an electrical engineering perspective on these offshore power stations and their integration to the grid. Topics covered include: the selection and sizing of generators and their interaction with power electronics, power cables, connectors and umbilicals; grid integration and power quality issues; energy storage; the implementation of control systems in ocean energy devices modelling and simulation; the relative costings of various systems; and the influence of electrical design on overall project lifetime cost. With contributions from a panel of leading international experts, Electrical Design for Ocean Wave and Tidal Energy Systems is essential reading for electrical design engineers, researchers and students working in ocean energy development and renewable energy.

Download or read book Water Current Turbines written by Peter Garman and published by Intermediate Technology Publications. This book was released on 1986 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developed from Intermediate Technology (now Practical Action) experience in Sudan, this handbook describes the development and testing of the water current turbine as a simple and inexpensive means of lifting water for irrigation purposes. With detailed technical information on the technology, this manual also includes an economic assessment of its cost-effectiveness compared with other pumping technologies. This book is designed for the use of engineers and development workers who may be interested in trying this technology

Download or read book Modelling and Controlling Hydropower Plants written by German Ardul Munoz-Hernandez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-13 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydroelectric power stations are a major source of electricity around the world; understanding their dynamics is crucial to achieving good performance. The electrical power generated is normally controlled by individual feedback loops on each unit. The reference input to the power loop is the grid frequency deviation from its set point, thus structuring an external frequency control loop. The book discusses practical and well-documented cases of modelling and controlling hydropower stations, focused on a pumped storage scheme based in Dinorwig, North Wales. These accounts are valuable to specialist control engineers who are working in this industry. In addition, the theoretical treatment of modern and classic controllers will be useful for graduate and final year undergraduate engineering students. This book reviews SISO and MIMO models, which cover the linear and nonlinear characteristics of pumped storage hydroelectric power stations. The most important dynamic features are discussed. The verification of these models by hardware in the loop simulation is described. To show how the performance of a pumped storage hydroelectric power station can be improved, classical and modern controllers are applied to simulated models of Dinorwig power plant, that include PID, Fuzzy approximation, Feed-Forward and Model Based Predictive Control with linear and hybrid prediction models.

Download or read book Wind Vision written by U. S. Department U.S. Department of Energy and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-03-18 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed roadmap of technical, economic, and institutional actions by the wind industry, the wind research community, and others to optimize wind's potential contribution to a cleaner, more reliable, low-carbon, domestic energy generation portfolio, utilizing U.S. manu-facturing and a U.S. workforce. The roadmap is intended to be the beginning of an evolving, collaborative, and necessarily dynamic process. It thus suggests an approach of continual updates at least every two years, informed by its analysis activities. Roadmap actions are identified in nine topical areas, introduced below.

Download or read book Marine Renewable Energy Handbook written by Bernard Multon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-07 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine renewable energy is a significant resource for generating electricity, and if some conversion technologies have already reached a certain level of maturity, others are emerging. The originality of this multidisciplinary book is to offer a broad spectrum of knowledge from academic and industry experts of various origins. It deals with general aspects such as the specificities and constraints of the marine environment, the concepts of hydrodynamics and ocean engineering, as well as the industrial and economic sides necessary for the assembly of projects. It also discusses conversion technologies such as offshore wind, tidal power plants, tidal stream turbines, wave energy converters and ocean thermal energy plants. Finally, two chapters are devoted to power electronic conversion and power transmission cables.

Download or read book Effects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and Other Marine Species Final Report written by T. Tricas and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2012-12 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2018 written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: